Southern Han Dynasty

[nán hàn]

Southern Regime during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period

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Southern Han Dynasty (917-71)^[1] , Yes Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms one of. The scope of governance includes today Guangdong 、 Guangxi 、 Hainan Three provinces, four emperors, 54 years of national sovereignty.^[1] Dating back to Tang Dynasty God bless Two years Liu Yin Liu's regime has existed for 67 years since he officially served as the envoy of the Qinghai Festival.^[2] yes Lingnan Historically South Vietnam The second place established after Separatist regime 。^[3]

At the end of the Tang Dynasty, Liu Qian let Fengzhou (Today Guangdong province Fengkai County ）Assassins, more than ten thousand soldiers, more than a hundred warships. Liu Qian After death, Liu Yin Inherit the position of father, gradually unify Lingnan, and take the position of Qinghai Festival envoy. Later sealed as Nanhai King 。^[4] Liu Yin captured the scholars who fled south from the Central Plains and left the shogunate. In addition, more than 70 villages were built in the east of Pingjiang Yushan Guangzhou City will be expanded as a new city, with twin towers built in the city. He became a powerful vassal in Lingnan.^[3] After Liu Yin died, his brother Liu Yan Xifeng. Liu Yan relies on his father and brother Lingnan The foundation of Rear sill In the third year of Zhenming (917) Panyu (Today's Guangzhou, Guangdong) became emperor, and Guangzhou became Xingwang Mansion , the country's name is Dayue. In November of the next year, the country changed its name to Han, known as the Southern Han Dynasty,^[5] Later renamed Liu 䶮 , known as the Emperor of the Southern Han Dynasty. After the founding of the South Han Dynasty, the establishment of the country was based on the Tang Dynasty Three provinces and six ministries etc. Central institutions , learn from the past. Taking the posts of literati and imperial lords as envoys, weakening magistrate with military power Power and gradually destroy the system of Fangzhen. We have forged good relations with foreign countries, encouraged trade and commerce, and become increasingly prosperous and powerful.^[3]

Zhongzong in the Southern Han Dynasty Period, Southern Han Dynasty The Southern Tang Dynasty destroyed Chu The opportunity came from Dingyi, Lian, Wu, Yan, Fu, Zhao, Liu, Gong, Xiang and other states. The South of the Five Ridges began to exist in the Southern Han Dynasty.^[6] Southern Han administrative division Basic inheritance the tang dynasty Organization of. In the Southern Han Dynasty, Guangzhou was promoted to Xingwang Mansion , as the capital of the country. Sparse in prefectures and counties the eastern part of Guangdong province and guangdong Add 1 prefecture and 4 states. In the late Southern Han Dynasty, there were 60 prefectures and 214 counties under its jurisdiction.^[5]

In order to collect taxes and suppress the people's resistance, the Southern Han Dynasty rulers abused torture, and the people suffered.^[7] The rulers of the Southern Han Dynasty were also close to eunuchs, which made the eunuch force gradually grow and participate in the government. 971 Northern Song Dynasty founder of the Song dynasty Is extinguished.

Chinese name: Southern Han Dynasty
Alias: Dayue
time frame: 917-71
Capital: Xingwang Mansion (Guangzhou)
major city: Qichang Mansion , Guizhou, Fengzhou, Shaozhou, Hezhou, Yongzhou, etc

Currency: Qianheng Tongbao 、 Qianheng Heavy Treasure , Lead Kaiyuan reign etc.
land area: 474000 square kilometers (954 years)
Central organization: Three provinces and six ministries
Local system: State county system, governor system
Founding monarch: Liu Xuan (actually established by Liu Yin)
Subjugated monarch: Liu Xuan

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In the first year of Zhenming of the Later Liang Dynasty (915), Liu Xuan, referring to the example of the King of Wu and Yue, made a request to confer him the title of "King of Nanyue" and Jiadu Tong. In the third year of Zhenming (917), he officially became the emperor and initially established the national title“ Dayue ”。 In the second year of Qianheng's reign (918), Liu Xuan held a memorial ceremony in the southern suburbs and officially changed his national title to“ Chinese ”, known as the Southern Han Dynasty.^[94]

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Lingnan Caochuang

The actual pioneers of the Southern Han Dynasty were Liu Yin (Liu Gui's brother was later honored as Emperor Liezongxiang^[11]^[94] ）。 Xizong of Tang Dynasty In the fifth year of Qianfu (878), Huangchao Uprising The army attacked Guangzhou, and then attacked between Hunan and Hunan, the father of Liu Yin and Liu Xuan Liu Qian To honor the prefectural governor with military merit He Jiang Suppressing envoy , passing through the area west of Wu and Guangxi. However, in more than a year, there were more than 10000 troops and 100 ships, which is very prestigious in the southern coast. Liu Qiansheng has three sons, and the eldest son is Liu Yin 。^[114] Qianning In the first year (894), his father Liu Qian died, and Guangzhou officials said the court appointed Liu Yin to replace Liu Qian Fengzhou (Today Guangdong Fengkai County ）Assassin.^[8] Qinghai Festival envoy in the third year of Qianning (896) Liu Chonggui He passed away and succeeded King Xue Li Zhirou Go to Guangzhou for appointment Qing naval envoy 。 Li Zhirou's Arrival Hunan Guangzhou subaltern officer Lu Ju and Tan Hongxuan (one of them, Qin Hongxuan) rioted and held Guangzhou to resist Li Zhirou's entry. Tan Hongxuan firmly guarded Duanzhou. Li Zhirou therefore dared not enter the country. Tan Hongxuan got acquainted with Liu Yin and promised to marry his daughter to Liu Yin. Liu Yin pretended to agree to the marriage, buried the soldiers' weapons on the ship under the pretext of getting married, entered Duanzhou at night, killed Tan Hongxuan, and then attacked Guangzhou and killed Lu Ju. Then Liu Yin reorganized his military appearance to welcome Li Zhirou into Guangzhou to preside over the affairs of the festival envoy. Li Zhirou said that the court appointed Liu Yinwei Marching Sima 。 later Xu Yanruo He replaced Li Zhirou as the envoy of the Qing Navy. The above table shows that the court appointed Liu Yin as the vice envoy of the Qing Navy, and the general affairs were entrusted to Liu Yin. Tianfu In November of the first year (901), Xu Yanruo, the envoy of the Qing Navy, passed away, and Liu Yin was recommended by his posthumous posthumous wife to represent Qing Hai.^[9]

Tang Zhaozong God bless In the first year (904), Liu Yin sent envoys to control the powerful officials of the Tang Dynasty with heavy bribes Zhu Wen So Zhu Wen asked the court to take Liu Yin as the naval envoy of the Qing Dynasty. Chief Lingnan Regional military and political priorities.^[111] In the second year of Tianyou (905), Tang Tingjia appointed Liu Yinwei Same story 。^[112]

Kaiping In the first year (907), Zhu Wenfei Emperor Ai of the Tang Dynasty , proclaiming himself emperor and founding the nation. On the third day of May of the same year, Zhu Wenjia appointed Liu Yinwei Calibration Taiwei , concurrently serving as a waiter^[10] 。 In September of the second year of Kaiping (908), Wuchang Festival Envoy Ma Yin Send infantry All Commanders Lv Shizhou He led the army to attack Lingnan, fought with Liu Yin more than ten times, and captured six states of Zhao, He, Wu, Meng, Gong and Fu in Lingnan. On October 23, Hou Liang appointed Liu Yin to concurrently serve as the naval envoy of Jing Annan Duhu^[10] 。 In the third year of Kaiping (909), the chief inspector Middle order , seal Nanping King 。^[113]

At the end of the Tang Dynasty, the Central Plains was in turmoil, and the South China Sea was the last separatist regime. After the Emperor Xizong of the Tang Dynasty, all the places where the envoys of the provincial envoys left town were separatist regimes. The whole world was in chaos, but Lingnan was not. So Liu Yin began to separatist regime here. At that time, Jiaozhou Of Qu Chenghao 、 Siguatepeque (Now Guangxi Guilin ）Of Liu Shizheng 、 Yongzhou Ye Guanglue Rongzhou (Now Guangxi Northerly flow City) Pang Juzhao , occupying different places; Lu Guangju Separatist regime Qianzhou Attack the mountain, his brother Lu Guangmu Separating Chaozhou, his son Lu Yanchang Separatist regime Shaozhou (Today Guangdong Shaoguan ）； Gaozhou (now Gaozhou, Guangdong) Governor Liu Changlu, Xinzhou (now Guangdong Province Xinxing County ）Liu Qian, the provincial governor, and more than 70 villages in Jiangdong occupied all parts of the country without restraint.^[115]

In December of the third year of Kaiping (909), Liu Yin sent his younger brother Liu 䶮 Attack Gaozhou Liu Changlu defeated him severely; Liu Changlu then attacked Rongzhou, but did not conquer it. Liu Changlu thought he was no match for Liu Yin after all, so he attached himself King of Chu Ma Yin 。 Liu Xuan wiped out the villages of the Lingnan separatist regime, killed the Gaozhou governor Liu Changlu and others, set up a new governor there, and finally sent troops to destroy the Lu family, taking advantage of Chaoxiang and Shaozhou. He also fought with Ma Yin for Rong and Gui, and Ma Yin captured Guizhou and captured Liu Shizheng; Liu Xuan also took the opportunity to seize Rongzhou, expel Pang Juzhao, and capture Yongzhou. Liu Yin and Liu Xuan have accepted Rear sill After being knighted, he always regarded Houliang as Zhengshuo and secretly expanded his territory.^[115] In March of the first year of Qianhua (911), Liu Yin was critically ill. The court appointed his younger brother Abstinence deputy envoy Liu Xuan temporarily presided over the affairs after leaving home. On the third day of March, Liu Yin died of illness at the age of 38, and Liu Xuan succeeded him^[11] 。

Founding Han

In the third year of Zhenming (917), Liu Xuan was proclaimed emperor, with the country name of Dayue, and Liu Yin was posthumously named Emperor Xiang. It was renamed Qianheng.^[12] bestow posthumous honors Liu Anren Emperor Taizuwen, Liu Qian Shizu (to avoid Li Shimin His taboo was written as Daizu) Shengwu Emperor, who set up three temples. To appoint officials Yang Dongqian by Military Ministry Assistant , Li Heng Ceremonial Master ， Ni Shu Waiter of the Ministry of Work, Zhao Guangyin Minister of War , all Ping Zhangshi 。

In the second year of Qianheng's reign (918), Liu Xuan offered sacrifices to heaven in the southern suburbs, amnesty Within the territory, the name of the country was changed to Han Dynasty, known as the Southern Han Dynasty.^[12] At the beginning, Liu Xuan wanted to establish Guojian, but he was afraid Wang Dingbao Not obeying, Wang Dingbao was sent to Jingnan as an envoy. After Wang Dingbao returned, Liu Gui was afraid of him and sent Ni Shu Condoled him and told him to build a nation.^[104]

White Dragon Tongbao in the Southern Han Dynasty

In the third year of Qianheng's reign (919), Liu Xuan conferred the title of Queen Ma, wife of the State of Yue. Ma is the king of Chu Ma Yin Daughter of. In the spring of the fourth year (920), Liu Xuan set up Elective department Tribute lift , select Jinshi person well versed in Chinese classics More than ten people, like the old practice of the Tang Dynasty, thought they were normal when they were old.^[13]

In the seventh year of Qianheng (923), Tang Zhuangzong Li Cunxu get into Bianjing After the destruction of Houliang, Liu Xuan was very afraid and sent Palace Envoy He Ci was sent as an envoy Later Tang Dynasty , peeping into the reality of the Later Tang Dynasty, he called the Han Emperor a letter to the Tang Emperor. After He Ci returned to the Southern Han Dynasty, he said that there would be civil strife in the later Tang Dynasty, which was not a worry. Liu Gui was very happy. Liu Xuan likes to exaggerate his nature. Most merchants from the north of the Five Ridges who go to the South China Sea are summoned to the palace to show their wealth. He called himself the home of Xianqin, the king of barbarians, and the emperor of the Later Tang Dynasty“ Luozhou Assassin's History ".^[105] In the same year, Dachang and the emperor Zheng Renmin The envoy sent a white horse with a red mane to propose to the Southern Han Dynasty. The envoy claimed to be the emperor's mother and younger brother, Qing Rong Bu Xie, who was also in charge. He gave gold brocade robes, tiger silk patterns, and gold mounted sabres. He was granted the title of Renqing Marquis and 1000 households in the food town Zheng Zhaochun 。 Zheng Zhaochun was eager to learn and wrote poems. Liu Youyan and his officials could not catch Liu Youyan, so he took Liu Yin as his daughter Zengcheng County I will marry Zheng Renmin.^[106]

White Dragon Four years (928), Southern Chu Send water army to attack Fengzhou , Fengzhou soldiers were defeated He Jiang Liu Xuan was very afraid and used《 Zhouyi 》Divination《 be plenty of 》The divination, so the amnesty territory, the yuan has a lot. And send generals Su Zhang He led a 3000 strong crossbow army to rescue Fengzhou. Su Zhang sank into the He River with two iron chains, built a bank to hide the huge ship, fought with a canoe, pretended to be defeated and fled. The Southern Chu Army pursued him. Su Zhang held the huge ship to lock the boat, and shot it with a strong crossbow, killing the Southern Chu Army.^[108]

be plenty of Three years (930), Liu Xuan sent generals Li Shouyong and Liang Kezhen to attack region comprising present-day northern Viet Nam , capture Qu Chengmei wait forsomeone. After Qu Chengmei arrived in the South China Sea, Liu Xuan went up to the Yifeng Tower to be captured. Qu Chengmei immediately fell victim to the crime, so Liu Xuan pardoned him. In the same year, the Southern Han School Liang Kezhen Attack Occupy the city , plunder their treasures and properties.^[107]

It lasted for four years (931), Aizhou Yang Tingyi Rebellion, attacking the governor of Jiaozhou, Li Jin, who fled back. Liu Xuan sent Cheng Bao to attack Yang Tingyi. Cheng Bao died in battle.^[109] Nine years ago (936), Liu Xuan sent General Sun Desheng to attack Mengzhou , but failed to conquer. Ten years (937), Jiao Gongxian, the general of Jiaozhouya, killed Yang Tingyi, the former general of Yang Tingyi Wu Quan Attack Jiaozhou Jiao Gongxian came to the Southern Han Dynasty to ask for help. Liu Xuan granted his son Liu Hongcao In order to meet the king, he led the army to attack from Baiteng. Liu Xuan himself led an army stationed in Haimen Before long, Wu Quan killed Jiao Gongxian, fought against Haikou and planted iron stakes in the sea. Wu Quan's army rode the tide and Liu Hongcao chased it. The tide retreated and the boat returned. All the stakes were covered. Liu Hongcao died in the war and Liu Xuan collected the rest and returned.^[110]

Three generation tyranny

Nanhan Erling Museum

In his later years, Liu Gui, Gao Zhiyi, "When you see a northerner, you must say that you live in Xianqin, ashamed to be the king of southern barbarians, and the emperor of Huzhong is the governor of Luozhou."^[13] Like most traditional kings, he began to hope to enjoy a luxurious life in his lifetime after the political situation became stable. In his later years, Liu Gui was suspicious of scholars and "counted them as descendants", thus repelling them.^[14] Due to the political extravagance and violence of Emperor Gaozu Liu Xuan in his late years, the status of scholars declined and became eccentric. At the same time, Liu Xuan was close to eunuchs, which made the eunuch force grow gradually, even to the point of origin Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms A unique landscape. Fifteen years ago (942), Liu died at the age of 54. Its son Liu Fen Succession“ Light sky ”, and King of Jin Liu Hongxi assisted in administration for Emperor Shang of the Southern Han Dynasty 。^[14]

The national strength of the Southern Han Dynasty, from the late age of the Emperor Gaozu to the era of Emperor Shang, has maintained a downward trend. Liu Fen was proud and extravagant after he succeeded to the throne. Liu Fen was not close to government affairs, which undoubtedly opened the door for some local officials who hoped to commit crimes.^[15] Liu Fen's succession to the throne not only failed to introduce corresponding measures to improve the tyrannical government affairs in the late period of Emperor Gaozu, but also intensified. Local officials were allowed to trample on the interests of the people, making the people's livelihood more difficult within the jurisdiction of the Southern Han Dynasty. Farmers in dire straits quickly organized a powerful uprising army. In the first year of Guangtian in the South Han Dynasty (942), Zhang Yuxian Led the uprising in Zhengzhou and formed a powerful peasant uprising team. The peasant uprising army elected him as its leader and called him "the Eight Kings of Zhongtian", Jianyuan Yongle All the officials were dressed in purple, which seemed to be intended to overthrow the rule of the Southern Han Dynasty. Although the uprising was suppressed, Liu Fen still did not reflect, and continued to drink all night long.

Because of the decadent rule of Emperor Shang of the Southern Han Dynasty, Liu Hongxi, the fourth younger brother of Emperor Shang of the Jin Dynasty, suddenly became interested in a coup Light sky In the second year (943), Liu Fen held a banquet with various kings. During the banquet, Liu Hongxi asked Chen Daoxiang, the commander, to take Liu Sihui and other powerful men to come and fight. Liu Fen got drunk at the banquet. After the banquet, Liu Hongxi took the opportunity to send Chen Daoxiang, Liu Sihui and others to kill Liu Fen. Liu Hongxi seizes the throne and becomes emperor Should dry , rename Liu Sheng It was Zhongzong in the Southern Han Dynasty, with the posthumous title of Liu Fen as Emperor Shang^[16] 。

Southern Han Zhongzong Liu Sheng was more cruel than his father and brother. During his reign, he repeatedly killed ministers and brothers. In a few years, his brothers were killed by him. Almost at the same time as killing the royal princes, Zhongzong Liu Sheng also started to exclude those who participated in the killing of the Emperor Shang and other dissidents. He also appointed eunuchs and palace maids as his officials, which made the national strength of the Southern Han Dynasty increasingly weak.

Expedition and expansion of Xinjiang

Guangzhou

At the beginning of Liu Sheng's succession in the Southern Han Dynasty, the political situation had basically stabilized after a series of actions of wantonly killing the imperial family and honoring the old. As a result, Liu Sheng wanted to develop. The expansion of the territory of the Southern Han Dynasty was also an important aspect of Zhongzong's political situation. Liu Shengpai in the sixth year of Qianhe in the Southern Han Dynasty (948) official in charge of secretarial matters Xuanhua Zhong Yunzhang Go to Southern Chu to propose, King of Chu Ma Xiguang Rejected the request of Zhongzong in the Southern Han Dynasty, which became another trigger battle between Chu and Han Of blasting fuse 。^[17] After three months of planning A regular waiter Wu Huaien Kaifu Yitong Third Division Northwest officer responsible for quelling uprisings , soldiers attack Chu, attack Hezhou 。 Then, the army of the Southern Han Dynasty conquered Zhaozhou, which was only 300 miles west of Hezhou.^[17]

In 951, the ninth year of Qianhe in the Southern Han Dynasty, the Southern Tang dynasty Dispatched by the middle master Side pick He is a governor of Xinzhou and a garrison Yuanzhou , ready to attack Nanchu.^[18] In Xiguang, King of Chu Mahi calyx When the brothers fought, the Emperor Zhongzong of the Southern Han Dynasty also sent Wu Huaien to garrison the territory, waiting for an opportunity to plot against the Southern Chu. Wu Huaien of the Southern Han Dynasty easily occupied Mengzhou, and then led troops into Guizhou. When the Southern Tang Dynasty sent troops to destroy Chu, the Southern Han Dynasty also sent troops to save the Southern Chu in the name of fire and water. Under the leadership of Wu Huaien, the northwest expedition envoy, the Southern Han Dynasty sent a large army to advance by land and water. November, 951, the ninth year of Qianhe period Bing Yin Wu Huaien first captured Guizhou, then successively conquered Yi, Lian, Wu, Yan, Fu, Zhao, Liu, Gong, Xiang and other states Ma Chu Forces completely drove out the Lingnan area.^[19] After that, the Southern Han Dynasty leader sent Neishi Province Droop Pan Chongche , General Xie Guan, general attack Chenzhou The soldiers of the Tang Dynasty were not able to rescue, so the Southern Han Dynasty took Chenzhou.^[20]

By this time, the Southern Han Dynasty had reached its most extensive stage of territory, and its governing territory had crossed into Hunan territory. This was Liu Sheng's correct judgment after observing the development of the situation in the Central Plains and the southern countries. He seized the opportunity to launch an offensive against the old enemy Ma Chu, and achieved the territorial expansion of the Southern Han Dynasty at one fell swoop. In the 16th year of Qianhe's reign (958), Liu Sheng died at the age of 39. His posthumous title was Emperor Wenwu Guangsheng Mingxiao and his temple was Zhongzong, Ling Hao Zhaoling^[21] 。

Perished in the Northern Song Dynasty

Situation of the Northern Song Dynasty Destroying the Southern Han Dynasty

Southern Han Dynasty Empress Liu Xuan , formerly known as Liu Jixing, was the eldest son of Liu Sheng, Emperor Zhongzong of the Han Dynasty King Wei 。 Sixteen Years of Qianhe（ Week after Xiande Five years, 958), Liu Sheng died, and Liu Xuan succeeded to the throne at the age of 17. The year was changed to Dabao , known as the emperor of the Han Dynasty. He was cowardly and incompetent, unable to govern the country, and appointed all political affairs to the eunuch Gong Chengshu Chen Yanshou as well as Waitress Lu Qiongxian The palace maids were also appointed as political officials, while the rest of the officials were just prepared. Liu Xuan believed that all the officials had families and would not be loyal in order to take care of their descendants, so he only trusted eunuchs. The officials had to go to their own palace to be employed, so that at one time there were as many as 20000 eunuchs. Moreover, he doted on a Persian woman, played with her in the harem, called her "obsequious pig", and called herself "Doctor Xiao Xian", ignoring politics. Later, the political affairs were entrusted to the witch Fan Beard, Gong Chengshu and Lu Qiongxian They are attached to her, and political affairs are in disorder.

The 13th year of Dabao (Song Dynasty shake out dice Three years, 970), Northern Song Dynasty Paitan State Defensive emissary Pan Mei Led the army to attack the Southern Han Dynasty, and the Song army stationed in Baixia. The old generals of the Southern Han Dynasty were killed for slander, and the patriarchal clan was wiped out. Only the eunuchs, the city walls city moat , decorated with palaces and ponds; Building boat warship Weapons and armor, all rotten. Liu Xuan sent Gong Chengshu to Hezhou Guo Chongyue Garrison Siguatepeque 、 Leto Garrison Shaozhou In case of the Song army. Soon, the Song army successively captured Hezhou, Zhaozhou, Guizhou and Lianzhou 。 Liu Xuan said happily, "Zhao, Gui, Lian and He belong to Hunan, but Song's army should be satisfied that it has still captured them and will not go south to attack the Southern Han Dynasty.". In December of the same year, the Song army captured Shaozhou. The next year (the fourth year of Kaibao's reign in the Song Dynasty, 971), when the Song army was constantly advancing, Liu Xuan selected more than a dozen ships full of gold, silver, treasures and concubines , preparing to flee to the sea; Before they set out, eunuchs and guards stole the ship and fled. Liu Xuan had to surrender and the Southern Han Dynasty perished. Song Taizu Forgive Liu Gui and take him as Right Qianniuwei General , granted an amnesty^[22] 。

In the eighth year of Kaibao (975), after the Northern Song Dynasty destroyed the Southern Tang Dynasty, Liu Gui was renamed General of the left prison guard , sealed Pengcheng County Duke 。 Song Taizong He ascended the throne and was renamed Duke of Wei 。 Taiping Revitalization In the fifth year (980), Liu Gui died, was awarded Grand Master and was posthumously awarded the title of King of South Vietnam^[23] 。

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Territorial scope

In Gao Zu Liu 䶮 During the twenty-five years when he was in power, the changes in the boundaries of the Southern Han Dynasty can be roughly divided into three stages. From the first year of Qianheng in the Southern Han Dynasty (917) to the second year of the Southern Han Dynasty (929), the changes in the first stage had nothing to do with the expansion or reduction of the border, but mainly the changes in the administrative establishment. During this period, the Southern Han Dynasty fought with Fujian and Chu twice, but none of them was successful, maintaining the boundaries of Liu Xuan's founding year. In the period from 930 to 931, the boundaries of the Southern Han Dynasty changed dramatically. Gao Zu Liu Xuan conquered Annan Qu, the twelve prefectures of Annam, were included in the territory of the Southern Han Dynasty.^[24] The Southern Han Dynasty lasted from five to eleven years, region comprising present-day northern Viet Nam Although the twelve states were not included in the territory of the Southern Han Dynasty, they still belonged to Jimi County of the Southern Han Dynasty. Wu Quan After taking the stage, Vietnam? He cut off contact with the Southern Han Dynasty and became king himself.

from Zhongzong in the Southern Han Dynasty From the sixth year of Qianhe's reign (948) to the sixteenth year of Qianhe's reign (958), the boundary area of the Southern Han Dynasty was greatly expanded, and the territory of the Southern Han Dynasty entered Hunan for the first time, which was the heyday of the territory of the Southern Han Dynasty.^[13]^[25] From the seventh year of the Southern Han Dynasty (964) to the fourteenth year of the Southern Han Dynasty (971), the territory of the Southern Han Dynasty gradually narrowed the western part of Guang-dong province and the eastern part of Guangdong province Some states and counties were successively captured by the Song army.^[26-27]

Border Map of the Southern Han Dynasty

administrative division

When the South Han Dynasty was founded, the land on the mountain range was from Hunan Ma Yin 、 Jiaozhou The Qu family and the Liu family of the Southern Han Dynasty shared the world. The Southern Han Dynasty occupied all of eastern Guangdong and part of western Guangdong, with a total of two prefectures and 46 prefectures. At the end of the sixth year of the reign of Emperor Zongqian in Hanzhong (948), Wu Huaien and Wu Xun, the top generals of the Southern Han Dynasty, did not lose the trust of the emperor, captured Hezhou and Zhaozhou, and returned triumphantly.^[28] In the ninth year of Qianhe's reign (951), in November, the Southern Han Dynasty sent troops again to drive the Machu forces west of Hezhou out of Lingbiao. The army of the Southern Han Dynasty was invincible, Southern Chu The governor of Mongolia and Guangxi fled at the news. Wu Huaien, the general of the Southern Han Dynasty, took advantage of the situation to take ten prefectures of Mongolia, Guangxi, Yi, Lian, Wu, Yan, Fu, Liu, Gong and Xiang.^[25] In December, the Southern Han Dynasty took advantage of the Southern Tang dynasty Occupy the unstable opportunity of Chu and send troops to take it Chenzhou 。^[29] So far, the Southern Han Dynasty has included all the territories of Southern Chu in western Guangdong, and the territory extends north into the territory of present-day Hunan. According to the above, the states and counties under the jurisdiction of the Southern Han Dynasty in its heyday are listed as follows:

Government Name	County under jurisdiction	Administration
Xingwang Mansion	Xianning, Changkang, Panyu, Zengcheng, Sihui, Huameng, Huaiji, Dongguan, Qingyuan, Taoshui, Qiawu, Yanyang, Xinhui, Yining	/
Qichang Mansion	Xingning	/
Xuzhou	Longchuan, Leixiang	Longchuan
Zhengzhou	Guishan, Boluo, Heyuan, Haifeng	Return to good
Changzhou	Bo Dian, Zero Green, Salt Field	/
Shaozhou	Qujiang, Shixing, Lechang, Wengyuan, Renhua, Zhenchang	Qujiang
Duanzhou	Gaoyao, Pingxing	Gao Yao
Connecticut	Duanxi, Jinkang, Yuecheng, Ducheng	Duanxi
New State	Xinxing, Yongshun	rising
Fengzhou	Fengchuan, Kaijian	Fengchuan
Longzhou	Longshui, Kaiyang, Zhennan, Jianshui	Longshui
Enzhou	Enping, Yangjiang, Duling	Enping
Chunzhou	Yangchun, Luoshui, Liunan	Yangchun
Gaozhou	Liangde, Dianbai, Baoding	/
Tengzhou	Tan Jin, Ganyi, Yichang, Ningfeng	/
Yizhou	Cenxi, Yongye, Liancheng	Cenxi
Douzhou	Xinyi, Huaide, Tan'e, Teliang	faith
Qinzhou	Fulin, Tongling	Fulin
Xunzhou	Guiping, Huanghua	Guiping
Yulin Prefecture	Yulin, Xingye, Xingde	Green forest
pennsylvania	Lingfang, Langxie, Baocheng	Ling Fang
Chengzhou	Shanglin, Wuyu, Heshui, Zhige	Shanglin
Xiuzhou	Changlin, Alin, Luo Xiu	/
Yongzhou	Xuanhua, Wuyuan, Jinxing, Langning, Enlong, Ruhe, Fengling	Xuanhua
Guizhou	Yuping, Huaize, Chaoshui, Yishan	Yu Ping
Dangzhou	Be good at work, pacify, tolerate mountains and cherish righteousness	Good labor
Hengzhou	Ningpu, Conghua, Leshan	Ningpu
Tianzhou	Dujiu, Huijia, Wulong, Hengshan, Rulai	All save
Luanzhou	Yongding, Wuluo, Lingzhu	Yongding
Luozhou	Lianjiang, Wuchuan, Ganshui	Lianjiang
Panzhou	Yueshang, Nanba, Panshui	Yueshang
Rongzhou	Beiliu, Puning, Lingcheng, Weilong, Xindao, Luchuan	Northerly flow
Debate	Shilong, Lingluo	Stone dragon
Baizhou	Bobai, Jianning, Zhouluo, Nanchang	Bobai
Prison state	Nanliu, Dingchuan, Dangchuan	/
Qinzhou	Qinjiang, Baojing, Zunhua, Neiting, Lingshan	Qinjiang River
Yuzhou	Eshi, Luobian, Fulai	Emei Stone
Chaozhou	Haiyang, Chaoyang, Chengxiang	Haiyang
Leizhou	Hai Kang, Suixi, Xu Wen	Haikang
Yazhou	Shecheng, Chengmai, Wenchang	Shecheng
Qiongzhou	Qiongshan, Lingao, Lehui	Qiongshan
Zhenzhou	Ningyuan, Jiyang	Ningyuan
Wan'an Prefecture	Wan'an, Lingshui, Fuyun, Boliao	Wan'an
Xuzhou	Yilun, Changhua, Thanksgiving, Luochang, Fuluo	Yi Lun
Shunzhou	Longhua, Wenshui, Nanhe, Longhao	Longhua
Lianzhou	Hepu, Fengshan, Cai Long, Dalian	Hepu
Sitangzhou	Wu Lang, Si He	Takeo
Rongzhou	Rongshui, Wuyang	Meltwater
The following states were added after 951
Hezhou	Linhe, Guiling, Fengcheng, Fengyang, Fuchuan, Dangshan	Congratulations
Zhaozhou	Pingle, Gongcheng, Yongping	Pingle
Mengzhou	Lishan, East District, Justice	Establish a mountain
Siguatepeque	Lingui, Yangshuo, Lipu, Fengshui, Xiuren, Gonghua, Yongfu, Liding, Gu	Lingui
Yizhou	Longshui, Tianhe, Yashan, Dongxi	Dragon water
Lianzhou	Guiyang, Yangshan, Lianshan	Guiyang
Wuzhou	Cangwu, Rongcheng, Mengling	Cang Wu
Yanzhou	Guests, Xunde, Guihua	guest
Fuzhou	Longping, Siqin, Majiang	Longping
city in Guangxi	Ma Ping, Longcheng, Luorong, Luocao, Xiang	Ma Ping
Gongzhou	Pingnan, Wulin, Suijian, Datong, Yangchuan	Pingnan
Xiangzhou	Yangshou, Wuxian, Wuhua	Wuhua
Chenzhou	Chen, Yizhang, Gaoting, Chenyi, Lanshan	Chen
Puzhou	Dechang, Yining, Guangming, Linchuan	Dechang
British State	Zhen Yang	Zhen Yang
Xiongzhou	Zhen Chang	Zhen Chang
Jingzhou	Cheng Xiang	Cheng Xiang

governor of one or more provinces

Still adopted in the Southern Han Dynasty Temperance system , but it is completely different from the Tang Dynasty. The position of the provincial envoy in the Southern Han Dynasty was almost filled by the literati and the patriarchal kings. This weakens magistrate with military power Power. The known setting of envoys of the Southern Han Dynasty is as follows:^[30]

Administration	Military name	Sources of historical data
Guangzhou	Qing Navy	"Ten Kingdoms in Spring and Autumn" Volume 113
Yongzhou	Jianwu Army	Volume 36 of "Records of Public Places"
Rongzhou	Ning Yuanjun	"Ten Kingdoms in Spring and Autumn" Volume 62
Zhengzhou	Zhengzhou Festival	Spring and Autumn of the Ten Kingdoms Volume 61
Jiaozhou	Quiet Navy	"Nine Kingdoms" Volume IX
Shaozhou	A mighty army	Volume II of "Southern Han Dynasty Stone Records"
Siguatepeque	Jingjiang Army	"Ten Kingdoms in Spring and Autumn" Volume 113

Politics

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Central system

Three provinces and six ministries

The official system of the Tang Dynasty was generally followed in the Southern Han Dynasty, but it was greatly simplified. It was recorded in all three provinces of the central government, and six officials also appeared from time to time. The prime minister system was established at the beginning of the founding of the People's Republic of China, and continued to follow the Tang Dynasty Same story One. Liu Xuan became emperor and later envoy of Liang Dynasty Zhao Guangyan by Minister of War ， Abstinence deputy envoy Yang Dongqian by Military Ministry Assistant ， Judge of temperance Li Yinheng by Ceremonial Master , and the same rules and regulations.^[31] At the beginning of the founding of the People's Republic of China, only the Ministry of War and the Ministry of Rites were set up to meet the needs of war and diplomatic missions to other countries. In the late Southern Han Dynasty Minister of Rites Participation in torture is also rare in the southern countries.

Southern Han Dynasty Ministry of War 、 Ceremonial department Besides the minister of the Ministry of Works and prime minister, the governors of the three provinces are also prime ministers. At the beginning of the founding of the South Han Dynasty, there was a lack of talent plaques, so most of them used six ministers and prime ministers in the fifth year of Ruqianheng (921), Shangshu Zuo Cheng Ni Shu Same story.^[32] Zhao Guangyi is not only the prime minister, but also an official Servant After he died in 1939, his son took over his post Imperial Scholar's Undertaking , Shangshu Zuo Cheng Zhao Loss The incumbent. In the following year, Wang Dingbao, a provincial envoy from Ningyuan, died at the loss Middle School Waiter The same rules and regulations, not more than years also died.^[33] This is the only one who served as a secretary general in the Southern Han Dynasty.

Southern Han Dynasty Shimen Province Also along the Tang system, there are official in charge of admonition and arbitration . Middle level posts for civil servants. shake out dice In the fourth year (971), when the Northern Song Dynasty captured Guangzhou, Taizu sent envoys to question eunuchs Leto The crime of setting fire to the treasuries cannot be justified. Wang Si, the admonition doctor, said to Tuo that "in Guangzhou, the maintenance was not specialized by your generation, and the fire started from inside. Today, I sent an envoy to ask who Er Fu wanted to push", so I spat on him and criticized him. Tuo was lured down, and then went to Beijing to kill him.^[34] The official title of Chen Shouzhong in Wenyan Stele also exists Right advice doctor First position.

Third Division

In the Southern Han Dynasty, except that the Ministry of Household controlled the finance, it followed the method of the Tang Dynasty, and was covered by Duzhi, Yantie and the Ministry of Household Split palm Finance, although not seen Degree emissary However, this decentralization was completely inherited in the Southern Han Dynasty, and the "envoy" was changed to "service". For example, the Record of the New Banquet on Stone Mountain records that Liu Chongyuan was responsible for making and setting up salt and iron shipments for Rongzhou City, and Taoist Li was also responsible for making and setting up salt and iron shipments. The system and administration of salt and iron were made by the Tang Dynasty Salt Iron Envoy Come along the melting. It not only allows the state to have system and administrative affairs, but also allows the state to have such institutions.

Official selection system

During his reign, Liu Zhi relied on the scholars to govern the government and served as the prefectural governor. He also passed the imperial examination and recruited Jinshi every year person well versed in Chinese classics More than ten local officials avoided carving up of a country by warlords The trouble of dominating. In the Southern Han Dynasty the period of the Ten Kingdoms Middle insistence The imperial examination It is one of the countries in which the imperial examinations were established along the Tang Dynasty, including Jinshi and Mingjing. The fourth year of Qianheng (920) Spring and March Liu Xuan, the leader of the Southern Han Dynasty, listened to Yang Dongqian's request to establish a school and open Tribute lift , and the selection is set.^[32] This time, more than ten Jinshi and Mingjing people were released, such as the stories of the Tang Dynasty.^[15] Although the Southern Han Dynasty was located in the south of the Five Ridges, it attached equal importance to the imperial examination and did not abandon it because of the chaotic times. The imperial examination was also an important way for the Southern Han regime to select talents. The "General Examination of Literature · Election" also said that "as for the dynasties, it is easier to carry out the imperial examinations, and the tribute examinations have not been abolished.". This is also Separatist regime It is an important means to consolidate the rule and dominate the country. Although it is unknown whether the Southern Han Dynasty, like the Central Plains, required Jinshi to apply for the examination after "counting and selecting for several years", only those who passed the examination would be awarded the title of official Content and form It should be consistent with the Central Plains, that is, poetry and fu.^[35]

Local system

The Southern Han Dynasty still adopted the system of abstemious envoys, but it was completely different from the Tang Dynasty. Prefectures and counties were the main places in the Southern Han Dynasty administrative division Company. The governor of the Southern Han Dynasty was a governor or knew about the military affairs of a certain state, and most of them were held by imperial families or civil servants. The Southern Han Dynasty was the first time in the Five Dynasties to break the situation that the Wu Fu served as the governor, and replaced it with the independent regime of the literati. This is different from the five generations of countries“ State and county The prison officials are not clear about the rules and regulations, and there are many military men guarding the herdsmen. ". On the one hand, the control of the power of the literati at the prefecture and county levels can eliminate the disadvantages of the arbitrariness of the military men, which is conducive to the control of the central government over the local areas. On the other hand, in general, the literati are gentle and can quite guide the atmosphere, which is conducive to the stability of the local areas and the stable life of the people. The creation of the Southern Han Dynasty's "no military governor", the reform of the bureaucratic system and centralization The development of politics has an important reference role.^[36]

The county magistrate pays for the order or magistrate,^[37] Its duties are "to guide the weathering, investigate grievances and hear the lawsuits in prison. The county magistrate will give it to the people who receive it. Every year, every winter Township drinking Courtesy. Account books, rumors, warehouses, thieves, causeways, although there are special officials, are all notified. "^[38] Below the county level, there are small administrative divisions such as township and social security. The Southern Han Dynasty found in Xiatang Village, the northern suburb of Guangzhou in the Qing Dynasty Neishi Province Fufeng County Ma 24 Niang Tomb voucher It is called "Buying Zuo Jinwu Street, Beishi Township, Xianning County" in China stone horse Protect the boundary of Cao Pu Temple, and the Kun side of Mingyun Peak is facing the ground. "^[39] It is enough to prove that there still exists below the county level Administrative unit 。

legal system

Since the beginning of the political power in the Southern Han Dynasty, its legislation has been known for its coolness. "䶮䶮䶮䶮䶮䶮䶮䶮䶮䶮䶮䶮䶮䶮䶮䶮䶮䶮䶮叮只只只2148; There are also "perfusing the nose, cutting the tongue, branching, digging out Canning The method of cooking and steaming, or gathering poisonous snakes in the water and throwing criminals into it, is called "water prison".^[14]^[40]

Among the ten regimes, the rulers of the Southern Han Dynasty from Liu Xuan to Liu Xuan all set up unconventional instruments of torture to build hell on earth, and their legislation was the most severe torture. The rulers of the Southern Han Dynasty abused torture, which made the people unbearable. Light sky In July of the first year (942), shortly after Liu died, Boro (now Guangdong) people Zhang Yuxian stay Xuzhou (Today Guangdong Longchuan Southwest China) rose up and claimed to be the "Eight Kings of the Midheaven" Yongle 。 The uprising army defeated the southern Han army many times, and marched northward from Lingnan to the Southern Tang dynasty Of Qianzhou (Jiangxi today Ganzhou ）With Baiyun Cave as the base, it has more than 100000 people. The next year, because of the great disparity of power and the betrayal of traitors, they were suppressed by the Southern Tang Army.

The regime of the Southern Han Dynasty was not only known for its harsh legislation, but also for its officials' arbitrary law enforcement, Beheading It is most common in the Southern Han Dynasty. In addition to the punishment of beheading, the Southern Han Dynasty, like any other dynasty in history, has the punishment of death. In the Southern Han Dynasty, in addition to the two kinds of death penalty, the most common one was the use of punishment outside the law. The use of punishment outside the law was arbitrary and more cruel than the death penalty, and it was more intimidating to the people, so it was more favored by the monarchs of small countries, such as Clan slayer 。 The emperor of the Southern Han Dynasty also liked to poison his officials. In the second year of Qianhe (944), Liu Sheng sent an envoy to kill Liu Hongze, the town king, with poison in Yongzhou. When Liu Xuan was in the country, he also used poison to make officials.^[93]

military

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Military system

Since the Southern Han Dynasty, Liu Qian had thousands of people Fengzhou From the beginning of the war to the subjugation of the late leader Liu Xuan in the Northern Song Dynasty. It was not only one of the regimes with the longest history in the Five Dynasties, but also fought with Southern Chu, Fujian, Southern Tang, Northern Song, and Great Yue. Its territory has gradually reached the huge scale of 60 states in Lingnan.

Locally, there were four units in the Southern Han Dynasty. Sort by position: Zhenjun . The regimental training army, the left and right street army, and the Turkish army. The town army is relatively elite, which is a regional force under the command of their respective governors, and is mainly responsible for guarding important border towns or transportation hubs. The rest of the armed forces are similar to the Civil Self Defense Force and the militia, and their security functions are greater than their combat functions. When necessary, the rulers of the Southern Han Dynasty would also increase their military strength. In the army Command system In the Southern Han Dynasty, it was customary to appoint eunuchs as generals. Considering that their ministers were castrated before they took office, it is not surprising that similar regulations are applied in the army. stay Lower gram upper In the Five Dynasties, how to prevent military generals from plotting to usurp the throne was the sword hanging over all rulers. Because of the loss of sexual function ability, eunuchs have relatively limited ambitions and become a very few people that the monarch can trust. Although they are eunuchs, most of these generals are also familiar with war strategies and bow horses.

imperial guards

The Southern Han regime did not Bodyguard troops Of imperial guards The establishment, however, has the position of "Judge Six Armies", most of which are led by princes. In December of the seventh year of Dayou's reign (934), the Han leader Liu Xuan ordered Liu Hongdu, the King of Qin in the sixth army, to raise money Overnight guard Thousands of people are all the children of the scoundrels in the market, and the grand degree goes against them.^[41] In the fourth year of Kaibao (971), in February of Ding Maoshuo, Liu Xuan ordered Wang Baoxing, the twelve guards of the sixth army, to reject the Song Dynasty. Later Liang changed the three bugles and six troops of the sixth army of the Emperor Tang into six bugles and twelve troops,^[42] Nanhan Gai was also established after Liang, so it is called the "Six Armies and Twelve Guards".

Also in the Southern Han Dynasty Later Han Dynasty 、 Week after East and west classes in the Forbidden Army, but it is unknown whether they are the Forbidden Army. In December of the fifth year of Dabao (962), the eunuch Xu Yanzhen fought with Gong Chengshu for power, Clan slayer Of.^[43] To the commander of the Forbidden Army in the South Han Dynasty Grand Marshal , deputy marshal, and led by the prince. After killing his brother, Liu Sheng took Hongchang, the King of Yue, as the marshal of all armies, and Xun Wang Honggao as the deputy marshal. The Second King was killed quickly. Since then, there was no marshal in the Southern Han Dynasty. The marshal and the deputy marshal were also given an empty mandate and did not control the real power.^[44]

It seems that there were also bodyguards in the Southern Han Dynasty. In the seventh year of Dabao's reign (964), Chen Shouzhong wrote the Wenyan Stele, which stated that the Kong court was an official Dragon and Tiger Army General Crane Control Lieutenant Peirong 。 The crane control was originally the private army of the Houliang bodyguard, and the South Han Gai also followed it, but it seems to be one of the six armies of the Emperor official rank It seems that there is a guard army for crane control. Six Armies in the Late Southern Han Dynasty Military appearance emissary And control the military power of the country. Gong Chengshu, once an officer in Liu Xuan's time, rode a great general to find a way out General Shang After the military appearance envoy of Zuo Longhu Army Temple, Li Tuo was the military appearance envoy of the Sixth Army Temple and the lieutenant in the industry. He rode on General Xue Chongyu's escort and also moved to the lieutenant in the industry, signing a letter to the point inspector.^[44]

Elephant army

In the sixth year of Qianhe's reign (948), Liu Sheng sent the Giant Elephant Commander Wu Xun and his entourage Wu Huaien to conquer Hezhou. Later Elephant army In December of the fourth year of Kaibao (971), Pan Mei Defeat Shaozhou Lianhua Peak at one stroke. Because there are many elephants in Lingnan, humans use elephants as tools of war. There are also records about the establishment of the Elephant Army in the Southern Han Dynasty. The Elephant Army in the Southern Han Dynasty is an array. Each elephant carries more than ten people, and all of them fight in battle. Every battle must be in front of the array to strengthen the military.^[34]

Foreign war

particular year	war	Belligerents
908	Battle of Ma Yin Attacking Liu Yin	Southern Chu
910	Battle of Gaozhou	Southern Chu
Year 911	Shaozhou Battle	Southern Chu
Year 911	Battle of Rongzhou and Gaozhou	Southern Chu
924	The War of Attacking Fujian	Min
928	Battle of Fengzhou	Southern Chu
930	The War of Jiaozhou	Annan
930	Battle of Occupying the City	Occupy the city
931	The War of Jiaozhou	Annan
936	Battle of Mengzhou and Guizhou	Southern Chu
938	The War of Jiaozhou	Annan
948	Battle of Hezhou	Southern Chu
951	Battle of Mengzhou	Southern Chu
951	Battle of Guizhou	Southern Chu
951	Battle of Chenzhou	Southern Chu
952	The Battle of Quanzhou	the Southern Tang dynasty
952	Battle of Chenzhou	Southern Chu
963	Battle of Guiyang and Jianghua	Northern Song Dynasty
964	Battle of Tanzhou	Northern Song Dynasty
964	Battle of Chenzhou	Northern Song Dynasty
968	The Battle of Daozhou	Northern Song Dynasty
970	Battle of Hezhou	Northern Song Dynasty
971	The Song Dynasty's War against the Southern Han Dynasty	Northern Song Dynasty

International Relations

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And the Tang and Five Dynasties

The communication between the Southern Han Dynasty and the Chinese Dynasty (Tang Dynasty and the regimes of the Five Dynasties) can be roughly divided into the following three stages Vassal town During the period, the brothers Liu Yin and Liu Xuan submitted to the emperor of China and paid tribute regularly, playing the role of a loyal vassal governor. In the second stage of frequent exchanges between the two sides, Liu Xuan reprimanded the emperor Rear sill After he became a puppet dynasty and established his own country as emperor, he completely broke off relations with China and the DPRK, and the two sides broke off exchanges in the third stage of nearly ten years, Zhuangzong of the Later Tang Dynasty After the end of Liang Dynasty, Liu Xuan heard that the army of the Tang Dynasty was strong and panicked. He hurriedly sent envoys to the DPRK to observe the situation between China and the DPRK. The Southern Han Dynasty resumed contacts with China and the DPRK, but the number of contacts at this stage was quite small until the end of the Southern Han Dynasty. The rulers of the Southern Han Dynasty only sent envoys to the DPRK twice at the beginning of the establishment of the Later Tang Dynasty and the victory of the Southern Expedition of the Later Zhou Shizong. In general, the Southern Han Dynasty and China DPRK relations Alienation.^[45]

And Southern Chu

Among the southern countries, the Southern Han Dynasty and Hunan's Southern Chu The political power borders the territory, and the two sides have the most frequent exchanges. From Tang Dynasty God bless Two years (905), Liu Yin established Vassal town In the first year of Guangshun (951) of the later Zhou Dynasty, the Southern Chu State fell. During the decades long period, the two sides fought or fought with each other closely. In August of the second year of Kaiping, Houliang (908), Ma Yin In order to expand its territory, it fought with Liu Yin for more than ten times and captured six states of Zhao, He, Wu, Meng, Gong and Fu, Guiguan Most of the states fell into the hands of Ma. Emperor Taizu of Houliang In the fourth year of Kaiping (910), Liu Yin made a long attack on Rongzhou Ningyuan envoy Pang Juzhao Gaozhou Defensive emissary Liu Changlu, "Evil Liu Yin is cruel"^[46] And successively returned to Ma Ma of the Southern Chu State. Mahatma in the western part of Guang-dong province The territory of. In the first year of Qianhua in the Houliang Dynasty (911), Liu Xuan sent troops to attack Rongzhou and Gaozhou Ma was unable to rescue, so he lost his city to Liu. At that time, except for the Qu family in Jiaozhou, only Chu and Han fought.

In the second year of Qianhua in Houliang (912), Emperor Taizu of Liang Zhu Wen Heard about Liu Youhe Ma Yin In order to fight for the mountains and watch the states attack each other, and the war disasters are frequent. They don't want to see either Liu or Ma make a big fight alone, and dominate the southern Xinjiang, so they sent Right Free Riding Regular Attendant Wei Jian and others served as envoys of Tan, Guang and Ye, acting as peacemakers in an attempt to eliminate the contradiction between the two regimes. At that time, after many years of war, Liu was quite tired of war, and longed for peace and common development with Ma. So, in the third year of Qianhua's reign in the Later Liang Dynasty (913), Liu Xuan took the initiative to propose to Southern Chu, and Ma Yin agreed to betroth her daughter to Liu Xuan. In the third year of Qianheng's reign (919), Ma was crowned Queen.^[15] This opened the door to peaceful exchanges between the Liu regime and the Southern Chu.

For two years in the Southern Han Dynasty (928), Ma Yin, the king of Chu, sent a water army to besiege the Southern Han Dynasty Fengzhou 。 After the occupation of Fengzhou, you can go down the Xijiang River to Guangzhou one day. Ma Yin apparently went straight to the capital of the Southern Han Dynasty, aiming to attack and destroy the Southern Han Dynasty. Shortly after the closure of the state, Ma Yin died, and the Southern Chu was in a mess. After that, the rebirth war between the Southern Han Dynasty and the Southern Chu State was not initiated by the Southern Chu State. to Zhongzong in the Southern Han Dynasty After stabilizing the territory, there was an unexpected expansion of territory. So the war between Han and Chu started again. However, during this period, the offensive and defensive positions of both sides in the war have changed significantly. The Southern Han Dynasty shifted from guard to attack, while the Southern Chu Dynasty shifted to defense. In December of the ninth year of Qianhe in the Southern Han Dynasty (951), Liu Sheng, the Emperor Zhongzong of the Han Dynasty, sent Neishi Province Undertake Pan Chongche , General Xie Guan, general attacked Chenzhou, Southern Tang Dynasty Side pick Send troops to save them, worship and thoroughly defeat Tang soldiers in Yizhang, and take Chenzhou.^[15] So far, the Southern Han Dynasty entered the territory of Hunan for the first time in the battle for the territory of Southern Chu, thanks to the military action of the Southern Tang Dynasty to destroy Southern Chu.

And Fujian

Southern Han Dynasty and Min There are not many contacts. The exchanges between the two sides began in the second year of Tang Tianyou (905), and ended in the period of Liu's vassal town, the predecessor of the Southern Han Dynasty Later Jin Dynasty In the second year of Kaiyun (945), the Southern Tang Dynasty sent troops to destroy Fujian and Fujian conquered the country. In the fourth year of Kaiping of Houliang (910), Fujian dispatched Yuanwailang Cui came here to get married.^[47] However, it is still pointless to search historical records for whom to propose and what the result is. In the following year, Liu Yin died of illness, and Fujian was the only political power in the south to send envoys to offer sacrifices, "to show the heart of the alliance" and "to always talk happily" Wang Shenzhi He paid much attention to the reform of the Liu regime in the south of the Five Ridges and his desire to repair and unite the four neighbors, which also reflected the good relationship between the Southern Han Dynasty and Fujian. As soon as Liu Youfu became emperor, the King of Fujian sent envoys to serve his son All Commanders Wang Yanjun Propose marriage.^[48] Liu Xuan, the leader of the Southern Han Dynasty, also adhered to the purpose of making friends with the surrounding countries, and married Wang Yanjun with Princess Qingyuan, the daughter of Liu Yin. The king of Min also sent Lin Yanyu, an eunuch, to Guangzhou to set up a residence and take charge of the Guoxin because of the distance between the two sides. Liu Xuan also strongly supports this.

And Nanping

Southern Han Dynasty and Nanping The unique geographical location of Jingnan is the reason for this. Jingnan is located in an important road of water and land transportation. When the Liu regime respected China as the Zhengshuo period, it kept paying tribute to the Liang Dynasty and visiting envoys every year. Therefore, the key point of the friendly exchanges between the Southern Han Dynasty and Jingnan was that the Southern Han Dynasty relied on this road of tribute. According to the historical records, "Liang Zhengshuo was worshipped in the Southern Han Dynasty, Fujian and Chu, and at the age of, they were all worshipped in Jingnan".^[49] Therefore, objectively, the Southern Han Dynasty needs to maintain good relations with Nanping, because it is related to its lifeline to contact the traffic between China and North Korea. Before Liu Xuan, the Emperor Gaozu, took the throne, he sent Pang Shijin to live in Jingzhou to help the fleet of tribute trucks in the Southern Han Dynasty supply. Later, although Liu Xuan stopped paying tribute to China and closed his door as the emperor, he still did not withdraw Pang Shi's residence. After the founding of the country, Nanhan and Nanping intended to jointly contain Nanchu, forming a balance of interests among the three parties.^[50]

With Wu Yue

The Southern Han Dynasty and Wu Yue made good relations along the way, and the time of bilateral exchanges was mainly concentrated in the reign of Liu 䶮, from the first year of Qianhua in the back Liang Dynasty (911) to the 15 years of the Southern Han Dynasty (the seventh year of Tianfu in the late Jin Dynasty, 942). In the fourth year of Qianhua in the Later Liang Dynasty (914), Liu Xuan sent Chen, a military inspector, to serve Wu and Yue with humble coins, and asked him to serve the King of Wu and Yue with his brother. This is the first contact between the two regimes and also opens the door for friendly exchanges between the two sides. In the third year of Qianheng in the Southern Han Dynasty (the fifth year of Zhenming in the Later Liang Dynasty, 919), the Later Liang Dynasty issued an imperial edict to seize Liu Xuan and order the King of Wuyue Qian Liu He sent troops to fight against the Southern Han Dynasty. Qian Liu was appointed, but took the word "mountains and rivers are separated, and the place is crowded" as the word^[51] , hold your ground. Hu Sansheng's orders to pay attention to the cloud will not go against Liang's will, and will not compromise their own strength to attack the country. Qian Liu chose two ways not to offend, neither refused Liang Wang But it was not because Liu Xuan was independent that he launched a military expedition against the Han Dynasty.

The Southern Han Dynasty lasted for seven years (the first year of Qingtai in the later Tang Dynasty, 934) Wu Yue Two years after Wang Qianliu's death, the leader of the Southern Han Dynasty learned the information and sent Left Minion Shooting He Tian offered a sacrifice to the King of Wuyue, Etiquette At the same time, he expressed his friendly will to the new leader of Wuyue.^[52] For fourteen years in the Southern Han Dynasty (941, the sixth year of Tianfu in the Later Jin Dynasty), Liu Xuan sent people to Wuyue to ask for the sister of the late Queen Ma of the Southern Han Dynasty, but failed. The next year, Gao Zu Liu Xuan was ill.^[52]

With Wu and Southern Tang Dynasty

Whether Yang Wu , or the Southern Tang dynasty They are the most powerful countries among the regimes in the south. They are not only adjacent to the Central Plains regime, but have always been hostile to the Central Plains regime. In the surrounding countries, such as Wu Yue, Min, and Nan Chu, all regarded the Five Dynasties regime as the new moon, and stood in the opposite camp with it. It can be said that looking around, none of them was a friend. For a long time, the territory of the Southern Han Dynasty was not contiguous with that of Yang Wu and the Southern Tang Dynasty. In order to contain Southern Chu and Fujian, the Liu family did not forget to strengthen ties with Yang Wu during the period of the vassal regime. After the founding of the South Han Dynasty, it lost the protection of the five generations of political power, and actively maintained friendly relations with the southern powers Yang Wu and the South Tang Dynasty, exchanging envoys, "feeling like brothers, and making friendship with righteousness."^[53]

In the first year of Qianheng in the Southern Han Dynasty (the third year of Zhenming in the later Liang Dynasty, 917), Liu Xuan was dispatched more than a month after he ascended the throne Guest provincial envoy Liu Tang sent an envoy to Yang Wu to inform him about the founding of the South Han Dynasty and persuade him to King of Wu Be crowned emperor.^[54] The Southern Han Dynasty lasted for ten years (the second year of Tianfu in the Later Jin Dynasty, 937), Xu Zhigao Officially accepted by Wu Chan, he became the emperor in Jinling and changed his name Li 昪。 The reign of Emperor Gao Zu and Emperor Yang of the Southern Han Dynasty was the most frequent period between the Southern Han Dynasty and the Southern Tang Dynasty. Li Xuan sent envoys to the Southern Han Dynasty when he received Zen. For eleven years in the Southern Han Dynasty (the third year of Tianfu in the Later Jin Dynasty, 938), the Emperor Gaozu of the Han Dynasty sent Zou Yumo, a scholar in the Jixian Hall, to congratulate him on the Southern Tang Dynasty, starting the contact between the Southern Han Dynasty and the Huainan regime that had been suspended for more than 20 years.^[55] During the reign of Zhongzong in the Southern Han Dynasty, the Southern Han Dynasty and the Southern Tang Dynasty communicated, fought and alternated.^[56] During the reign of the Southern Han Dynasty, the 10th year of Dabao in the Southern Han Dynasty (the first year of Kaibao in the Northern Song Dynasty, 967), the Southern Tang Dynasty was the late emperor Li Yu Undertake Song Taizu Zhao Kuangyin sent Chen Shenggong, a talented debater, to the Southern Han Dynasty to persuade Liu Xuan to submit to the Song Dynasty, but Liu Xuan refused.^[57]

Vietnam

The South Han Dynasty and Vietnam had 55 years of exchanges from the first year of the South Han Dynasty (917) to the 14th year of Dabao (971). From the first year of Qianheng in the Southern Han Dynasty (917) to the second year of Dayou (929), the Southern Han Dynasty and Annan were regarded as two opposites Separatist regime 。 Since the end of the Tang Dynasty, due to the inability of the central government to govern, the local armed forces in Vietnam have been divided into various separatist forces, each dominating the other. In the first year of Qianheng (917), Qu Hao sent his son Qu Chengmei In order to make it to Guangzhou, we tried our best to maintain the relationship with Houliang, trying to form a triangular relationship between Houliang, Nanhan and Vietnam, to check each other and maintain the balance of interests. Yes, Qu Hao As a pawn, Qu Chengmei paid tribute to the rear Liang Dynasty and asked for a seal. He was appointed as a military envoy of the quiet navy and had exclusive access to the twelve prefectures. The coronation of Hou Liang thoroughly intensified the contradiction between Liu and Qu. The Emperor Gaozu of the Southern Han Dynasty originally intended to annex the handover and bring it into his own Sphere of influence However, "we are afraid of a long way to go, and we will not continue our military strength, because we need to recruit them." "Chengmei refuses to attach to it, and refers to the emperor as a puppet dynasty"^[58] 。 However, at that time, the Southern Han Dynasty had just established itself, and it still needed time to lay the foundation, increase and improve the national strength, and strengthen the ties with South Chu, Fujian, Yang Wu, Wu Yue and other countries. Therefore, although the Southern Han Dynasty had the heart to invade Vietnam, it did not finally put it into practice.

Three Years of the Southern Han Dynasty (930): Liu Xi School Liang Kezhen Led the attack on Jiaozhou with Li Shouyong, Qu Chengmei Defeated and captured.^[59] The national strength of the Southern Han Dynasty at that time, although it was determined to unify Annan However, due to the lack of strength and the overall situation, the Southern Han Dynasty had to worry about the balance of power with other neighboring countries, such as Southern Chu and Fujian, so Liu Xuan took the policy of restraining the Mi. Unfortunately, the good times are not long. The Liu regime's dream is to direct control , which only lasted for less than a year. It lasted for four years (931), Yang Tingyi The army revolted and raided Jiaozhou, which was occupied by Yang Tingyi. The Southern Han Dynasty sent troops to suppress but failed. Instead, it lost its direct access to Vietnam control power 。 In the same year, Yang Tingyi was a general To correct public envy Kill Yang Tingyi and occupy the territory.^[60] During the period when Jiao Gong envied the separatist regime of Vietnam, he still surrendered to the Southern Han Dynasty. The other will Wu Quan Lead the army to attack Jiao Gongxian, who then asks for help Liu 䶮 , Liu Youfeng's son Liu Hongcao In order to hand over the king, he led the army to attack Wu Quan, but was defeated by Wu Quan and Liu Hongcao was killed.^[60] From then on, Wu Quan occupied Jiaozhou and Vietnam. Battles on the Baiteng River After that, there was no record of sending troops to Annan in the Southern Han Dynasty. For nearly 15 years thereafter, there was no communication between the Southern Han Dynasty and Annan.

In the 12th year of Qianhe's reign (954), after more than ten years of turmoil, the Wu regime's power had declined, forcing it to abandon the throne and again send envoys to the Southern Han Dynasty. Zhongzong Liu Zhan was conferred the title of quiet naval envoy Annan Duhu 。^[61]

Economics

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Agriculture

During the Southern Han Dynasty, the agriculture in Lingnan area further developed on the basis of the Tang Dynasty. first, arable land Further development. In the Southern Han Dynasty, Pearl River Delta Fengtian is ubiquitous. Dabaomo said, "A rice field floats from the sea and goes out of the door of the fish and algae, People gathering Guanzhi ",^[62] This floating paddy field is Fengtian. secondly, grain yield Improvement. On the whole, the grain output in Lingnan area during the Southern Han Dynasty should be higher than that in the Tang Dynasty. In terms of per mu yield, Emperor Gaozu of the Southern Han Dynasty White Dragon During the years of Dayou, Chaoyang Han nationality Hong Zongqi's Wife Lin Shetian Enter Lingshan Temple with an area of 900 mu, and rent 1000 stones from the valley.^[63] According to scholars' calculations, the output per mu of farmland in the Southern Han Dynasty reached 22000 or 28000 stones, which was almost the same as the grain output per mu in the Jianghuai region.^[64] Chaozhou It is not the most developed agricultural area in Lingnan, and it has reached such a level, which can be seen from the grain production level of other regions in Lingnan. also, cash crop Diversification of planting. In addition to food, during the Southern Han Dynasty, vegetables, fruits, flowers and trees with local characteristics were widely planted in the south of the Five Ridges. Such as in the east of Xingwang Mansion litchi There are flower fields in the northwest suburb of the city of Xingwang Mansion within a 50 mile radius of the continent, and the flat fields are very popular Jasmine flower In Zhaozhou Silkworm Ye, female silkworm, Qin Nuhong, etc.^[65]

handicraft industry

Metallurgy

First, the output of mineral deposits. The emperors of all dynasties in the Southern Han Dynasty enjoyed great success. The palace buildings they built were extremely luxurious, and the gold and silver consumption was difficult to calculate. It can be seen that their output was amazing. A large number of gold, silver, iron, lead and other metals were used in court construction. It can be seen that the output of the above minerals has increased to a certain extent, making every ruler have enough reserves to spend freely.

Secondly, in Foundry technology aspect. Existing in Guangzhou Guangxiao Temple The east tower is Gong Chengshu It was jointly donated and cast by his wife, Deng's Thirty three Niang, in the sixth year of Dabao's reign (963). The West Pagoda was made by Liu Xuan in the tenth year of Dabao's reign (967). Its form and height completely imitate the East Pagoda, and each side is cast with an Indian style Buddhist niche There is a Buddha statue in the niche, and there are more than 1000 Buddha statues in the whole tower, so the tower is also called Thousands of pagoda The process is excellent, and no serious corrosion has occurred for more than 1000 years. The four corners of the tower also have eaves and horns, casting flying geese, phoenix and monsters in different shapes. Its casting technology has reached the highest level of the five generations, unmatched.^[66]

ceramics

The development of ceramic industry in the Southern Han Dynasty was manifested in four aspects. First, the expansion of production scale. According to the archaeological discoveries, the porcelain producing areas in the Southern Han Dynasty increased to the imperial kilns in Guangzhou and the official kilns in the South China Sea, Chenghai Cheng Yanggang Kiln, Guanlong Kiln, Beiyang Kiln, etc.^[67-68] Second, the improvement of production technology. The Tang Dynasty celadon produced in Guangdong has green, yellow, green, light green and other colors. The glaze is crystal clear, the body is exquisite, and the manufacturing is beautiful, which can already be comparable to the famous porcelain in the north and south. During the Southern Han Dynasty, porcelain making technology further developed. Third, Earthen kiln prosperous. Fourth, porcelain in the Southern Han Dynasty was mostly exported. Xisha Islands Ganquan Island Nearby, archeologists found many pieces similar to those unearthed in Zhaoling Tomb and Huangjinggang Bluish white glaze Small mouthed bottle 、 Stippling Bottles, pots, four series vases, bowls, dishes, powder boxes and other porcelain.^[69]

business

The business of the Southern Han Dynasty was prosperous, and it was known in history that "Liu Gui was the leader of hundreds of Yue people, who had the advantage of pearl shells, and founded the country as Han", Commercial trade The activity not only brought the "wealth of pearls and jade" of the Southern Han Dynasty, but also supported the daily expenditure and operation of the Southern Han Dynasty to a large extent from the economic aspect. First, the trade between the Southern Han Dynasty and the neighboring regimes flourished. Send Pang Shijin to set up in Jingzhou Didian , and built cars, multiplied by supply and transportation. After the Liu family in Lingnan claimed the title of Emperor Jue Gong in the Chinese Dynasty, the Di Dian was not revoked. When the emperor was captured and went north, he still saw Pang Shijin here when he passed Jingzhou. In addition, in the Southern Han Dynasty, "the west leads to Guizhou and Sichuan",^[70] It has trade relations with Shu. secondly, overseas trade Active. There are no less than dozens of commercial goods imported into Lingnan through overseas trade, mainly various spices, pearl shells, ivory, rhinoceros horn and other "treasures".

currency

The coinage industry in the Southern Han Dynasty was also very developed. In addition to copper coins, most of them were Lead coin 。 In the winter of 1964, Guangdong province Qingyuan County When building the Bijia River water conservancy project Pottery Soul Altar Among them, there are 36 small lead coins cast by Liu Yin, which are the first early official lead coins unearthed in Guangdong Province. Liu Xuan cast Qianheng at the beginning of his accession to the throne treasure of great value 、 Qianheng Tongbao Money. Rob Zhao It is believed that:“ currency It was cast at the time of accession, so it is rare. However, there are many heavy treasures, which were cast after the accession to the throne^[71] As for the exchange ratio of "ten dang copper coins one", Rob Zhao thinks that the market rules play a role, which is unofficially set, and the argument is very high. Although the Southern Han Dynasty stipulated that "lead should be used inside the city, copper should be used outside the city, and offenders should be killed", it seems that this stipulation has not been strictly implemented from the excavation.

taxes

The heavy taxation in the Southern Han Dynasty is very surprising. Each state has a special tax collection agency, which is responsible for "paying official money in the rivers and lakes and where fish are gathered in ponds, pigs, sheep, geese, deer, fish and fruits are collected in the outfield, and collecting 170 copper coins a year". Not only are there many kinds of taxes, but also different tax standards in different regions. "Every time in the market, women who live in the city and sell firewood and rice will be charged a fee by the local people to make sure the floor is straight Qiongzhou polished round-grained rice Four yuan for tax and five yuan for glutinous rice. "^[72] In the Southern Han Dynasty, the market in the city was taxed, but the market in the countryside was not. According to the Lingnan Congshu, "the city in Yuezhi is a market, mostly in the village. Since the early recruitment of merchants or singing and dancing, Jingnan Ridge has always been the same." Northern Song Dynasty At times, such rural fairs were abandoned. Liu Xuan Chronology Tax It is more important to collect money. It was once privately controlled by many people. If one stone is lost, it is one stone and eight fights,^[73] The people of Guangnan and other prefectures pay tax on rice, and each stone is worth one hundred and sixty yuan.^[74]

population

Most of the states and counties in the south of the Five Ridges, after Tang Tianbao, saw a sharp decline in the number of households. Among them, the biggest drop was in the jurisdiction of the states. During the late Tang Dynasty, the population of Lingnan declined sharply, and the number of households should not be more than 142927. By the time the Song Dynasty conquered the Southern Han Dynasty, 170263 households had been registered in the Southern Han Dynasty.^[75] Among them, the number of Lingnan households increased by nearly 30000 during the Southern Han Dynasty. Moreover, this data does not include the Tibetan people who did not register in the south of the Five Ridges, and the people who hid in the mountains in the late Southern Han Dynasty due to the rulers' excessive taxation.

Culture

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literature

In the Southern Han Dynasty, a group of talented literati and writers gathered in China. First of all, the rulers of the Southern Han Dynasty were mostly literate people. Liu Xuan, the high ancestor, liked to dance with words and ink. He often discussed poetry and prose with ministers and scholars. "Every time officials read the words, they will be rewarded generously.".^[76] Zhongzong Liu Sheng He also had a lot of literary accomplishments. He tried to travel with ministers to Luofu Mountain and compose poems for fun. Secondly, there were many learned people with profound literary attainments in the Southern Han Dynasty. During the Emperor Gaozu's reign, many palaces were built, and people in the court competed to pay tribute. official in charge of compiling national history Chen Guangyi wrote an ode to Wende Hall.^[77] Middle School Waiter Wang Dingbao It is rich in prose, and it was built in Nangong at that time. It is extremely magnificent. It was called peerless at that time when it presented the Seven Odes in court.^[78] Imperial Scholar's Undertaking Wang Hong, whose work is poetry and prose, and whose writing style is about Erbi, was greatly favored by the emperor. In the first year of the Southern Han Dynasty (925), Bai Hong entered the Sanqing Palace in the palace. All the officials thought it was a sign of disaster. However, Wang Hong changed Bai Hong into Bai Long, and wrote "Bai Long See Fu".^[76] In addition, there were many people who were good at poetry during the period of Emperor Gaozu. as Ni Shu , first in the middle of the Tang Dynasty Scholars and The characters are elegant, and the words are "Yingxue serves well, which belongs to the clear and wonderful words". Later, it was the Southern Han Dynasty Shangshu Zuo Chui, who worked in poetry and fu, and wrote a volume of fu.^[79] Chen Yongzhuo, skilled in rites and music, works as a poet. His poems and essays are widely read by many people, and he has written eight volumes of poetry collections.^[80] Liang Gao, a scholar in the Southern Han Dynasty, was rich in literary style. His "Fu on Watching the Son by the Gate" was a masterpiece. Zhang Ying , poet in the late Tang Dynasty Zhang Bi He was the son of Cao Lang in the Southern Han Dynasty. His poems and essays are quite typical of his father《 Song of Qin and Chess Monk 》, praised by the times.

In the Zhongzong Dynasty, there were also many famous scholars. Shangshu hangs on the left Jane Wenhui "Work is poetry".^[81] Zhongshu Sheren Zhong Yunzhang He is quick in writing and writing. His words are brilliant and impressive. All countries are familiar with his name. Lei Yue, "Yes Chapter It was written by Wen Yan, a monk of Zhengzhen Temple in Shaozhou, at the time of Zhongzong《 Taming 》"The words are extremely grand, and the copyists follow the door, which is expensive for a time."^[82] It can be seen that Lei Yue's outstanding literary talent had a great influence on the literati at that time. Lin Chucai, who was able to write poems, "traveled with the gentry at a time when they were in a state of seclusion and seclusion", had many contacts with Huang Shou, and had also given poems to him. He said, "When you are free, you do not hate to resign early, and when you are good at poetry, you are always willing to speak late."^[83] Many people praise them at that time.

There are quite a lot of people who are good at writing in the post imperial court. Zhong Youzhang, the younger brother of Zhong Yunzhang, has few literary skills and is as famous as Yun Zhang. Later, the emperor built Tianhua Palace in Luofu Mountain, and built Yunhua Pavilion. The two doors are Hanyang on the left and Qiyun on the right. The pavilion is famous for its dew and feathers, which are extremely magnificent. It was ordered to write a chapter, which was called "a masterpiece" at that time.^[84] In addition, Chen Shouzhong, who has read extensively and is rich in supporting Ci Han, "wrote as the crown of Ci ministers at that time",^[82] He wrote a tablet for the Dajue Temple in Yunmen Mountain, which was greatly appreciated by the later Lord. Ancient He is tireless in learning, and has been well versed in numerous books. Therefore, the name moves everywhere.^[83]

historiography

In the Southern Han Dynasty, the records were incomplete, and there was no way to know about the official revision of history books. However, in terms of private history, the Southern Han Dynasty made great achievements. In the Gaozu Dynasty, Wang Dingbao wrote "Tang Pi Yan" in his later years, which recorded the Tang Dynasty Imperial examination system , literati ethos and literati anecdotes. 《 General Contents of Siku Quanshu 》It is said that the book "describes the Tang Dynasty, Tribute lift The system is particularly detailed. Many historical records and all other miscellaneous things are enough to regulate the atmosphere of fame and verify the purity of scholars' practice.^[85] The scholar in the post imperial court knew that Zhihao, King Hu Bin, saw that "the post imperial master was lascivious and abusive and did not know the fate of the Southern Han Dynasty", so he knew that the fate of the Southern Han Dynasty could not last long. He abandoned his official position and returned to Li, where he devoted himself to studying and searching for posthumous writings. He wrote 12 volumes of the History of the Southern Han Dynasty Liu Yin To the later leader Liu Gui, there were five biographies, Yang Dongqian To Lu Guangtu and other 33 people, they wrote biographies of Chunchen, Youchen, Chaochen, Eunuch and Nuye.^[86] This is the only national history privately compiled in the Southern Han Dynasty. The historical data is of great value. The book was renamed "The Rise and Fall of the Liu Family", and was dedicated to the Song court after entering the Song Dynasty. It has been lost.

According to another《 History of the Song Dynasty 》"At the beginning, all the tyrant countries had compiled records, which was unique to Lingnan Que. However, King Hu Bin and Hu Yuanxing did not prepare for the compilation."^[87] In addition to Hu Binwang's Record of the Rise and Fall of the Liu Family, Hu Yuanxing has also written about the history of the Southern Han Dynasty, but it is unknown. After entering the Song Dynasty, the Southern Han Dynasty Si Tianjian Zhou Keming, the grandson of Zhou Jie, visited the old people and collected Epitaph He wrote the Southern Han Dynasty Annals, but he died before he could finish the book. There are more than ten volumes left, which were also lost later.^[87]

music

At the beginning of the establishment of the Southern Han Dynasty, the system of the Tang Dynasty was followed Taichang Temple The Taichang Temple is in charge of all activities directly or indirectly related to ritual and music affairs, while the subordinate Taile Department is in charge of the training and assessment of musicians, Advocacy Department In charge of the promotion of honor guards. The inner palace also has east and west teaching workshops, which are responsible for training music and dance Hundred operas , acrobatic performance. In the Southern Han Dynasty, they lived in a place outside the mountains. After the development, the rulers began to relax and became increasingly addicted to various kinds of entertainment, competing for extravagance.

When the emperor died institution to train musicians and singers There are more than 1000 performers, singing and dancing day and night.^[88] A huge band composed of actors, who can come and go at any time with the permission of the monarch palatial garden 。 It can be seen that the emperors of the Southern Han Dynasty Court music And indulging in it. The music, dance and opera in the capital are rich and colorful, and the entertainment activities are prosperous. After the Southern Han Dynasty returned to the Song Dynasty, the Song Dynasty chose "dozens of intelligent officials in Guangzhou, who learned music in the Jiaofang, named 'Xiaoshao Department', and renamed it 'Yunshao Department', Dinner Then use it. "^[89] This shows that the court music of the Southern Han Dynasty should be among the best in the country at that time.

In the Southern Han Dynasty, court music was not only prosperous and developed at a high level, but also there were some well-known musicians with deep attainments. Official Ministry Doctor , Zhizhi Hao and Chen Yongzhuo are very good at music research. They wrote the volume of Tang Zhengsheng Musical Score, "The discussion and exercise of names of all zither masters, ancient emperors and famous people who are good at zither are well documented. They also use ancient tunes without overtones to supplement the new overtones, which are divided into several volumes. The method is as follows Four chord The pivot of the China Anhui Unified Council, the Yellow Bell empress close Nanlu Palace There is no radio quotient, that is to say, it is a sign of sound. "^[90] At that time, people "knew each other secretly". Su's "Gong", a talented person in the Gaozu Dynasty Poetic rhythm It's good for the lyrics, and the Imperial Palace will imitate everyone Cao.^[91]

Religion

Buddhism was most popular with the rulers of the Southern Han Dynasty. In the second year of the founding of the People's Republic of China (918), Liu Xuan went north to Shaozhou to visit Yunmen Sect The founder Wenyan saved Guangtai Temple and Zhu Ji 。^[96] Wenyan , the common surname is Zhang, Wu Yue From Jiaxing, Suzhou. Born Xiantong In the sixth year (864), he died in the seventh year (949) of Qianhe in the Southern Han Dynasty, aged 86.^[97] In the 11th year of Zhida (938), Liu Ru Wenyan went inside to ask about Zen and wanted to teach Wenyan about the street Monk Record As an official, Wen Yan refused to accept his resignation and asked to go back to Yunmen Mountain. The next day, I will give you money Fragrant medicine Shi Li, Yan Dai and others went back to the mountain and added the sign "Master Kuang Zhen". Ye Changchiyun should be "Master Kuang Zhi". He once got this monument of Master Kuang Zhi.^[98]

Liu Sheng then ordered his teachers to come in and provide for them every month. Give six plants a coat and incense to return, and make the pagoda forehead. It is expected to be the pagoda of Baoguang and the courtyard of Ruiyun. Seventeen years after his death, in August of the sixth year of Dabao's reign (963), he spent his time in the Xiongwu Army Push official Ruan Shaozhuang invited Li Tuo to open the pagoda. Liu Gang ordered Liang Yan'e, the governor of Shaozhou Prefecture, to open the pagoda in Yunmen Mountain with his officials. After Wenyan, the Yunmen Sect was passed down from the real to the real, which was also supported by the emperor of the Southern Han Dynasty.^[99]

As a result of the worship of Buddhism in the Southern Han Dynasty, not only bronze bells were widely made, but also Buddhist temples were widely built throughout the country. Twenty eight temples have been built in Huanxing Mansion to meet the needs of heaven 28 constellations 。 There are also many temples in Xingwang Mansion. The longest history is Guangxiao Temple (In today's Guangzhou Guangxiao Road North), the temple has a history of many years. Bennan King of Yue Zhao Jiande Former Residence, Wu Wei Yu Fan The lecture office is called "Yu Yuan". After Yu died, his family built a temple called Stop Temple. Temples were also widely built in other places in the Southern Han Dynasty Baoji Temple Outside the gate was built in the third year of Qianhe (945) Doroni Building One.^[100] This year Baizhou Shengshou Temple has been built. Qiongzhou There is also Kaiyuan Temple, in which there are bronze bells cast in the ninth year of Qianhe period (952).^[101]

science and technology

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calendar

The Southern Han Dynasty had a group of famous astronomers who could be called first-class at that time. This is from the Song Dynasty Si Tianjian The appointment of the old ministers of the Southern Han Dynasty and their descendants can be seen. Among them, the most famous ones were Simong Shaoqing in the late Tang Dynasty and Tai Chang Shaoqing Zhou Jie, who is proficient in calendar calculation fortune-telling 。 He corrected Tang Kaiyuan, a famous astronomer monk a line Hosted by《 Dayan calendar 》And revised it into 24 chapters of Jiyan.^[92] Zhou Maoyuan, his son, inherited the family school and became the successor of Sitian Jian after entering the Song Dynasty. In addition, Hu Wanqing, "The young gods understand the three elements of the nine palaces. The divination is unique." The three volumes of "Six Ren Army Skill" and the two volumes of "Yin Yang Two Dun Li Li Li Li Li Li Li Li Li Li Li Li Li Li Li Li Li Li Li Li Li Li Li Li Li Li Li Li Li Li" are the figures of art, "Xian Shou Ru Zhi".^[83] Others, such as Lin Chucai, also studied the number of operations.

Medical Science

During the Southern Han Dynasty (618-907), there was a famous medical expert named Xuanyuanshu who not only read medical books of the previous generation, but also had his own insights and did not stick to the ancients' statements. His medical skill is quite brilliant. "Many strange and effective treatments" have attracted many medical seekers from far and near. According to Qing Xiajun's "Baozang Theory", he wrote three volumes of "Baozang Changwei Theory", which became the treasure that doctors competed for.^[83]

Architecture

In the Southern Han Dynasty, there were 8 gardens and 26 palaces in Guangzhou, which were built on the basis of Guangzhou City in the Tang Dynasty. Around Guangzhou Huizhou Boluo County The buildings centered on the Tianhua Palace in Luofu Mountain are the most famous. Tianhua Palace was built in the second year of Dabao (959). Tianhua Palace is located to the west of Luofu Mountain. It was mainly built in the Southern Han Dynasty, with booths of dew and feather cover. Yunhua Pavilion is a record of Zhong Youzhang, a scholar who hit the book.^[102]

nation

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Three years in the middle (883), Liu Qian Take military achievements and become better Fengzhou The governor has been operating in the local area for 12 years. For those rebellious barbarian tribes Leader, Liu Qian adopted a more open attitude to accept them, so as to win their cooperation. With the cooperation of both sides, Liu Qian took the first step towards hegemony. He soon collected more than ten thousand soldiers and powerful fleets from local people of all ethnic groups.

Sociology

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During the Southern Han Dynasty, Lingnan society was further developed. The rulers are committed to protecting the environment and benefiting the people, Advise Nongsang The policy of soliciting business travel has restored and developed the social economy of Lingnan to a certain extent. Southern Han Dynasty Cultivated land area And the increase of grain output, as well as the planting of diversified agricultural products and cash crops. Know Lingnan agricultural society It is a step forward on the basis of the Tang Dynasty. During the Southern Han Dynasty, it was no longer necessary to transport grain from the south of the Five Ridges. In the Song Dynasty, rice was sold abroad. However, in the late Southern Han Dynasty, the rulers could not implement it well social development Policy. To meet Ruling class The decadent life not only imposes heavy taxes on the people in China, but also sends troops to plunder the past business travel and rob the money and silk. Lingnan is richly endowed by nature geographical conditions They could not be fully utilized and played by the rulers of the Southern Han Dynasty, but only served to satisfy their extravagant material enjoyment. All these caused great obstacles to the social development of the Southern Han Dynasty.^[103]

Imperial lineage

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nature	Temple name	Posthumous title	full name	In office time	Year and service time		mausoleum
bestow posthumous honors	Taizu^[95]	Emperor Wen^[94]	Liu Anren	-	-	-	-
	Ancestor^[95]	Emperor Shengwu^[94]	Liu Qian	-	-	-	-
	Liezong^[95]	Emperor Xiang^[94]	Liu Yin	(Actual founder)	-	-	Deling
De facto rule	Gao Zu	Emperor	Liu 䶮	917——942	Qianheng	917——925	Kangling
					White Dragon	926——928
					be plenty of	928——942
	-	To mourn the emperor	Liu Fen	942——943	Light sky	942——943	-
	Zhongzong	Emperor Wenwu Guangsheng Mingxiao	Liu Sheng	943——958	Should dry	nine hundred and forty-three	Zhaoling
	Zhongzong	Emperor Wenwu Guangsheng Mingxiao	Liu Sheng	943——958	Dry harmony	943——958	-
	-	-	Liu Xuan	958——971	Dabao	958——971	-

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