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A theory about the structure of matter.The earliest atomism was put forward by the ancient Greek philosophers Lycibo and Democritus.Epicurus (see Epicurus and Epicurus School) and Lucretius inherited and developed their views.After the Renaissance, French philosopher P. Gassendi restored the authority of atomism.However, these opinions are also speculative and speculative.Due to the rise of modern science, atomism has also been introduced into the study of nature.
A theory about the structure of matter.The earliest atomism was put forward by the ancient Greek philosophers Lycibo and Democritus.Epicurus (see Epicurus and Epicurus School) and Lucretius inherited and developed their views.After the Renaissance, French philosopher P. Gassendi restored the authority of atomism.However, these opinions are also speculative and speculative.Due to the rise of modern science, atomism has also been introduced into the study of nature.In the 19th century, the British scientist J. Dalton summarized many important experiences and laws in chemical changes with quantitative research methods, and put forward the scientific atomic hypothesis.Italian scientist AC. Avogadro introduced the concept of "molecule" on the basis of French chemist Gay Lussac's law, supplemented and revisedDalton's atomismThe atom molecule theory was formed.
Theoretical essentials
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① All substances are composed of molecules, which are the smallest particles to maintain the chemical properties of substances;
② Molecules are composed of atoms. During chemical changes, atoms combine to form molecules. Molecules decompose into atoms. Atoms are the smallest units that cannot be divided any more;
③ Different kinds of atoms or molecules have different properties, weights and sizes;
④ Atoms and molecules are in perpetual motion.
Establish process
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In the 19th century, there was a sharp debate about the authenticity of atom molecule.German chemist FW. Ostwald and Austrian physicist E. Mach totally denied the existence of atoms and molecules.Austrian physicist L. Boltzmann made a fierce struggle with them to defend atomism, which led to Boltzmann's suicide due to disappointment.This struggle lasted until the beginning of the 20th century, because A. Einstein put forward the Brownian motion theory of molecules, which was also used by the French physicist JB. Perrin's experiment proved that atomic molecular theory was finally established.Modern science has been able to accurately determine the arrangement of atoms and molecules in space, the distance between them, and even take pictures of the atomic structure of matter with the help of an electrostatic microscope.
