The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia has inheritedSocialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia(Social Federal Republic of Yugoslavia)Balkan PeninsulaContinued division, facilitated by the EUSerbiaAndMontenegro Establish a loose national community.In 2003, the Parliament of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia adopted the "Serbia and MontenegroCharter》, renamed as“Serbia and Montenegro”（Serbia and Montenegro）[5]In addition to the common president, the unified army, diplomacy, etcState powerThe two republics of Serbia and Montenegro have different laws, customs, currencies and evenborder armyThe Charter also stipulates that three years later, the two member states have the right to adoptreferendum, decide whether to set up another portalindependent state [2]。June 3, 2006Serbia and Montenegrodisintegrate,Montenegro “referendum”Independent envoySerbialoseestuarybecomeinland country。
The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (hereinafter referred to as the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia) was announced on April 27, 1992SerbiaThe Republic andMontenegro The Republic is composed.FRYLocated in EuropeBalkan PeninsulaCentral China, with a land area of 102000square kilometre, forFormer Yugoslavia39.94% of the area.
The Republic of Serbia (including Kosovo) covers an area of 88000 square kilometers, accounting for 86.5% of the territory of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia;There are two autonomous provinces in the territory: Fuyifu in the northTinaAnd Kosovo to the south.The Republic of Montenegro covers an area of 13800 square kilometers. It is located in the southwest, accounting for 13.5% of the national territory. It is close to the Adriatic Sea and has 293.5km coastline.The neighbouring countries of the FRY areHungary、Romania、Bulgaria, MacedoniaAlbania、Croatia、Bosnia and HerzegovinaThere are 7 countries in total, with a total border length of 2585.2 km.
By the 9th century AD, some Slavic nation states were formed, such as Croatia, Serbia, etc.All ethnic groups in the southern Slavs are affected byByzantine culture It has a great influence. Except Croatia and Slovenia, most of them believe inThe Orthodox Church。
Establishment of the First Yugoslavia
In 1389,Ottoman EmpireOn today'sKosovobeatSerbiaThe army, thus starting a 500 year war againstBalkansThe rule of.In 1878, after a long period of resistance, Serbia and Montenegro gained independence.
Croatia and Slovenia are in theAustro Hungarian EmpireUnder the rule.Twice in 1912 and 1913Balkan Wars It freed Macedonia from the iron hoofs of the Ottoman Empire for five centuries.balkanIt began to have the desire to unify the southern Slavic nation. In particular, Serbia, which had gained independence, took itself as the core to establish a unified Yugoslav stateBasic state policy。
World War IIn the middle, Serbia standsEntenteOne party.The war is overLater, the collapse of the Austro Hungarian Empire gave Croatia, Slovenia and others the opportunity to self-determination;The allies represented by France also advocated the establishment of a strong Yugoslav state in the Balkans to contain Germany.In this way, the dream of national reunification of the southern Slavs has become a reality.
World War II and the Establishment of the Second Yugoslavia
On April 6, 1941, the German Italian Axis Group launched a comprehensive aggression against the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.On April 17, the royal army was defeated and surrendered. The kingPeter II Exiled in BritainLondonThe First Yugoslavia fell.
In GermanyfascistAfter the occupation of Yugoslavia, Tito ledCommunist Party of YugoslavialeaderArmed uprising, started the four years of arduous anti fascismGuerrilla war。stayWorld War IIIn China, Yugoslavia's guerrilla war is the largestBattlefield behind enemy linesIt checked and eliminated a large number of effective forces of German fascism, and the guerrillas led by the Communist Party of Yugoslavia also grew to 800000 people.
On November 29, 1943Bosnia and HerzegovinaYayice held a meeting of the Yugoslav People's Liberation Committee, and decided to establish theprovisional government——- The National Liberation Commission of Yugoslavia establishedEthnic equalityFederal Republic ofgovernment-in-exileKing Peter was forbidden to return to Yugoslavia and Tito was granted the right tomarshalmilitary rank.
In May 1945Soviet Red ArmyWith the support of, the whole territory of Yugoslavia was liberated.stayAnti-Fascist War In China, the Yugoslav people suffered huge national sacrifices, with 1.7 million people sacrificed in four years, accounting for 11% of the Yugoslav population at that time.On November 29, 1945,Federative People's Republic of Yugoslavia Formally established.
In 1963, the South amended the Constitution and changed the country name toSocialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia。The former Yugoslavia pursues independent nonalignmentforeign policy, Tito isNon Aligned MovementThe initiator of.He opposed the monopoly of major powers on international affairs, opposed war, maintained peace and won international respect for Yugoslavia.In 1974, the Constitution was amended again and announced to be implemented“associated labor”And the "Delegation Parliament",TitoLed by the New YugoslaviaSocialist worker autonomy systemAnd pursues a non aligned policy internationally.In the 1970s and 1980s, Yugoslavia made great achievements in economyliving standardOnce in the leading position in Eastern Europe, Tito's high prestige in World War II and Yugoslavia did not followSoviet blocNor attached to western groupsNon alignment policySo that Yugoslavia also has a high position on the international stage.
The civil war and disintegration of Yugoslavia
The disintegration of the former Yugoslavia
In 1980, after Tito diedCollective leadership, the republics are increasingly loose,National contradictionAggravated.In 1991, the Socialist Federal Republic of YugoslaviaSlovenia、Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Macedonia have successively declared independence,Yugoslav Civil WarBurst.On April 27, 1992, the Parliament of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia adopted the new Constitution and announced thatSerbia and MontenegroThe two republics jointly established the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.Socialist Federal Republic of YugoslaviaFormal disintegration.
said of an aged person
Since all ethnic groups in Yugoslavia were ruled by different powers, they had differentCultural tradition, such asSerbia、Montenegro Macedonian faithThe Orthodox ChurchCroatia and Slovenia believe in Catholicism, while Muslims in Bosnia and Herzegovina and KosovoAlbanianThey believed in Islam. In addition, the great powers often provoked and created disputes among various ethnic groups for their own interests in history, which led to many contradictions among various ethnic groups.After Tito's death, these contradictions began to intensify gradually.
Soviet UnionEastern European upheavalIt also had a huge impact on Yugoslavia.The West hated Europe, the communist regime, and took advantage of the national conditions of many ethnic groups in South Korea to promote the division of South KoreaSeparatismThe power became increasingly powerful and gradually controlled the local regime.
In 1991,Tudjman The two republics led by Croatia and Slovenia took the lead in declaring independence.While the ethnic conflicts in Yugoslavia are intensifying,the WestOut ofideologyConsidering its own strategic interests, it decided not to support the reunification of Yugoslavia.In January 1992, Germany took the lead in recognizing the independence of Croatia and Slovenia, and the entire EU followed suit.In November 1991, Macedonia declared independence.In April 1992, Bosnia and Herzegovina declared independence again.
In view of the new situation, Serbia and Montenegro, the only remaining republics of the former Yugoslavia, announced the establishment of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in 1992, with an area and population of only about 40 percent of the original, known as the "Little Yugoslavia" or the "Third Yugoslavia".newFRYIt was still not accepted by the West and faced difficulties at the beginning of its establishment.
With the support of external forces, Bosnia and Herzegovina broke outSerbian、CroatianWar with Muslims, Yugoslavia andSerbiaPresident Milosevic of the Republic is accused of taking tough measures“ethnic cleansing”，[4]On May 30, 1992,security councilResolution 757 was adopted, which decided to impose comprehensive political, economic, military and other sanctions on the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia to punish it for sending troops to support the armed actions of Serbs in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia.The country is subject to economic sanctions, the domestic economy is declining, and diplomacy is extremely difficult.
The Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia was established by the United Nations Security Council in 1993 in response to serious crimes against international humanitarian law, such as killing each other among ethnic groups in the territory of the former Yugoslavia since 1991. At that time, all members of the Security Council, including five permanent members including China, voted in favour. Li Haopei of ChinaMr. Wang Tieya and Mr. Liu Daqun successively served as judges in the court.Although inTrial of Milosevic[8]In individual cases, China believes that there is improper political intervention, but in general, it represents the highest level of criminal justice and the most advanced criminal justice concept in the world.
physical geography
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Geography
FRYSerbiaThe north isthe danube、Sava River、Tisa RiverThe plain area where the three rivers flow is the most importantan agricultural regionIs a famous granary;The terrain in the south of Danube River gradually rises, the cultivated land decreases, and the area of grassland and natural pasture gradually increasesMorava RiverIt runs through the central part and forms a river valley mainly consisting of hills and mountains. It is a north-south traffic arteryDerina RiverIt borders Bosnia and Herzegovina.The territory of Montenegro is mostly high mountains.Mount Jeravica in southern Serbia is the highest peak in the country, with an altitude of 2656m;The highest peak in Montenegro is BobotovCook Peak, with an altitude of 2522m.Flow direction of Zeta River and Moracha River in MontenegroAdriatic Sea, 'andSkutai LakeIs the largest lake in China, with an area of 369.7Square kilometers。
climate
Southern Uniontemperate continental climate , annual average, temperature of 11-12 ℃precipitation550-650mm in the north, 800-1200mm in the mountainous area, BokakotorskaGulf regionIt is the area with the most precipitation in Europe (about 5300mm).Vojvodina region in northern Serbia has developed agriculture, with a small amount of oil and natural gas;Kosovo region in the middle and southmineral resourcesIt is rich in copperBauxite、Lead-zinc ore, lignite, iron, etc.FRYWater resourcesAbundant, completed hydropower stationsPower generation capacityMore than 10 billion kw · h.whole countryforest coverage28%,Wood stockIt is more than 300 million m3.
administrative division
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name
capital
flag
national emblem
Republic of Serbia
Belgrade
National flag of the Republic of Serbia (1991-2004)
National Emblem of Serbia (1945-2004)
Montenegro
Podgorica
National Flag of the Republic of Montenegro (1991-2004)
National Emblem of the Republic of Montenegro (1992-2004)
Agriculture
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Agriculture in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavialand resourceIt is relatively rich, and has great influence on developmentagricultural productionIt has natural advantages.Agriculture throughout the Federal Republic of YugoslaviaLand areaIt is more than 6.2 million hm2, accounting for 60.9% of the national land area, higher than the European average (47.1%) and the world average (36.6%).For a long time, the area of agricultural land has been quite stable. In the 40 years from 1955 to 1995, agricultural land only decreased by 1%,Cultivated land area1.5%.The average cultivated land area per population is 0.39 hrd, higher than the average level in Europe and the world.In 1996, the agricultural land of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was 6.225 million hm2, of which 59.6% was cultivated land, 4.3% was orchard, 1.4% was vineyardNatural pastureAccounting for 34.2%.
population
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According to 1991National census, the national population is 10.4 million (accounting forFormer Yugoslavia44.3%), including 9.779 million (94.1%) in the Republic of Serbia and 615000 (5.9%) in the Republic of Montenegro.Of the inhabitants of the Federal Republic of YugoslaviaEthnic CompositionYes: Serbs account for 62.6%, Albanians account for 16.5%,Heishan nationality5%, Hungarian 3.3%, Slavic Muslims 3.2%, and Cigang（Gypsy）, CroatiaSlovakia, Macedonia, Romania, Bulgaria, SloveniaturkeyAnd other ethnic minorities.official languagebySerbian。The capital of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia isBelgradeWith a population of 1.17 million.The capital of the Republic of Serbia is also located in Belgrade,Novi Sad(Population: about 180000)Pristina(Population: about 156000) are the capital of two autonomous provinces respectively;The capital of Montenegro isPodgorica, with a population of 120000.After World War II, the industry of the former Yugoslavia developed rapidly,agricultural populationRapid reduction.In the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, the agricultural population accounted for 72.3% in 1948, 55.6% in 1961 and 17.3% in 1991.In 1991, the agricultural population of the FRY was 1.738 million,Agricultural labor force1061000, accounting for 24% of the national labor force.Among the agricultural population, the labor force aged 20-59 accounts for 46.7%, because some people under the age of 19 and over the age of 60 also participate in agricultureproductive laborTherefore, the labor force accounts for 61.1% of the agricultural population, and the male labor force accounts for 70.5% of the male agricultural population.
Economics
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In 1990, the social output of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia accounted forFormer YugoslaviaAbout 38%.In the economy of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, the Republic of Serbia accounts for 95%,Montenegro The Republic accounts for 5%.In 1990, the social output value of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was about 26.59 billion US dollars, or 2530 US dollars per capita.Industry and mining industry account for 42.5%, agriculture and forestry account for 18.2%, construction industry accounts for 6.5%, transportationPosts and telecommunications8.7%, business 15.4%, hotel tourism 1.7% and other industries 7%.At the beginning of the establishment of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, most companies were state-owned or socially owned. In 1992, there were about 2328000 workers (engaged in variouseconomic activity1876000 workers and 452000 non economic workers).Meanwhile, in 1992, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia,Individual and private enterprisesAbout 207000 workers were employed, accounting for 8.2% of the total number of 2535000 employees.In the same year, in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, the social sector createdgross national income Or 73.9% of newly created value, whileprivate sectorIt has created about 26.1% of the gross national income.
