Natural history is also called knowing all things.
《unabridged dictionary》According to Li, natural history means "being able to recognize many things".Modern Chinese DictionaryThe interpretation of the museum is "the old general term for animals, plants, minerals, physiology and other disciplines".Accordingly, naturalists refer to "the understanding of Botany, Zoologymineralogy, physiology and other natural science experts.
Natural History(natural history) also known as natural historyNaturalistic recordsNatural history;It is one of the oldest disciplines to describe the species, distribution, nature and ecology of nature, namely animals, plants and minerals.
Since modern times, the term natural history is often associated withnatural philosophy(natural philosophy). With the strengthening of the concept of unified research on life phenomena as the background, biology and its new branches have been developing constantly. Therefore, since the second half of the 19th century,Natural HistoryThe comprehensive significance of natural history has gradually weakened, and in this century, natural history as a discipline was rarely used.
In addition, the term "natural history" is also often used to refer to the natural history of animal and the natural history of populationpopulation）It is widely used.
Da VinciHe has made great contributions to natural science.It is believed that knowledge originates from practice, and only from practice can we seek knowledge and truth in nature and explore the mysteries of science through practice.This method was later developed by Galileo and developed by British philosophersFrancis Bacon To sum up in theoryModern Natural ScienceThe most basic method of.Leonardo da Vinci's experimentWorking methodsLaterCopernicusGalileoKepler、NewtonAnthropogenicInventionOpened the way.
In astronomy, Leonardo da Vinci“Geocentric theory”Hold a negative view.
In physics, the concept of liquid pressure was rediscovered and the principle of connecter was proposed.
stayanatomyHe has also made great achievements in physiology, and is regarded as the ancestor of modern physiological anatomy.
He also made great contributions to the field of mathematics and water conservancy projects.It can be said that Leonardo da Vinci's research involves every department of natural science, and his thoughts and talents go deep into all fields of human knowledge.He is rare in the worldComprehensive developmentScholars.
Darwin
Darwin
Darwin himself was first and foremost a naturalist, and his theory was largely based onBiological variationandgeographical distributionOn the basis of the research.staydarwinismPeriod, acceptanceNatural selection theoryThey are also mainly naturalists who follow Darwin to study biological variation and geographical distribution.They witnessed the wonderful adaptability of living things to the environment in the wild, which can not be explained by the random jump or direct birth theory of orientation.Many adaptive phenomena can be explained by the theory of natural selection as well as by the theory of "use advance or discard".But there are some adaptive phenomena, which can only be explained by natural selection.
stayNetherlandsHe will write《Natural system》The manuscript of the book is basically a moniker of animals, plants and minerals. Its famous "24 classes of plants" was first published here.What he proposedclassification systemAlthough it belongs to an artificial classification system, which is far from the natural classification system, it was welcomed by the academic circles at that time because of its easy retrieval, and his reputation was greatly enhanced.
His important works《Flora》It was first written in 1746, completed in six years, and published in 1753;This book established the modern timesPlant taxonomyThe first time to adopt animal classification“Binominal method”, becoming modernZootaxonomyThe starting point of.
He willAnimal kingdomIt is divided into lactation, bird, amphibious, fishinsectAnd worms;There are 4 classes, orders, genera and species under the boundaryOrder element(There are no "door" and "branch" levels).The greatest contribution of his life is to establishBiological classificationOfBinominal method(Seetaxonomy）And identified and named tens of thousands of animal and plant species, ending the confusion of animal and plant classification and naming.It has greatly promoted the development of scientific taxonomy.
Banks was the most famous British scholar in the late 18th century and early 19th centuryforeign policy The promoter of, such as colonizationAustraliaSend Magarni Mission to visit China.About 80 plants are named after him.
Banks has actively helped build BritainQiu YuanAnd make it an important plant center in the world.
Thomas Henry Huxley
Thomas Henry Huxley
Darwin, a famous British naturalisttheory of evolutionThe most outstanding representative, Thomas Henry Huxley (1825 – 1895), was born on July 16, 1825 in a teacher's family in England.Self taught students were admitted to medical school.
In 1845, HuxleyUniversity of LondonObtained a medical degree.After graduation, he served as a ship attendantsurgeonTravel to Australia.Huxley lovedNatural HistoryAnd firmly believe that only facts can be used as evidence to illustrate the problem.
Darwin's scientific masterpiece on November 3, 1859《Origin of species》Published.In this great debate, Darwin's supporters are in the minority.In order to effectively counter the siege of the reactionary forces of the Church and defend the purity of evolutionism.
Bu Feng, a naturalist
Buffon
Buffon (1707~1788)Buffon, French naturalist and writer in the 18th century.Born in a lawyer's family in Menbar, formerly known asGeorge Louis Luckleck, changed his surname to De Bufeng due to inheritance.As a teenager, he loved natural science, especially mathematics.
After graduating from the University of Law in 1728, he studied medicine for two years.
In 1733French Academy of Sciencesletassistant research fellow, has published reports on forestry, and has translated botanical works andNewtonCalculus.Insist onMaterialismViewpoints explain the formation of the earth andThe origin of mankindBut gained knowledge and increased ability in social practice.Buffon Observing and studying the earth, mountains, rivers and oceans, and seeking the root causes of ground changes, have pioneered modern geology.Especially inOrigin of speciesOn the other hand, he advocated the theory of biological transformation, pointing out that species change due to the influence of environment, climate and nutrition, which has a direct impact on the later theory of evolution.
Darwin called him "the first person in modern times to treat this problem in a scientific way"（Origin of SpeciesIntroduction).
Zheng Qiao
Zheng Qiao
Southern Song DynastyHistorian and naturalistZheng Qiao。The word Yuzhong is known as "Mr. Jia".Song DynastyXinghua ArmyPutian(now Fujian) people.BornNorthern Song DynastyIn the third year of Chongning (1104), he died in the 32nd year of Shaoxing in the Southern Song Dynasty (1162).He should not take the imperial examinationJiashan(i.e. Dongshan, located in the northwest of Putian, Fujian Province), has studied hard for more than 30 years, and has learned about scriptures, rites, music, characters, astronomy, geography, insects, fishPrescription book。He advocatedPractical learning, pay attention to practice, rich in scientific spirit.
China also has an excellent and developed natural history, as everyone knowsLi Daoyuan、kuo 、Xu XiakeAnd modernZhu Kezhen, bothNatural HistoryEveryone.Natural history started at home. China's current primary, secondary and university education does not provide enough natural history theory and practice. Many graduate students are indistinguishable, and may know the names of plants and animals backwards, but when it comes to reality, "name" and "reality" do not match.This is the same as what we advocate“Competence Education”There is a long way to go.Therefore, we now need to inherit some aspects of traditional natural history, remove the individual elements of curiosity, possession and plunder, fully consider the need to emphasize the harmonious development of man and nature in contemporary society, call for a "new natural history", pursue the integration of man and nature, require the emotional penetration of man, and establish a new dialogue between man and nature.
For the general public, the "threshold" of natural history is very low, even there is no threshold, and everyone can try it.Understand, apply and participate in science, which is accessible to everyone“Local knowledge”You can start from the familiar environment of your home, community, street, school, park, field, etc., and use a new vision to understand the surrounding plants, animals, minerals, etc. Everyone can practice, everyone can contact, everyone can make contributions, everyone canAsk questionsEveryone can be a scientist.Natural history, which is simple and interesting to observe plants, is a kind of practical knowledge. It can not only stay on words and paper, but must be tried in person.
