Since modern times, the term "natural history" has often been associated with Reductionism , characterized by experimental methods Mathematical Science 、 natural philosophy (natural philosophy) the opposite cognitive tradition. Natural history also uses mathematical and experimental methods. Due to the continuous development of biology and its new branches, the comprehensive significance of natural history has gradually weakened since the second half of the 19th century. By the second half of the 20th century, natural history was rarely used as the name of a discipline. In addition, the term "natural history" is also often used in terms of natural history of animal Natural history of population (natural history of population) and other meanings are widely used. At this time, this phrase can be flexibly translated. Natural history has declined, but History of Science 、 History of civilization China has made great contributions to natural history. The famous naturalists in history are Aristotle 、 Sephorat (The eldest disciple of Ya Shi, botanist ）、 Buffon （1707～1788）、 Linnai （1707～1778）、 John Ray （John Ray）、 Cuvier （1769～1832）、 Lamarck (1744 ～ 1829), Lyle (1797 ～ 1875) Darwin （1809～1882）、 Wallace （1823～1913）、 Fabur (1823-1915), etc. Biotaxonomy Geology Comparative anatomy 、 Evolutionary biology , Ecology and Animal Behavior Their outstanding work has completely changed people's View of nature Even the world outlook. Rousseau, Goethe, Thoreau, etc. are naturalists. In the 20th century, of course, there were many outstanding naturalists, such as Lorenz (1903 ～ 1989), Mayer (1904 ～), Wilson (1929 ～) Gould （1941～）、 David Attenberg (1926~) and so on, but at this time the status of natural history fell sharply, because the discipline was divided and developed in depth. China also has a group of outstanding naturalists, such as kuo 、 Cao Xueqin 、 Jia Zuzhang 、 Zhu Kezhen Etc. During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, many naturalists emerged in China, Lu Ji 、 Zhang Hua 、 Guo Pu Is a famous representative figure. The rise of natural history in the Wei and Jin dynasties is the result of the accumulation of traditional Chinese knowledge. Among the traditional academic disciplines, the most influential one is the science of natural history Geography 、 agronomy 、 Materia Medica , graphics, etc. The natural history of the Wei and Jin Dynasties is characterized by practicality, diversity and accumulation of knowledge. In short, the natural history of Wei and Jin dynasties is an important page in the history of Chinese knowledge evolution. After the era of Han Confucian classics, academic interest changed. A new fashion is to promote natural history. Natural history is just the new academic content under the new knowledge atmosphere of Wei and Jin Dynasties. Natural history refers to the comprehensive practical knowledge about the specific material world in real life. Lu Ji Zhang Hua Guo Pu Many scholars and a large number of natural history books made it a very important academic content at that time. Academic origin: The rise of natural history in the Wei and Jin dynasties is the result of the evolution of Confucian classics, and also the result of the accumulation of traditional knowledge. Various traditional academic disciplines are the mother of natural history. The most influential factors in the formation of natural history are nominalism Geography Agronomy Materia Medica , graphics and other traditional learning, which are mostly practical technologies and knowledge popular among the people in the era of Confucian classics. Natural History Education and Restoration of Natural History Tradition
Before the 1950s, natural history was almost the whole of all disciplines except mathematical science, but by the end of the 20th century, natural history was at most an insignificant branch of biology or geography. Molecular biologists have integrated biology at the molecular level, and developed a series of biotechnology by operating DNA. The naturalist school can only stand aside from this. Clever naturalists all get temporary survival by taking the road of combination.
This is true of academic research, academic education and vocational education at all levels.
However, at the same time, the environmental, ecological and resource problems facing human society are increasingly prominent. Protecting the earth and protecting human homes has become the strongest voice of the times, and these need more overall rather than local, macro rather than deeper theoretical elaboration. To protect the earth, maintain biodiversity and protect the environment, in a word, love nature and live in harmony with nature? Is it a mathematical calculation that connects sorghum with corn, sedimentary rock with igneous rock, donkey with horse? First of all, we need to experience nature and know the specific things there, even if only a small part.
Contemporary education has gradually become a tool of production and a means of making people become human beings.
Then restoring and reviving natural history is a choice and a relatively simple work that the educational community can do. Before liberation, many schools in China set up natural history courses, but they were completely canceled later. The obvious reason is that such courses are useless for practical and efficient personnel training! However, in the 21st century, Peking University It also took the lead in re opening courses such as Introduction to Natural History, Natural History Culture, and Theory and Method of Natural History Compilation, which are very popular among students. High School Attached to Peking University Natural history courses have been offered for five years, and the primary school attached to Peking University is also preparing to offer relevant courses. From the perspective of education, the public elective course of "Introduction to Natural History" in colleges and universities is not intended to cultivate naturalists, but to improve the basic quality of students, so that they can understand nature, love and understand life and its diversity, so as to inject a modern scientific and humanistic spirit into them when they are young. Its benefits are self-evident.
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Xiong Jiao (2014), Natural History Thoughts of John Lei, Shanghai: Shanghai Jiaotong University Press
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