In 1991, Yugoslavia broke up due to armed conflict, and the economic ties between the republics were cut off, and the economy began to decline significantly.In the 1990s, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia has been struggling for survival.After the establishment of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in 1992Bosnia Herzegovina WarAnd sufferinternational societySevere sanctions and blockades have accelerated the decline of the economy. In 1993, the social output value dropped to 44% in 1990, andworld historyRare onrunaway inflation。In 1994, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia implemented reconstructionMonetary systemAnd restoring economic stabilityeconomic policyProduction began to pick up.At the end of 1995, the international community partially suspended the sanctions against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. In November 1996, the sanctions were completely lifted, which improved greatlyeconomic environment。The social output value of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia has recovered to 54.2% of that in 1990, about US $18 billion, an annual average ofInflation rate18.5%.
In the first half of 1999, NATO bombed the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia for 78 days. It is estimated that the direct and indirect economic losses exceeded 100 billion dollars, making the economy of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia suffering from sanctions worse.In 1990,Serbia and MontenegroOf two republicsPer capita national incomeIt was about $3000, down to $1640 in 1998 and only $900 in 1999.[3]
Adopt the policy of basic freedom of import and export to encourage exports.It has trade relations with more than 60 countries in the world.In 1992, the total export volume was about 2.5 billion US dollars, half of that in 1991;Imports amounted to 3.9 billion US dollars, down 1/3 from 1991.After the United Nations Security Council passed resolution 757 on May 30, 1992, imposing comprehensive sanctions on South Africa, South Africa's foreign economic and trade activities basically came to a standstill.It mainly exports grain, fruit, vegetables, non-ferrous metals, clothing, iron and steel, etc;It mainly imports oil, natural gas, raw materials and road vehicles.European CommunityThe country is the main trade target of the SouthTrade volumeThey accounted for 38% of South China's total imports and 40% of its total exports.
National symbol
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national flag
Flag of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
Blue, white and red are the favorite colors of Slavs.The tricolor flag was once the flag of the United Kingdom of Serbia Croatia Slovenia.One more when the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia was foundedYellow borderThe red five pointed star symbolizes the freedom and liberation of the people.After the establishment of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in 1992, the tricolor flag was re used.
national emblem
National Emblem of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
The national emblem isCoat of arms。The shield is painted with a pair of eagles spreading their wings.The eagle has a red shield on its breast.
Federal Republic of YugoslaviaSerbiaandMontenegro Leaders on March 14, 2002BelgradeAn agreement was reached on the future relations between the two republics.According to the agreement, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia will change the name of the country to "Serbia and Montenegro" and replace the current union with a looser confederation. The future president and general reason of the country will be a person with more authoritysymbolic meaning ，KostunicaForFRYThe presidency was automatically abolished,Serbia and MontenegroRe-election of the president of the country in accordance with the new constitutionSvetozar Marovich。[5]On February 4, 2003, the new Constitution was revised toSerbia and Montenegro(Serbia and Montenegro), the word "Yugoslavia" has officially entered history.
Serbia
On June 3, 2006,Montenegro Declared independence, Serbia also declared independence on June 5, and the Yugoslav Federation officially announced its complete dissolution;Montenegro and Serbia use their own national flags, and Yugoslavia has blue, white and red stripesTricolor flagIt has also become a banner of history.
The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia officially declared its complete disintegration.The existing country that geographically inherits its old capital Belgrade is Serbia.
Kosovo
On February 18, 2008, Kosovo, the Serbian autonomous province, declared its independence.
After the Kosovo Assembly passed the declaration of independence on the 17th,AfghanistanFirst recognized on the 18thKosovo byindependent state Since then, the foreign ministers of France, Britain, Germany and Italy, the EU member states, have announced the recognition of Kosovo's independence.The United States also issued a written statement on the 18th, announcing thatFormal recognitionKosovo is independent.
Kosovo has unilaterally declared its independence, but it is difficult for it to truly become a new country in a short time.Once the ecstasy of independence fades, the reality and pain that Kosovars face and will continue to face will come back: Kosovo is one of the poorest regions in Europe, and corruption has reached a very serious levelAlbaniaRe merge is almost impossible, jointhe United NationsThe prospect ofRussiaFederal opposition may be remote.In Serbia, it is widely said that the territory of Serbia is likeNOKIAMobile phones - smaller and newer versions are launched every year.In Serbia, voices against Kosovo's independence can be heard everywhere.
American experts on international issues believe that Kosovo may not be recognized by the United NationsSelf management, rely on European countries to maintain order, rely on NATO to providearmed forcesThese may lead Kosovo to become a failed country.
