In the seventh year of Taihe in Southern Wu (935), Emperor Rui of Southern WuYang PuSealingXu ZhigaobyKing of Qi, and will be promoted to stateRunzhouTen other states were included in Qi.[1]AscensionIn the first year (937), Xu Zhigao established the State of Qi（Xu Qi）。[2]In October of the same year, Xu Zhigao was proclaimed emperor by Zen Buddhism, and his national title was Qi;[2]In the third year of Shengyuan (939), Xu Zhigao recoveredLi surname, changed its name to 昪, and claimed to beTang XianzongThe son of JianwangLi KeThe fourth grandson of the Tang Dynasty changed the country name to "Tang", which was called "Southern Tang" in history.Baoda three years (945), Nantang ChengchengMin Civil unrest, sending troops to destroy Fujian, capturingWang Yanzheng。Baoda's ninth year (951), Nantang ChengchengSouthern ChuCivil unrest, sending troops to destroy Chu,Ma XichongDown.But soon,Chu StateThe former place wasZhou XingfengAfter seizing, the Southern Tang Dynasty failed to consolidate the occupied Chu territory.ZTEThe first year (958)Li JingGo to the imperial bugle, call the country lord, and go toWeek afterAppear to the throne.The fourth year of Kaibao in Song Dynasty (971)Li YuHe removed the title of "Tang" and renamed it "Jiangnan Guozhu", and asked the Song court to stop the courtesy of not naming him directlySong Taizuapproval.[3]Song Dynastyshake out diceEight years (975) Song soldiers capturedJinlingLi Yu was shown to surrender, and the regime in the south of the Yangtze River officially perished.[4-5]
In the heyday of the Southern Tang Dynasty, it covered 35 states, roughly spanning the presentJiangxi、Anhui、Jiangsu、Fujian、HubeiandHunanAnd other provinces.
After Li Xuan ascended the throne, he continued to protect the territory and the people. Under the condition of relative stability,Social productionDevelopment.Compared with other independent states at the same time, the Southern Tang Dynasty was strong;Because of the establishment of imperial examinations and schools, the culture is particularly prosperous.With a population of more than five million, it has made great contributions to the economic development of southern China.
In the first year of the Yuan Dynasty (937),Xu ZhigaoAppear as emperor on behalf of Wu“Qi ", historical title“Xu Qi”, capital of Jinling (now Nanjing, Jiangsu), NoJiangning Mansion, the annual increase is RMB.[53]The next year, Xu Zhigao changed his name toLi 昪, withYangzhou PrefectureIt was the eastern capital, and the country name was changed to“Tang Dynasty”, known as "Southern Tang Dynasty" in history.[54]ZTEThe first year (958),Li JingRemove the imperial name and call“Jiangnan”Lord of the country.[55]
At the end of the Tang Dynasty, the whole country was in chaos,Vassal separatist regimeScuffle.Among them,Yang XingmiHuainan Town is the most powerful town in JiangnanVassal town。But in its sonYang WoAfter inheriting power, political chaos and instability of people's minds occurred.Senior GeneralXu WenThrough the power struggle, he gradually held the power for 20 years.During this period, although the Yang family established the country and became kingYang Wu）But it is just a puppet under the control of Xu.Xu Wen was promoted in the ninth year of Tianyou (912)Marching Sima、RunzhouAssassinTown Navy Commissioner、Same story。[56]In the 12th year of Tianyou (915), Xu Wen was appointedDuke of Qi、eastern and western areas of Zhejiang provinceallofficer responsible for quelling uprisings, starting from Runzhou.Xu Zhixun, his son, was left as the vice envoy of the march. He was good at the imperial government, but Xu Wen controlled the affairs of the imperial court.[57]In the 14th year of Tianyou (917), Xu Wenqian ruledJinling。afterXu ZhixuncoverZhu JinKill Xu Wen's adopted sonXu Zhigao（Li 昪）From Runzhou to Guangling, you have to be a dictatorship.[7]
WuyiThe first year (919),Yang LongyanHe called the King of Wu, appointed Xu Wen as the Prime Minister, and Xu Zhigao (Li 昪) as theLeft Minion Shooting. Know political affairs as well as internal and external military affairs.ShunyiIn 927, Xu Wen died, his adopted sonXu ZhigaoTook over his power toGrand Prime Minister，King of QiThe identity holds Yang Wu's real power.In the same year, I helped Lord WuYang PuHe claimed the throne, but the real power was still in Xu Zhigao's hands.On the one hand, Xu Zhigao tried his best to be gentle with the old officials of the Yang family;On the other hand, they actively support their own forces.Vigorously attractAwardScholars from the north.In the third year of Dahe (932), Xu Zhigao served as ZhenhaiNingguo Jiedu EnvoyHe left Jinling and appointed his son Xu Jingtong as Xu Wen did（Li Jing）He stayed in Guangling to assist in the administration of the imperial court for Situ and Tongping, and knew the military affairs at home and abroad.[58]
The Southern Tang Dynasty founded the country
