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Proto-Indo-European）Later generationslinguistAccording to the current situationIndo EuropeanThe characteristics of various languages are throughComparative linguisticsThe method of the back extrapolation of the hypothetical language.This hypothetical language is considered to be the common ancestor of the current Indo European languages.Although the original Indo European language has not been directly confirmed, all its pronunciation and vocabulary have passedcomparative lawReconstructed.
The standard practice is to mark the unconfirmed form with an asterisk: * ṷ ó d ō r (water, comparative English), * ḱ ó n (dog, comparative Englishcanine）* tre ḭ es.Many modern Indo European words are developed from these "primitive words" through regular phonetic changes (such asGrimm's Law）。
All Indo European languages areInflectional Language, but a lot of modernIndo European(includingModern English）, have lost most ofInflectional change。By comparisonReconstruction methodIt is very likely that the later original Indo European language is inflectional (more suffixes than prefixes).However, after intra word reconstruction and analysis of various forms of the oldest words after reconstruction, linguists found that early primitive Indo European languages were probably root inflectional languages, like primitive Semitic languages.
Other scholars believe that,Caucasian family And Indo European languages, especially inGeorgiaandturkeyNorthwest Caucasian language used.Although some factual evidence is listed, this assumption has not been widely accepted.
Teaching application
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Although as an ancient language that has been annihilated for more than 6000 yearsIndo EuropeanLanguage (PIE) has little practical use, but as the common origin of modern Indo European languagesComparative linguisticsThe primitive Indo European (PIE) constructed by the method can be combined withEtymologyHelpfulForeign language learningEspecially the systematic improvement of academic vocabulary ability.
Peking UniversityDr. Li Hao（Ji XianlinStudents) and others have tried to introduce the original Indo European language (PIE) into English teaching since 2009, which is the first time in the world.It is inSchool of Foreign Languages, Peking UniversityThe small-scale teaching experiment of Peking University has achieved great success, including the Institute of Ancient Oriental Civilization of Peking UniversityGongyu BookProfessor, Department of Eastern Languages, Peking UniversityDuan QingProfessor and Chinese DepartmentRongxin River、Zhu QingzhiProfessor, etcCloud EnglishThe methodology ofLexical systemIt's possible.
At present, English learning based on original Indo European (PIE) has received a large number ofPeking UniversityRecognition of teachers and students, and includingYuan XinminProfessor includedEnglish Language TeachingThe academic recognition of the research.More and more people have joined PIE andHistorical comparisonVB based on language methodDatabase construction。Because it is highly consistent with the nature of language learning,VBIt is not only conducive to English learning, but also conducive to multilingual interface and various English basedStandardized examinationPreparation of.be based onVBY-GRE platform produced the firstNew GRE examFull scoreYellow flute。[1]
development history
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From the 17th century to the end of the 18th century,Indo EuropeanThe concept of department gradually took shape.Marcus Zuerius von Boxhorn, a Dutch, first proposed this hypothesis.Scholars at that time found that although European languagesArabicHebrew is obviously different from Indian, but it is very similar to Indian.They assumed that the languages of India and Europe originated from the same languageparent language。This primitive language has evolved into a classical language with the change of timeLatin、Greek Sanskrit and modern languages.Many people believe that the most prominent achievement of linguistics in the 19th century is that of Indo EuropeanConstruction。
At the beginning of the 19th century, Franz Bopp of Germany was the first scholar to conduct in-depth research on Indo European languages.Later, a group of outstanding scholars emerged, who in turn conducted accurate research on the phonetic evolution of Indo European languages.
The research team found that at least 15000 years ago, a language began to split.It split into seven different languages, and in the next 5000 years, it continued to split into thousands of languages.These languages then became European andAsiaThe language spoken by billions of people.They guessed that from EnglishPortugueseTo JapaneseUrduThese languages are likely to be "from the same root".
The researchers first found some words with similar pronunciation in different languages in the region due to less changes in history through computer models, and thenlinguistReconstructed original languageThesaurusFind these words in, and find that there is a high coincidence rate.They also found that some commonly used pronounsnumeralAnd adverbs have remained unchanged for thousands of years.For example, "I", "we", "two" and "three" are the oldest words, and their history can be traced back to 40000 years ago.
In addition, they identified 23 "longest lived" words, whose meanings have hardly changed in the past 15000 years.Its research shows that every 2000 to 4000 years, about half of the words will be replaced by completely different words;In the Eurasian language family, at least 4 language families have 5Cognate words(referring to words with the same pronunciation and meaning in different languages).
The first author of the paperRoyal SocietyMembersReading UniversityProfessor Mark Pagar, an evolutionary biologist, said that this discovery provided new clues to the existence of Eurasian languages and helped to understand the formation mechanism and evolution process of language.U.S.AUniversity of New MexicoProfessor William Croft, a linguist, commented that the study raised the possibility that researchers can combine language data witharchaeologyAnthropology Combines to Infer Human BeingsPrehistoric eraSuch as human migration, communication between people, etc.
todayeurasiaIs it true that the language of?To answer this question accurately, further scientific demonstration is needed, and the conclusions drawn from the demonstration must stand the test of relevant disciplines.For various reasons, the issue of language homology has been puzzling the academic community (especially the linguistic community).
Language homology andLanguage evolutionClosely related, the latter is also difficult to solve.Just like Chinese linguists and mathematiciansZhou HaizhongAs the professor said, it is no less difficult to solve the problem of language evolution than to solve the mystery of species evolution;Language evolution is a kind ofsocial phenomenon, another kind ofnatural phenomena, or the result of human mental development and historical and cultural evolution;Because language evolution has its internal reasons and external influences, it increases the complexity of this problem.Therefore, the theory of Eurasian language family is still a hypothesis.
Other long vowels may have appeared in the original language by compensation extension: ī,ū, r̥̄, l̥̄, m̥̄, n̥̄。
Phonemes h ₁, h ₂, h ∨ and universal symbols H (or 601₁, 601₁, 601ᢱ, 601ɹ and ə) represent three "guttural" phonemes: neutral guttural, a-voice guttural and o-voice guttural.
Construction
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Using historical comparison and internalreconstructcan onlyConstructionPart of the characteristics of language arephonetic system, Vocabulary andWord formation。Some people also tried to find the common points of Indo European ancient languages in syntax and poetry writing skills, but they did not get ideal results.
Because the constructive form is only a hypothesis and its actual pronunciation cannot be determined, an * sign must be added before all the constructive forms to distinguish them from the actual language form.For example, in the original Indo European language, the "sun" was constructed as * s 7855ṷ el - or * s ṷ ol -, * su ṷ el -, * s ṷ el -, * s ṷ l -, and so on.
In different languages, this primitive form has evolved into many different forms:
