Katmai Volcano, located in the east of the connection between Alaska Peninsula and the mainland, is an andesitic stratovolcano with an altitude of 2047m. The basement is a northeast anticline composed of Jurassic sedimentary rocks.
From the morning of June 6, 1912 to the midnight of June 8, 1912, Katmai Volcano erupted, spewing out 7 cubic kilometers of pyroclastic materials. When the explosion in Wanyan Valley ended, a caldera with a diameter of about 3 kilometers and a depth of about 1200 meters was formed at the top of Katmai Volcano.
Chinese name
Katmai Volcano
geographical position
The eastern side of the connection between Alaska Peninsula and the mainland
The formation of the crater is partly due to blasting, mainly due to theCollapseBecause the Anshan magma from the hidden channel is mixed with the rhyolite magma under the Wanyan Valley.The valley in the northwest of the volcanic body is covered by pyroclastic materials, forming many secondary vent holes, and the side volcanoes on the top of the valley are also active at the same time.After the eruption of the volcano, a dome with a height of 60 meters was formed in the crater, and the ejecta were banded pumice of rhyolite and andesite.
Location context
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Katmai Volcano is located in the east of the connection between the Alaska Peninsula and the mainland.
geographical environment
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geology
Katmai volcano is an andesitic stratovolcano.
landforms
Katmai volcano is 2047m above sea level, and its basement is a northeast anticline composed of Jurassic sedimentary rocks.
hydrology
Katmai Volcanic Lake is located in the Katmai National Park and Reserve on the Alaska Peninsula in the snow and ice. The lake is 6.3 miles in diameter and was formed when a volcano erupted in 1912.The Katmai crater is 6716 feet above sea level, and the lake bottom is 1040 meters above sea level.Volcanic lakes are located near active or dormant volcanoes. There are few streams around and there are no impurities and sediments, so the volcanic lakes are very clear.In addition, the minerals in the volcanic rocks make the volcanic lake look green.[2]
volcanic activity
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geology
On June 6, 1912, the Katmai volcano in southern Alaska revived on that day, and the mountain top collapsed, forming a crater 4.8 kilometers long, 3.2 kilometers wide, and 1127 meters deep.At the bottom of the mountain pass, a new volcano named Novalaputa was born. The crack spouted slurry and lava poured like a waterfall.Lava flows for 24 kilometers, washing down all the trees along the way and baking them into coke.Hundreds of meters thick deposits cover the hot spring area at the bottom of the valley. The hot spring rushes out of the covering layer and emerges from the hole, forming a spectacle of "ten thousand smoke".The total amount of the eruption was 29 billion cubic meters, equivalent to the excavation of 138 Panama canals.The smoke cloud enters the stratosphere and blocks the sun, which reduces the solar radiation of the northern temperate zone by 10% in the summer of that year, and the temperature drops significantly.The area covered by volcanic ash is more than 30 cm thick, reaching 7800 square kilometers;More than 40 valleys are 90-213 meters thick, lifeless like a moon ball.[1]The explosion spread 1200 kilometers away.The Kodiak Island, about 90 kilometers away from it, was covered with volcanic ash for two days and nights, just like a thick layer of snow.
The violent explosion of Katmai volcano blew up the whole mountain top of the volcano, and blew up the crater into a huge pit - a green lake.The explosion caused many long cracks on the ground, and various kinds of debris and other things were ejected, which fell on the ground and loosely covered the cracks, just like a huge cage cloth covering the steamer. A large amount of hot gas rose through the gap between the cage cloth and the pot cover, forming a wonder of smoke valley with countless streams of smoke gushing out, which is called "Ten Thousand Smoke Valley",The smoke from these eruptions is the aftereffect of the Katmai volcano explosion.
Scientific research value
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In 1916, a scientific expedition came to Katmai volcano and reached a conclusion.It is estimated that 23 million liters of water vapor will be emitted here every second.A large amount of acid gas is also emitted.Among them, about 1.25 million tons of hydrochloric acid and about 200000 tons of hydrofluoric acid with strong corrosivity will be dispersed into the atmosphere within a year... These strong acids will mix with the atmospheric precipitation and become acid rain from the sky.The bright colors displayed near the air jet are all kinds of compounds generated by the chemical reaction of these various gases with air under high temperature conditions.Scientists believe that this phenomenon of continuous smoking in the Thousand Tobacco Valley will last for many years, and the resulting amount of acid rain will be very surprising.Therefore, it is not surprising that the eruption of Iceland volcano has formed acid rain.
