synonymPrimeval forest(Primitive forest) generally refers to primitive forest (primitive plant community)
Primitive forest, also known as primary forest, refers to a forest that has reached a very long age without significant interference, thus showing unique ecological characteristics and may be classified asClimax community。
Native characteristics include diverse tree related structures, providing diverse wildlifehabitatAnd increased the biodiversity of forest ecosystem.[1]
The tree structure includes multi-layer crowns and canopy gaps, which vary greatlytreeIts height and diameter, various species and classes, and various sizes of woody debris.
The largest primitive forest in the world isCanadaCold temperate coniferous forest, known as the great northern forest, not only has great ecological value, but also is the origin of many wild animals and plants.
The coniferous forest is fromU.S.AOfAlaskaIt extends to the Atlantic Ocean, covering a total area of 12 times that of California.
25% of the original forests on the earth belong here.The unique terrain of coniferous forest not only provides protection for countless grizzly bears, wolves, moose and reindeer, but also attracts billions of North American waterfowl and songbirds to mate and breed here every year.[1]
Primitive forest refers to the integrity that is naturally formed and has not been destroyed by humansbiosphere。The primeval forest isTerrestrial ecosystemThe core of.
Primitive forest is not just green forestWetlandIs also a comprehensiveecosystem, including between animals and plantsfood chainIn primitive forests, the reduction of one species can affect the survival of other species, which is more prominent in tropical rainforests.
After people destroy the original forest, even if a large amount ofwoodsAnd cannot make up for the ecological impact of forest destruction.
Primitive forests can provide a wide living space for wild animals, and can maintainbio-diversity, keepecological equilibriumThe role of;At the same time, primitive forests can purify air, regulate climate, conserve water, conserve water and soil, and enhancesoil fertility, mitigation of natural disasters, etc.
The primitive forests on the earth are rich and diverse, almost all over the world.Distributed onRussia, CanadaAmazonThe forest ofIndonesiaThe original forests in Papua New Guinea are very rich in biodiversity and have high conservation value.
Shennongjia Forestry District , onHubei、Shaanxi、SichuanThe borders of the three provinces are bordered by the Yangtze River in the south and facing the northWudang Mountain, YesDaba MountainsandQinling MountainsThe place where mountains intersect is also the south of ChinaSubtropicalA zone of transition to the northern temperate zone.The area of the whole area is 3250 km2, and the main peak Taishennongjia is 3300 meters high.
In 1978, the state decided to establish a nature reserve in the 20km2 area around the Shennongjia peaks, which is mainly protectedGolden Monkey、handkerchief treeAnd other rare animals and plantsForest ecosystem[1]。
From the northHeilongjiangBank, south to the valley at the upper reaches of the Xilamulun River, northeast southwest, with a total length of more than 1200 kilometers, a width of 200-300 kilometers, an altitude of 1100-1400 meters, and the main peak of Suoyueerji Mountain.
With a total area of 2854.21 km2Subtropical Evergreen Broad-leaved Forest , rare animal and plant populations, as well as the entire forest ecology, are priceless treasures. They are well preserved tropical forests with large areas in succession in the world, and have attracted much attention at home and abroad.
Located at the southern end of YunnanXishuangbannaThe tropical rainforest is the most well preserved in the high latitude and high altitude areas in China todayTropical rain forestIt has the unique phenomenon of "inversion" of plant vertical distribution in the world.
Lushuihe Primitive Forest is located inLushuihe Forestry BureauIt is the last primeval forest in Northeast China with Korean pine as the main forest, known asChangbai MountainAnimal and plant gene treasure house.
The main body of the original forest in Changbai Mountain is a combination of rivers, streams, waterfalls, rime, and snow. The distinctive features of the forest are breathtaking, rich, mysterious, and quiet. There are rich landscape resources in the forest, and the original forest is well breda manchurian ash, Mongolian oak and other precious speciesConiferous broad-leaved mixed forest；The natural environment is beautiful, and there are many kinds of creatures and animals. There are 53 kinds of animals under national first and second level protection. Since the 1980s, the wild animals have multiplied rapidly. Huxiao Mountain Forest, bears lie in Chencang, Luming Green Valley, otters play beside the stream, wild boars flock, and roe deer travel. It is known as a natural wildlife park;The local specialties contain many kinds of the most precious traditional Chinese herbs. It is the hometown and best place of origin of ginseng, deer antler, deer placenta cream, snow clam oil, red pine nuts, ginseng flowers, and schisandra chinensis.