In the late period of Yang Wu, famous northerners such asHan Xizai、Changmengxi、Ma Renyu, Wang Yanzhu, Gao Yue, Gao YuanJiang WenweiThey all gathered around Xu at this time.Secondly, famous people in the south of the Yangtze River, such asSong Qiqiu、Chen Jue、Search for literary emblem、Feng Yansi、Feng Yanlu、Side pick、You Briefly, He Jingtu, etcXu ZhigaoPromote.After 10 years of hard work,Xu ZhigaoIt not only fully won the support of the old ministers of the Yang family, but also met the two major forces of the northerners and the people in the south of the Yangtze River, the so-called "reaching the pinnacle and helping the masses".Finally, Xu Zhigao was in LiaoningCelestial epiphanyWasted in 12 years (937)King of WuYang Pu, ascended the throne with the title of Qi and the title of Yuan."Obedience from top to bottom, people have no different ideas", "Yi Ran in the country has no relatives with Yi's family name".[8]
AscensionThree years (939), Xu Zhigao recoveredLi surname, changed its name to 昪, and claimed to beTang XianzongThe son of JianwangLi KeThe fourth grandson of Tang Dynasty changed the name of the country to Tang Dynasty, known as the Southern Tang Dynasty in history.He isTang Gaozu、Tang TaizongSet up a temple to honor the four generations of fathers and ancestors as emperors, saying that the son of Emperor Xianzong of the Tang Dynasty built the kingLi KeHe is the ancestor of four generations, and is revered as the Emperor Xiaojing;Li Chao, the great ancestor, was the Emperor Xiaoping, and the temple name became the ancestor;His grandfather, Li Zhi, was Emperor Xiao'an, whose temple was Huizong;His father, Li Rong, was Emperor Xiaode, whose temple was named Qingzong.ReformationXu WenHe was the adoptive father and granted great rewards to the descendants of the Xu family.[3]changeJinling MansionbyJiangning Mansion, with the government as the palace and the city as the capital.Jinling is the capital of the country, and Yangzhou, the original capital of Yang and Wu, is the eastern capital.The Southern Tang Dynasty was the largest political power in ten countriesHuaihe RivertoDabie MountainOne line is the boundary;It is separated from Chu in the west, and there areQizhou、HuangzhouandEzhou；The south is separated from NanlingSouthern Han DynastyBoundary, southeast, early Southern Tang DynastyWuyi MountAndMin Neighborhood;East and northeastSuzhou、WuxiThe area is opposite to Wuyue.
After the founding of the Southern Tang Dynasty, Li Gui, the Lie Zu, sought to protect the territory and the peopleBasic state policyWhen the fire broke out in Wuyue, and the palace armor almost burned out, the generals suggested taking the opportunity to attack and eliminate the future troubles, he still firmly refused to invade, and asked the envoy to send gold coins to comfort him.At the same time, get marriedKhitanTo check the Central Plains regime.The Jiangnan region thus maintained peace for a long time,Social productionGradually recover and develop rapidly.At the same time, the government pays less taxes,Advise Nongsang, encourage business.Merchants exchanged tea and silk for sheep and horses with the Central Plains, and traded with Khitan by sea.In handicraft industrytextile industry, printing and dyeing, mining and metallurgyTea making, paper makingSun salt, shipbuilding, gold and silver ceramicsStationery manufacturingAnd other outstanding achievements.Not only the output is high, but also the process is fine, and many famous products have emerged.
Liezu's national policy of "pacifying the people by ceasing troops" has createdJianghuai regionPeacefulsocial environment, promoted the Southern Tang DynastyEconomic cultureThe prosperity and development of.At the same time, the Southern Tang Dynasty is also an artistic dynasty, which has made outstanding achievements in literature, art, calligraphy, music and other aspects.Li Xuan set up Imperial College, promoted imperial examinations, and built academies of classical learning and painting.The stable, prosperous and strong Southern Tang Dynasty has become an ideal place for literati and doctors who have experienced the vicissitudes of war.Most of the scholars in the north of the Yangtze River came here, "Confucian clothes and calligraphy clothes"Sheng inSouthern Tang Dynasty "," Cultural relics have the style of Yuanhe "."The Northern Turks who heard the wind and arrived there had no empty day".Southern Tangsocial cultureThe prosperity ofFive Dynasties and Ten Kingdomseven to the extent thatChinese historyAll onSeparatist regimeZhongdu is unique.In terms of military affairs, Li Xuan insisted on self-reliance, so that when the time was ripe to attack, the Central Plains would not be held back by the neighboring countries, so he would not easily fight with the neighbors.
explore and expand
Southern Tang Dynasty Territory Map
Liezu in the seventh year of Shengyuan (943)Li 昪After his death, Zi Li Jing succeeded to the throne and changed his nameLi Jing(916-961) i.eYuan Clan of Southern Tang Dynasty, YoubaodaZTE, three years of Jiaotai.During this period, wars broke out frequently between the Southern Tang Dynasty and Wu and Yue, andmilitary actionThey often echo the Central Plains regime.At that time, Fujian, the neighboring country of the Southern Tang Dynasty, was also in civil war.
In February of the second year of Baoda (944), Fujian GeneralDouble encounter、Zhu WenjinKill his kingWang YanxiZhu Wenjin established himself as emperor.Li Jing sent troops to investigate the Wen Hui and to wait for Zhao Zang to attack Jianzhou in Fujian.staystatehood ImperialistWang YanzhengWhen I heard that the Southern Tang Dynasty was about to invade, I sent someone to cheat the garrison general of Fuzhou, saying, "The Southern Tang Army helped me to fight against the rebels." The people and garrison generals of Fuzhou believed his words, and killed Zhu Wenjin and others in the third year of Baoda (945) to surrender to Wang Yanzheng. Wang Yanzheng restored the original name of Min and sent his nephew Wang Jichang to guardFuzhou。Search for literary emblemstation troopsJianyang, garrison general of FuzhouLi RendaKill Wang Jichang, claiming to stay behind,Quanzhoucommanding general in charge of the defense of a city or a strategic pointRetention effectHe also killed the assassin Huang Shaopo and sent money and things to Zha Wenhui.[9]
In August of the same year, Cha Wenhui seized the victory to conquer four states, namely, Jianzhou, Tingzhou, Quanzhou and Zhangzhou. Wang Yanzheng was defeated and surrendered, and the State of Fujian perished.Li Jing separates from the land of FujianYanpingJianzhou, Jianpu and Fusha counties were set up, and Wang Yanzheng's family was moved to Jinling.Take Wang Yanzheng as an exampleRaozhouJiedu Envoy and Li Renda served as Fuzhou Jiedu Envoy and stayed in complianceChieftain Envoy of Qingyuan Army。Although the Southern Tang Dynasty exterminated Fujian, it did not completely rule Fujian, and the remaining forces were still there.Li Renda attached Wuyue with Fuzhou.Yuan Min JiangRetention effectExpel the garrison of the Southern Tang Dynasty in Quanzhou and Zhangzhou, occupy the place, but still submit to the Southern Tang Dynasty.Retention effectAnd its successorsChen HongjinOccupy Quanzhou and Zhangzhou untilNorthern Song DynastyAfter the founding of the People's Republic of China.In the same year,KhitanCaptureLater Jin DynastyThe capital, the central plains have no owners, and Li Jing is due toChen JueWhen we are tired of fighting in the southeast, we have no time to go north.
Baoda for nine years (951),Chu Statecivil strife,King of ChuMa XiguangBy his brotherMahi calyxKill Ma Xicaly. Ma Xicaly became a vassal of the Southern Tang Dynasty. Soon Ma Xicaly was killed by his younger brotherMa XichongTo overthrow and depose.At this time, Central Plains was inLater Han Dynasty、Week afterIn the chaotic season of the alternation of dynasties, Li Jing saw the opportunity to take advantage of it and sentHuangfuhuiSailing out to sea and Sizhuzhou to recruit various powerful armed forces and refugees scattered due to war.In October, the Southern Tang Dynasty sent troops to destroySouthern ChuIn addition to several southern states occupied by the Southern Han Dynasty, Chu belonged to the Southern Tang Dynasty. At that time, the territory of the Southern Tang Dynasty reached its peak, and it was claimed that Jiangxi Province today, as well as most or part of Anhui, Jiangsu, Fujian, Hubei and Hunan.But SouthTang JunHe was appointed by Chu General in October the next year before he had a firm footholdLiu YanLiu Yan was defeated by his subordinatesZhou XingfengandWang JinkuiKill[10]And its childrenZhou BaoquanHe ruled Hunan successively, and Chu gained and lost again.[11]
Zhou Shizong made three expeditions to the Southern Tang Dynasty
From the 13th year of Baoda (955) to the first year of Jiaotai (958), northern ChinaWeek afterThe regime attacked the Southern Tang Dynasty for three times, and the Southern Tang Dynasty was always in an unfavorable situation of passive defense.In the battle of Shouzhou, Chai Rong, the late Emperor Shizong of Zhou, fought in person, and Zhou's army was so overwhelming that it captured Si, Hao, Chu and other states. The Tang army collapsed thousands of miles, and the Huaihe River water army was completely destroyed.Li Jing said that Chai Rong asked himself to be located in Hongji, the crown prince. Please mark the river as the boundary, and the Southern Tang Dynasty will offer all the places in the north of the Yangtze River, including the 14 prefectures in Huainan and the two counties in the north of the Yangtze River in Ezhou.At the same time, Zhou Zhengshuo was honored by the Southern Tang Dynasty and used his chronology to remove the name of the country and change it into the "Lord of Jiangnan".Since then, the Southern Tang Dynasty has never recovered. In order to avoid the sharp points of the later Zhou Dynasty, Li Jing moved to Hongzhou, the capital, and called itNanchang Mansion。[11]
In the second year of Jianlong in the Northern Song Dynasty (961), Li Jing died because of his eldest sonLi HongjiDead, his sixth sonLi Yu(Originally named Congjia, 937-978) succeeded to the throne and restored its capital to Jinling.Domestic politicssocial contradictions confirmed habits are hard to get rid of.Economically, since the defeat in Huainan, the Southern Tang Dynasty had to pay high tribute to the Central Plains every year.
The Southern Tang Dynasty originally crossed the Yangtze River from north to southcomplementarity, such asJiangnanSalt starvationAnd salt is produced in the north of the Yangtze River.After the loss of Huainan, the Southern Tang Dynasty lost an important salt producing area. Since then, it had to spend a lot of money to buy salt from the Central Plains regime.Due to the increasing financial distress, the Southern Tang regime had to increase taxes, which led to widespread complaints.The people under the jurisdiction of the Southern Tang DynastyLi HouzhuThe heavy taxation of the period was deeply remembered untilNorthern Song DynastyMany years after the unification, I still mentioned the Southern Tang Dynasty when even geese gave birth to twinsWillowTax is levied on all the details.In the late Southern Tang Dynasty, politics became increasingly chaotic.
