modernLatin AmericaThe ethnic and national composition of the residents in the region is extremely complex, which is mainly reflected in two aspects: first, the ethnic composition of the residents is complex. In addition to the three long formed races in history, there are a large number of mixed race people with different mixed race situations and levels;Second, the ethnic composition of residents is complex, except for the originalAmericaContinental areaIndigenous peoplesIn addition, there are a large number of white and black people from all over the world.
Race and nationality represent two different concepts;Although they are inextricably linked, they both contain their own unique meanings.Race should belong to the category of biology, while nationality distinguishes and identifies human beings from a sociological perspective.All groups of people live in a certain area for a long time to adapt to the localnatural environment, gradually forming a physical form with some common genetic characteristics (skin color, postureNasal type, lip shape, face shape, hair, tooth shape, blood type, etc.), modernanthropologistAccording to the comprehensive identification of these biological categoriesWorld populationDivided into MongoliaEuropa, Negro Australia, and sometimesNegro raceandAustralian raceseparate.The offspring of these people of different races who intermarry or cohabit with each other are called mixed race.The nation isSocial historyThe product of development is that people gradually formedcommon languageCommon region, common economic life and common culturePsychological qualityA stable community.Generally speaking, as long as the above elements for forming a nation are available, no matter whether the members of the community belong to the same race or not, and no matter whether they originally belong to the same nation or not, they may gradually form a new nation in order to meet the needs of social and historical development. The new nation created by this recombination is called an emerging nation.
Latin AmericaModern residents are mainly composed of emerging ethnic groupsIndian nationAnd immigrants.There are about 600 tribes of Indians distributed inAmerica22countries and regions The total population is about 40 million, accounting for 12% of the total population of 447 million in Latin America (1990), mainly distributed inMexico、Peru、Guatemala、bolivia、EcuadorAmong other countries, Mexico and Peru have the largest number of Indians, accounting for about half of the total number of Indians.IndianMongolianThe different types of Mongolian have ethnic characteristics similar to Mongolian.Every Indian nation has its ownindigenous language, the most usedIndianAztec, MayanQuechua、GuaraniEtc.The main Indian ethnic groups with more than one million people are the Quechua (about 13 million), distributed inPeru, Ecuador, Bolivia and other countries;Aymara people (about 1.7 million), distributed inboliviaandPeru；Aztecs (about 1.3 million), distributed in Mexico;The Kiche people (about 1 million) are mainly distributed in Guatemala.
The second component of modern residents in Latin America is immigrants, mainly referring to those who have recently moved to Latin America since the outbreak of the War of Independence in the early 19th century, excluding those who have been integrated into various emerging ethnic groups.It is estimated that the total number of European immigrants to Latin America from 1801 to 1950 reached 12 million, mainly from Germany, Italy, Spain, Portugal, Britain, France and other countries.The main countries of immigration areArgentina、Brazil、UruguayAnd Chile and other South American countries.Since the second half of the 19th century, tens of thousands of Chinese, Indians, Japanese and Koreans have been recognized by Western countriesContractual labourAnd other forms of abduction to Latin America.According to statistics, from the Opium War in 1840 to the late 1860soverseas ChineseIt has reached 165000, mainly distributed in MexicoPanama、CubaandPeruEtc.The Japanese are mainly concentrated in Brazil, and the Indians and Indonesians are mainly concentrated inSurinameandGuyanaOne Belt.
The third group of modern residents in Latin America and the most important ethnic group in Latin America are the emerging ethnic groups in Latin America.They are basically nationalMain ethnic groupsAmong them, there are 14 emerging ethnic groups mainly composed of Indo European mixed race, all of which are distributed in Latin American countries, and 10 emerging ethnic groups mainly composed of black people, mainly distributed inWest Indies, withwhite raceThere are 5 emerging ethnic groups, mainly in CubaCosta Rica, ArgentinaUruguayBrazil, etc.There are also four new ethnic groupsEthnic CompositionMore complicated, they are Belize, Guyana, Trinidad and Tobago and Suriname.Linguistic affiliation of emerging American peoplesIndo EuropeanTwo major language families of——Germanic languagesandRomans, which saysSpanish18, 14 English speakers, only BraziliansPortuguese, HaitianSpeak FrenchSaid by SurinameseDutch。
proportion
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fromLatin AmericaFrom the perspective of the 33 independent countries, the proportion of the emerging ethnic groups in the composition of their residents, andcivil lifeThe role and impact of are not exactly the same.In general, it can be divided into the following different situations:
A country in which both emerging nations and Indians are major nations
There are four such countries:Peru、bolivia、EcuadorandGuatemala。The original inhabitants of Guatemala belonged to the Mayan Kiche Indians.When the Spanish arrived, the Kiche, Kachker, and Mamei people all established relatively strong independent kingdoms.These small Indian kingdoms were completely destroyed by the Spanish, but theseIndian nationBut they survived tenaciously. Some Indians have mixed blood with Spanish whites, become Indo European mixed race people, or become assimilated Indians, known locally as Latino people.The Indo European mixed race, Latino people and some native white people gradually formed a new nationality - Guatemalan nationality;However, many Indians still maintain their own language, culture, ethnic regions and customs.In this way, Guatemala has become a country composed of the emerging Guatemalan nation and the two major ethnic groups, each accounting for half of the country's population, such as the Kiche, Kachker, Mame and other Indian nations.The Andean plateau areas of Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, etc. are the hometown of Quechua, Aymara and other Indians.The Quechua and Aymara are still the two largest Indian nations in South America, especially the Quechua, with 13.2 million people and the Aymara with 1.8 million people.Most of them live in the Andean plateau area and become a major ethnic group in Andean countries.53% of Quechua people are located in Peru, and 67% of Aymara people are located in Bolivia.Therefore, in Peru, the new Peruvian nation only accounts for 50% of the total population, the Quechua Indians account for 42.7%, the Amara and other Indians account for 5.9%, and 0.3% of overseas Chinese.In Bolivia, the emerging ethnic groups only account for 42.3% of the national population, 23% of the Quechua people, 21.4% of the Aymara people, and the number of Indians exceeds Bolivians, accounting for more than half of the total population of the country.The population of Ecuador's emerging ethnic group is less than 50% of the national population, while the Quechua population is 4.17 million, accounting forTotal population49.9%.
A multi-ethnic country with complex ethnic composition
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Such countries mainly includeCooperative Republic of Guyana、Suriname、Belize 、Trinidad and Tobago Etc.imageGuyanaThe residents include Indians, African blacks, Indians, ChinesePortugalAnd other Europeans, known as the "Six Nation State".In Suriname and Trinidad and Tobago, in addition to some emerging ethnic groups composed of blacks and mixed race people, there are also a large proportion of Indians, descendants of Indonesians and mixed race people.In Suriname, there are 10% black forest people and 3.4% black forest peopleCaribbeanEthnic Indians.Belize isCentral AmericaSmallest population, butEthnic compositionThe most complex country.