Forest division
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China's forest law stipulates that forests are divided into the following five categories:
②Timber forest。Forests and trees with the main purpose of timber production;
③ Economic forest.Trees with the main purpose of producing fruits, edible oils, beverages, spices, industrial raw materials and medicinal materials;
④ Firewood forest.Trees mainly for fuel production;
⑤Special purpose forest。Forests and trees mainly aimed at national defense, environmental protection and scientific experiments.
Main categories
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The forest is usually divided into primitive forestsecondary forestAnd plantations.
① Primitive forests are located in remote areas and are basically not affected by human activities;
② The secondary forest is the forest that occurs again through the natural regeneration of trees after the original forest has been destroyed by human interference;
③ Plantation is a kind of forest artificially planted by seeding or seedling.
People often classify forest resources according to dominant tree species, andClassified statusDevelop a multipolar classification system.For example, it can be divided intoconiferous forestandbroad-leaved forestThe coniferous forest can be divided into pine forest, larch forest, etc. according to the dominant tree species, and pine forest can be divided intoChinese pineForest, Korean pine forestpinus massoniana Etc.In addition, the proportion of various tree species should also be considered. According to this feature, forest resources can be divided into pure forest and mixed forest.Most natural forests are mixed forests, but pure forests may also be formed in places with harsh climate and soil conditions.
Origin of forest
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Most plantations are pure forests.Another important forest feature that distinguishes forest resources is the origin of trees.Where trees originate from seed regeneration, they are called seeding forests; where trees originate from asexual regeneration, they are called budding forests orAsexual reproductionForest.
Age is also an important forest feature to distinguish forest resources.Age stages are classified according to age class (20 years is an age class in most cases, and 10 or 5 years is an age class in some cases, depending on the growth rate and management intensity of the tree species).
Generally, it is divided into young forest, middle age forest, near mature forest, mature forest and over mature forest.Mature forest and over mature forest are resources that can be cut and utilized at present, while young forest, middle aged forest and near mature forest are backup resources or management resources.
Forest characteristics are the natural attributes of forests, but with the deepening of forest research, more scientific classification of forest resources is required.In this regard, there are various ways and methods of classification, which can be roughly divided into three categories: vegetation approach, site approach and ecosystem integrated approach.Vegetation approach.
Chinese vegetarians regard vegetation type, formation and association as basic taxonomic units.In addition, there are some auxiliary units.For example, coniferous forest and broad-leaved forest belonging to forest are two large vegetation type groups (vegetation type group is an auxiliary unit).In coniferous forest, it is divided intoboreal coniferous forest 、vegetation type 、Temperate coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest, warm coniferous forestThermal coniferous forest5 vegetation types.
In the broad-leaved forest vegetation type groupDeciduous broad-leaved forest, evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved mixed forestbroad-leaved evergreen forests、sclerophyllous evergreen broad-leaved forest 、Monsoon forest, rainforestcoral island9 vegetation types, including evergreen broad-leaved forest, mangrove and bamboo forest.The classification unit cluster of the basic level requires that the plant composition and environmental conditions of each layer of the community are the same as the conditions for division.
Geoscience approach.Forest classification according to the characteristics of site conditions is also a common practice in many countries.This method can be applied to both non forest land and forest land.
For mountainous conditions, many regions in China have adopted factors such as altitude, slope aspect and soil layer thickness, and the divided land units are usually called site condition types.
Comprehensive approach of ecosystem.Forest is an ecosystem, and it is the most reasonable to classify forests from a comprehensive perspective.Primitive forests have not been disturbed by human industrial activities for thousands of years.But in the late 1990s,World Resources Institute(World Resources Institute) Through satellite images, it shows that there are few primitive forests left in the world, and most of the remaining forests are threatened or nibbled by industrial development.
Almost half of the original forest resources on the earth have disappeared, and the other 30% have also been seriously degraded due to destruction, losing the ability to support animals, plants and indigenous people to survive here.
Only 20% of the world's original forests remain unchanged because they have not been damaged by industrial activities, and still inhabit two-thirds of the earth's land animal and plant species, including some endangered species such asgorilla、orang-utan And grizzly bears.But the future of these forests and the species that depend on them is worrying.
natural environment
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China's primitive forests have been depleted due to overexploitation and logging in the past.If no action is taken, the primeval forests in other parts of the world will suffer the same fate.Therefore, we call for the protection of primitive forests, which cannot disappear on the earth forever.
There are few primitive forests left. Protect them.Insist on planting one tree for each person, use less and economize on tree products, protect the natural environment and biodiversity, and warn others to protect the original forest.