With the new leader's accession to the throne, a new round offactional political struggleHere we go.When the Song army was closing in from around, the Southern Tang Dynasty was still trapped in a cycle of internal strife, and the people were relaxed.Li Yushan was good at writing, calligraphy and painting, and bosom friend law, but he was not familiar with politics, so he entrusted the national politics to his aides when he was the crown princeZhang Ji。[12]
Descending to be a courtier
In April of the first year of Qiande (963), Vice Envoy of QuanzhouChen HongjinWasteZhang Hansi, claiming to stay behind, Li Yu took Chen Hongjin as his envoy to maintain Quanzhou'sSubordination。In July, Li Yu was ordered to meet him in BeijingSong Taizu。In December, Li Yu went to the court of the Song Dynasty to request that the imperial edict should be removed from the ceremony of anonymity (after Li Yu succeeded to the throne, he respected the imperial edict of the Song Dynasty, so the Song Dynasty did not directly call Li Yu's name in the imperial edict of the Southern Tang Dynasty), and changed it to a name without permission.[13]
Middle Lord of Southern Tang Dynasty (third from left)
In August of the fourth year of Qiande (1966), Li Yu sentGong ShenyiTo go on an envoy with an imperial edictSouthern Han Dynasty, making an appointment to submit to the Song Dynasty, Gong Shenyi went to the Southern Han Dynasty and was detained.[17]shake out diceIn October of the fourth year (971), Song Taizu destroyed the Southern Han Dynasty and stationed troopsHanyang, Li Yu was very frightened and sent his younger brotherTaksin Li CongshanTo pay tribute, the above table asks you to stop the courtesy of not calling your name in the imperial edict. Song Taizu agrees, but detains Li Congshan.In the same year, a businessman informed Song JunyuJingnanHe built thousands of warships and asked people to secretly burn the warships of the Northern Song Dynasty. Li Yu was afraid of causing trouble and did not reply.[18]When the national situation was urgent, Li Yu was worried. He held a banquet with his officials every day and sang sad songs.[19]
In the first month of the fifth year of Kaibao (972), Li Yu ordered to derogate from the Yi system by issuing an "imperial edict" to be renamed "Jiao";Book of reformShimen ProvinceLeft and rightNeishi Mansion，ChanceryIt was changed to the Office of the Secretary General,censorateChange toSi Xianfu, Hanlin was changed to Wenguan,privy councilChanged to Guangzheng Academy;Descend "kings" to "public" and avoid the Song Dynasty to show respect.[20]In the Yuan Dynasty, although the emperor was subordinate to the Later Zhou Dynasty, the Jinling Terraces were all set upOwl Kiss(The head of the beast on the temple ridge);Qiande ReignWhen the envoy of the Song Dynasty came, Li Yu withdrew and recovered after the envoy left;At this point, Yiying ware was removed and no longer used.Taizu Jin granted Li CongshanweiTaining Army Commissioner, and rewarded the house in Bianyang Square, implying Li Yu to enter Beijing and surrender to the Song Dynasty;Li Yu sentminister of worksFeng YanluThanks for Li Congshan's award, Feng Yanlu enteredBianjingHe was unable to meet Song Taizu due to illness and returned.[21]
In the summer of the sixth year of Kaibao (973), Taizu sentBachelor of Imperial AcademyLudosonWhen Li Yu was sent to the Southern Tang Dynasty as an envoy, he said that he would accept the title of nobility in the Northern Song Dynasty, but was rejected.In October, Pan You, a Buddhist martyr of the Inner Historian, felt that the country was in decline and wrote a letter of adviceLi PingbyShangshu Decree，Xu XuanZhang Ji said, "Li Ping misleads people with evil words and incites Pan You to commit crimes." Li Yu sent someone to arrest him,Pan YouLi Ping committed suicide at home and hanged himself in prison.
Northern Song Dynasty perishedSouthern Han DynastyLater, the Southern Tang Dynasty was surrounded by three loaves.In order to protect himself, Li Yu, the empress leader, clearly served his officials and prepared for the war secretly. While sending envoys to Song to ask for the policy of being granted, he deployed his forces at various points in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River to prevent the Song army from attacking.
In September of the seventh year of Kaibao in the Song Dynasty (974),founder of the Song dynastyTaking Li Yu's refusal to enter the imperial court as an excuse, he sent more than 100000 troops to attack the Southern Tang DynastyKing Wu YueAs the southeast of Yuzhoufield headquartersTo summon and control envoys, lead tens of thousands of soldiers from Hangzhou to the north, and send Song generalsDing DeyuSupervise the army;middle roadCao BinAnd the capital supervisorPan MeiDrain waterArmy 100000Jiangling(now Jiangling, Hubei) alongYangtze RiverEastward movement;West RdWang MingWeichi, Yuejiang Road patrol, ZhanzhaoAll deployed, containmentHukouTang Jun, ensure the main force to move eastward.Li Yu, the late leader, relied too much on the natural dangers of the Yangtze River and missed the opportunity to use the Song army to fight back when crossing the river.In October, the Song army successfully crossed the Yangtze River.QuarryingQinhuai River、WankouDuring the three wars, the Southern Tang Dynasty suffered repeated defeats and lost all its elite troops in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River.[5]
In March of the eighth year of Kaibao (975), the Song army attacked Jinling City.In June, Wu and Yue troops captured the east gate of JinlingRunzhou。Jinling, the capital of the Southern Tang Dynasty, was trapped in the encirclement, and the emperor called for foreign troops to rescue Jinling.However, it is too late.In October, from Jiangxi to JinlingZhu Lingyun150000 water troops led byHukouIn World War I, almost all the troops were destroyed.Jinling's foreign aid was completely cut off, making it an isolated city.Then the Lord still insisted on guarding the city to the end.Jinling in the besieged city is short of food and morale is low.November 12, Northern Song DynastyCao BinThe army began to attack the city from three sides. Five thousand soldiers of the Southern Tang Dynasty attacked the Song army at nightBeizhai, failed.On the 27th, the Song army broke the city,Li YuI surrender.The Southern Tang Dynasty died, 38 years after the reign of Emperor Zuo.[5]
territory
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Range
The Southern Tang Dynasty inheritedWu kingdomAnd expanded to the south and west.During the Five Dynasties, Jin and Han Dynasties, there were 36 states in the Southern Tang Dynasty, including Yang, Chu, Zhou, Chu, He, Guang, Huang, Shu, Qi, Lu, Shou, Xun, Tai, Hao, Tong, Run, Chang, Yin, She, E, Sheng, Chi, Rao, Xin, Jiang, Hong, Fu, Yuan, Gu, Qian, Jun, Jian, Ting, Jian, Zhang, Quan, etc.Li Jingshi, the leader of the Central Committee, has made many military campaigns with surrounding countries.
Three years (945)Min Its territory extends to the west of Fujian.After the destruction of Chu in the ninth year of Baoda's reign in the Southern Tang Dynasty (951), the territory expanded to the eastern part of Hunan and Guizhou, but was expelled the following year.In the first year of Zhongxing (958), Later Zhou Shizong led his troops to the south, and the Southern Tang Dynasty was defeated. He was forced to cede 14 states north of the Yangtze River to Later Zhou Dynasty and became his vassals, so the territory of the Southern Tang Dynasty was reduced to the south of the Yangtze River.[22]
After Li Xuan replaced Wu, in view of the frequent occurrence ofmagistrate with military powerThe turmoil and resistance of the imperial court continued to maintain the measures taken by Yang Xingmi and Xu Wen to protect the territory and secure the people, further weakening the influence of military officers in political life.At the same time, Li Xuan himself was also a scholar in the ruling group, and some officials in Fangzhen were also appointed by scholars, which eliminated the influence of the despotic and authoritarian military men since the end of the Tang Dynasty.AsLocal administrative system, implemented in the Southern Tang Dynastygovernor of one or more provincesThe system, like the regime of the Central Plains, is a local institution named after the military town, and its setting is as follows:
Originally made in the Tang Dynasty, the vassal towns along the Southern Tang Dynasty include Runzhou,Town Navy；Xuanzhou, Ning Guojun;Hongzhou,Zhennan Army。
The Southern Tang Dynasty basically inherited《Tang Liudian》The official system model was established,Three provinces and six ministriesIt constitutes the highest administrative organ of the central government as the separation of powers for issuing orders, sealing and refuting, and executing.Shangshu Province has one left and one right minister, who is the governor of Shangshu Province and is in charge of the national government affairs. Shangshu Province has six departments, namely, officials, households, rites, soldiers, criminals and workers, each of which has a bellboy, a waitressYuanwailang。[23]
Li Xuan usurped power as Prime Minister Yang Wu, so he was especially afraid of the power of the Prime Minister.Li Xuan took a series of measures to consolidate the imperial power and divide the power of the prime minister. First, he did not keep the prime minister in office for too long to prevent him from having too much power.The Southern Tang Dynasty was set up in the centerprivy council, Liezu Li Gui was subordinate toShimen ProvinceWhen Li Yu, the later leader, changed his name to "Guangzheng Academy", and the military and financial authority was vested in the Privy Council. The prime minister's position was nothing but empty.In addition, the rulers of the Southern Tang Dynasty also set up some special institutions to meet the temporary needsprocessorGovernment affairs are important.asYuan Clan of Southern Tang DynastyIn the early years, "Xuanzheng Academy" was set up in the Inner Court;Rear main time, setting“Chengxin Hall”PSPBe powerful.Finally, in order to prevent the prime minister from monopolizing power, Liezu used the method of monopolizing power and doing everything himself to strengthen the control of the imperial government by the emperor.[24]
local
The place of the Southern Tang Dynastyadministrative divisionThe county is dominated by the prefecture and county, with the prefecture leading the county, the prefecture governor serving as the governor, the county magistrate serving as the county magistrate, and the county is divided into towns and townships;It was also made along the Tang Dynasty to supervise and manage salt and iron affairs.
The Southern Tang Dynasty first attacked the old soil of Yang and Wu, and in the third year of Baoda (945), it took Wang Min Tan Zhoustatehood And other places soon destroyed Chu, making the territory of the Southern Tang Dynasty larger than that of Yang and Wu, and reaching 36 states when it was most powerful.
In the fifth year of Xiande in the later Zhou Dynasty (958), YangzhouXiongzhou, Haizhou, Chuzhou, Hezhou, Chuzhou, SizhouHaozhou, ShouzhouLuzhou, TaizhouShuzhou, Qizhou, Huangzhou and Guangzhou, a total of 15 states and more than 60 counties.There are actually two prefectures, 21 prefectures and three armies.Xiongzhou and Jianzhou were newly established in the Southern Tang Dynasty,JunzhouIt is a restored state, which is equivalent to the Jiangnan area of Jiangsu and Anhui today and some areas of Jiangxi, Fujian, Hubei, Hunan and other provinces. In the late Southern Tang Dynasty, it was divided into the Yangtze River,All inJiangnan region.[25]
capital
Implemented in the Southern Tang DynastyLiangduSystem.During the Yang Wu period, Yangzhou was the capital, and later Jinling was the western capital.After the establishment of the Southern Tang Dynasty, the two capital system was also adopted, and Jinling Prefecture was changed to Jiangning Prefecture, which was called the Western Capital, while Yangzhou was still in the east.In the sixth year of Xiande of the Later Zhou Dynasty (959), after Li Can cut off the land north of the Yangtze River to the Later Zhou Dynasty, Nanchang, the seat of Hongzhou Prefecture, was upgraded to Nanchang Prefecture as the capital of Nanchang.[26]
law
After Li Xuan ascended the throne, he carried out legislative activities with great vigour.First of all, in the first year of the Shengyuan era (937), Li Xuan said that "those who have not made a decision on the imperial edict and litigation will not be able to circle the litigation, and Ding Chou will change the name of" Cizhuan Department "to the Qing Dynasty Court of Litigation". The change of the name of "Cizhuan Department" reflects the variety of social litigation cases in the Southern Tang Dynasty at that time, and also shows Li Xuan's emphasis on litigation cases.
In the third year of Shengyuan (939), on the third day of July, Li Xuan "ordered Yousi to write Shengyuan Ge in parallel with Wu Ling",[27]The promulgation of "Shengyuan Ge" shows that Li Xuan attaches great importance to Ge.The case is a legal text drafted according to the system.Three years later, in the autumn and September of the sixth year of Shengyuan era (942), Gengyin and the Southern Tang Dynasty "issued the Thirty Volume Shengyuan Deletion Rules".[27]The term "article" here should also refer to the general term of law, order, case, form and other contents. The term "article" is not "law", which reflects Li Xuan's lawmaking thought of not following the beaten track.
military
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Arms
Although the Southern Tang Dynasty preferred the southern part of the Yangtze River, it has long claimed that it was Yu Yin of the Tang Dynasty, so the Southern Tang DynastyMilitary systemIt has also been imitating the model of the Central Plains Dynasty and the late Tang DynastyWeek afterSimilarly, there is also a centralimperial guards, saving envoyZhenjunAnd everywherevillage militiaPoints.[47]
Southern Tanglocal forces, that is, the town army and rural soldiers are also different from the surrounding political regimes.There were state and county soldiers in every county of the Southern Tang Dynasty, who were divided into provincial governorsGroup practicer, commander and other officials.Therefore, the Southern Tang Dynasty did not existmagistrate with military powerThe army, the town army under the command of the governor, is also the state and county soldiers.Rural soldiers are similar to today's militia and reserve service.[47]
the Southern Tang dynastyimperial guardsContrary to the practice of surrounding countries, including the Later Zhou Dynasty, to strengthen the bodyguard forces, its six forbidden forces are more effective than the bodyguard forces. Their main role andDatangTemporalShence ArmySimilarly, it has the dual tasks of lodging and field operations.[47]
Military system
The system of the Forbidden Army consists of a hundred people, five cities as battalions, five battalions as armies, and ten armies as compartments. Each compartment should have 25000 people. The highest officer of the compartment isAll CommandersThere are two divisions, one is the leader and the other is the vice leader. Each division has two divisions on the left and right. The division is under the control of the central government.The Southern Tang Imperial Guard is often called Xiongwu, Longwu, Shenwu, etc.Owned by the Sixth ArmyUnifying the army, Vice President, CapitalMarquis YuBecause of their important position, their generals often lead the officialsSame story、Middle order, junior officials.There are fewer senior generals and generals.To be sure, the position of the Grand General of the Southern Tang Dynasty was non-existent, mainly including demotion and meritorious officials.Both the left and right compartments have commanders.[48]
From the 13th year of Baoda (955) to the first year of Zhongxing (958)
The Battle of Huainan in the Later Zhou Dynasty and the Southern Tang Dynasty
Week after
The Southern Tang Dynasty was defeated and Huainan was ceded[64-66]
Eight Years of Kaibao in Song Dynasty (975)
The Battle of Jinling in the Song and Tang Dynasties
Northern Song Dynasty
The Southern Tang Dynasty was defeated by the Northern Song Dynasty[67]
Economics
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Agriculture
The war in the late Tang Dynasty made Huainan a serious disaster area, especially Yangzhou.In the old prosperous city, "the granaries in the city were empty, and the hungry people killed each other and ate. The couple, father and son, led each other, slaughtered and sold them. The butchers searched for them, like sheep and rags.".[29]Not only in the city, "within the eight states, Ju is desolate, with a radius of hundreds of miles and no people".[30]
In the economic development of the Southern Tang Dynasty, with the development of agricultureThe southward shift of economic center of gravity, mainly rice, wheat, mulberry, tea, hemp and fruitDiversificationThe new pattern of supporting gradually formed in Jiangsu.The fine varieties of crops in the south are heading north, making a great momentum.JiangnanThe region is home to rice,KwangjuYangzhouTaizhou, Chuzhou, Sizhou and other places, rice was widely planted in the Southern Tang Dynasty, which not only increased the yield, but also improved the varieties. Taizhou's fragrant japonica is very famous.The trend of traditional fine varieties from the north to the south has also increased.In the south of the Yangtze River, wheat has been widely planted in the north, and the scene of "Jimu Qingqing Ridge is full of wheat" appears.Mulberry cultivationIt spreads all over the Yangtze River and Huaihe River, so it is said that "the open land is completely developed, the mulberry and zhe trees are everywhere, and the country is rich and strong".[31]
Tea production was famous for the tea gardens in Guangzhou, Yangzhou, Changzhou and Runzhou at that time.YixingTea production has a long history. "Yangxian Tea" has always been a famous product in the Yangtze and Huaihe Rivers sincethree countriesSun WuIt was famous in the south of the Yangtze River at that time. It was called "national mountain tea" at that time, and later "Yang Xian"tribute tea”，“PilingTea "“Yang Xian Purple Bamboo Shoots”And "Jin Mausoleum"Purple bamboo shoot”And so on.Tang SuzongYear, column“Yang Xian Purple Bamboo Shoots”(Yangxian Purple Bamboo Shoot is named after its fresh color and shape.) It is a tribute treasure,Tea Saint Lu YuThink“Huainan tea，KwangjuOn ", Yangxian tea" has the best fragrance in the world "and can be used as a tribute.Changzhou GovernorLi QijunHe adopted his suggestion, that is, to build it near Yuanhua RiverTea houseEvery year, 10000 liang of tea is collected and produced as tribute, and drinking Yangxian tea has become a popular fashion.In the Southern Tang Dynasty, "Yangxian tea" was still a famous tea. Later, as the tea producing area moved southward, Jingding tea produced in Jianzhou gradually took its place and became a tribute“Yangxian tea”。[32]
Among the southern countries, the Southern Tang Dynasty was the most vigorous in agricultural development.At that time, the royal treasuries of the Southern Tang Dynasty were full, "where weapons were accumulated, there were more than seven million roubles".The national agriculture and mulberry industry is unprecedented. The depth and breadth of agricultural development are unparalleled in the north and south.After the correct policy, the construction of water conservancy will help toJianghuai River BasinThe Southern Tang regime of the Tang Dynasty is the first important item to develop the south, improve the living environment and advance to the depth and breadth of production.The pattern of rice planting as the main business, wheat, mulberry, tea, hemp and fruit as the auxiliary business gradually took shape, marking agricultureThe economic center of gravity moves southwardThe new pattern was formed in Jiangsu region, and the economic activities based on it gradually showed fresh vitality.[32]
In the commercial process, agriculture in the south of the Yangtze River develops its strengths and circumvents its weaknesses, uses superior natural conditions to plant cash crops, and carries out diversified operations, which makes the south appear earlierAgricultural commercializationSimilar trend.In a sense, it is the implantation of commercialization that makes the development of southern agriculture have a higher platform completely different from the past.[32]
handicraft industry
textile industry
Yang WuAt that time, textile tax import greatly stimulated textile production, and by the Southern Tang Dynasty, it was unprecedented.The square weave damask of Runzhou is of superb skill.Folk looms are popular, and there are countless weavers.Many people are skilled, not only working in the Southern Tang Dynasty, but also in neighboring countries.The brocade workers in Runzhou are famous. Xu Wan, a native of Runzhou, launched a rebellion in Hangzhou. There are more than 300 brocade workers in the city, all of whom are from Runzhou,Qian LiuThe eldest son, Yuan Ying, was afraid that they were involved in Xu Wan's rebellion and announced that "the king ordered all the workers to be relieved of their jobs".[33]There are many workshops in the Southern Tang Dynasty government.
At the beginning of the new era, Xu Wenwu collected gold and silk at random from the Bailiao Temple and left with a heavy load.It can be seen that the national treasury reserves are huge.As for the rewards for official titles, more silk products are also awarded.official in charge of the discipline of public functionariesZhang XianLi Yu wrote, "Give 30 sections of silk and dare to speak with banners".textile industryIt is not only a handicraft product, but alsostate controlThe important material basis of.The imperial edict of the third year of Shengyuan in the Southern Tang Dynasty (939) stipulates that "fifty pieces of silk will be given to those who have made three years' worth of artistic mulberry and three thousand copies".Li Yu worships the Buddha, and there are many silk in the almsgiving temple, which can be seen from the Southern Tang DynastySilk FabricSurplus stock of[34]。
salt industry
Yangzhou and Chuzhou in Huainan were the main salt producing areas in ancient times.YangzhouJiangdu、HailingFamous, Chuzhouynz 、Ripple waterThe output is the largest.Yangzhou, in particular, is located in the thoroughfare from north to south. Since ancient times, salt merchants have gathered together and become the national salt industryentrepot, already existed in the Tang Dynasty“Yang Yi Yi Er”The statement of.After the founding of the Southern Tang Dynasty, with salt industry as an important capital, salt making industry became a major part of the social economy of the Yangtze Huaihe River.the Southern Tang dynastyAscensionIn the first year (937), the Southern Tang Dynasty changed to TaizhouHailing supervisorAnd strengthened the management of salt industry.Yancheng supervisor was also set up in ChuzhouYantingOne hundred twenty-three ".toNorthern Song DynastyUnification, Yancheng "sold more than 417000 stones at the age of, Salt Rugaocang in Taizhou Hailing, and more than 656000 stones in Xiaohaichang." Huainan salt profit played a very important role in the reign of the Southern Tang Dynasty, so thatWeek afterAfter the Southern Expedition gained several states in Huainan of the Southern Tang Dynasty, the salt fields of the Southern Tang Dynasty were completely lost and the economy was severely suppressed.Li JingThe above table said that those who are willing to "offer their best to the counties and counties in the north of the Yangtze River will lose at the age ofTugongIn order to further control the Southern Tang Dynasty, Zhou Shizong agreed to "support the army with 300000 stones of salt at the age of".Since then, the salt industry has become an economic chip for the Later Zhou regime to firmly control the Southern Tang Dynasty.[35]
shipbuilding
The Southern Tang Dynasty is located in the Yangtze and Huaihe Rivers,shipbuilding industryVery developed.In the late Tang Dynasty, the shipbuilding industry of the government gradually shrank due to poor management.During the period of Yang Wu and the Southern Tang Dynasty, Yangzhou, Jinling and other places were important shipbuilding centers. The government set up shipbuilding workshops to build various kinds of ships.[36]
The geographical environment near the Yangtze River and the Huaihe River has expanded the living range of people who have gradually broadened their horizons of life. After the budding of the commodity economy, daily business travel and trade, production and life need ships to open up waterway transportation.For example, the Southern Tang Dynasty conducted maritime trade with Khitan.In the second year of Shengyuan in the Southern Tang Dynasty (938), Khitan "held 30000 sheep and 200 horses", and the scale of the transaction was so large that if the land route was blocked, we could infer what kind of ship transportation was needed;Second, along withWater transportEspecially with the development of salt industry, the shipbuilding industry is thriving againSaltworksThe finished salt of is transported to the distribution center, and the ship is only the preferred transport device;Third, out of the need of war, the shipbuilding industry of the Southern Tang Dynasty flourished directly.Later in the week, a shipbuilding base was set up in Daliang. Facing the threat of war, the Southern Tang Dynasty stepped up the shipbuilding competition to build both huge warships and short and sensitive reconnaissance boats.From weekXiandeFrom the third year (956) to the fifth year of Xiande (958), the sailors of both sides fought for three years“Kayak”In the name of "Ligularia boat", we can imagine the development of shipbuilding industry of both sides at that time;Fourth, for the need of diplomatic navigation.Due to the blocking of the north-south traffic, the Southern Tang Dynasty had to seek outward development.For example, the Southern Tang Dynasty andKhitanMaking friends is to deal with the Central Plains regimeMaritime route。Another example is fromOccupy the cityImport“Fiery oil”It is unimaginable that there is no huge transport ship to transport this oil to Khitan.In addition, the Southern Tang Dynasty alsoSilla、Korea、A gluttonous dietAnd other countries to keep in touch, so the voyage also needs superb shipbuilding technology as a guarantee.[36]
Paper industry
Chengxintang paper is one of the famous papers in the Five Dynasties.Southern Tang EmpressHe is good at writing poems and likes to collect books and papers. Therefore, he named a house of Jinling government as Chengxin Hall, which is the place for poetry and books collection.The Empress of the Southern Tang Dynasty specially sent Sichuan paper craftsmen to Chengxin Hall to imitateShu paperMake a new paper with good quality and name it“Chengxin Hall Paper”。Because the quality of Chengxintang paper is so good that one paper is worth a hundred gold, and it is the best paper product.Since then, the Song Dynasty and the Qing Dynasty also learned the techniques of the Southern Tang Dynasty and produced and used this kind of paper.[37]
other aspects
Jiangsu's advantage of being close to the river and the sea made the handicraft industry during the reign of the Southern Tang Dynasty have a very strong regional color.YixingLate Tang and Five Dynasties Discovered in Guijing AreaCeladon kiln siteIt reflects the porcelain industry in the south of the Yangtze River, which is unique in terms of body quality, glaze color, shape and decoration.Southern Tang Dynasty Yangzhou Shugang Tea, ChangzhouPurple Bamboo Shoot TeaIt is famous all over the world. Due to the development of tea production, the tea industry flourished in the Southern Tang Dynasty. There were 38 tea shops in the Southern Tang Dynasty alone, specializing in the production of high-grade tea products for the use of the royal and aristocratic families.There are more private tea making workshops, and there are more than 1000 private tea workshops in China.The paper making center of the Southern Tang Dynasty is located inSouthern Anhui, but according to《Jiangnan Tongzhi》It was recorded thatLiuhe CountyThe "paper business" was once set up, and now the southern area of Liuhe Fuqiao is still called "paper room".Because Li Yuzhong is good at rice paper, it is also possible that there are special organizations in Chi, She County and Jinling to make Chengxin Hall paper.It was verified from folklore that the "white deer" variety in rice paper was made in Nanjing. This kind of paper is to commemorate a man fromXuanchengIt was named after a young man named Bai Lu who made paper in Jinling.[35]
In addition, Yangzhou and RunzhouGold and silver wareIt is said that Li Yu appointed a craftsman to make a six foot golden lotusYao NiangStanding on the lotus, dancing with feet entwined.[32]
business
In a relatively small space, countries, especially those in the South, are seriously short of national use. Therefore, they generally attach importance to attracting merchants and business interests, collecting business taxes, and paying military and national use,commodity exchangeUnprecedented activity.Agriculture and variouseconomic behaviorIn the process of commercialization,urban function Significant changes have taken place, which are manifested in the gradual weakening of political functions and the gradual strengthening of economic functions.
The diversification of natural conditions in the Southern Tang Dynasty brought about the richness of productsgeographical positionThe importance of the South Tang Dynasty made it play a decisive role in commercial activities, and to a certain extent, it became the center of the trade malls in various countries.The Southern Tang Dynasty and the Central Plains were divided into Huaihe River. The trade activities between the two sides were mostly conducted through Shouzhou. The main commodities of trade were tea and silk, mainly in exchange for sheep and silkhorse。[38]
overseas tradeIt is an important part of commerce in the Southern Tang Dynasty.Yangzhou is an important port. The tea, silk, porcelain and other commodities exported from Yangzhou are continuously transported toOccupy the city, Silla, Korea, as far as Dashi and other places.Consumer goods from all over the country were also imported into Nantang from overseas.[38]stayDr. Tai ChangChen Zhiyong"Zuo Fan Guo Emissary to the Imperial Court" mentioned that "Zhan Cheng Guo offered a tame elephant";"In the reign of Emperor Yuanzong, when the sea country entered several elephants, they could all worship the dancing mountain.".Commercial activities brought sufficient social wealth to the Southern Tang Dynasty and directly promoted the economic development. The Diaoji Li Tan said that "at the right time, Chinese and foreign soldiers were sleeping, farming and weaving were growing, and cultural relics were flourishing, gradually enjoying the splendor of China and the DPRK",[39]Not a compliment.Reflected in politics, the Southern Tang Dynasty becamethe period of the Ten KingdomsChina is a major country in the South that plays an important role in China.
currency
Li Xuan was proclaimed emperor and once cast when his country was called the Qi Dynasty“Great Qi Tongbao”, the coin circle once thought it was the end of the Tang DynastyHuangchao UprisingHowever, most scholars believe that Li Xuan's casting is more accurate.His son Li Jingzao“Baoda Yuanbao”Money, cast later“Yongtong Quanhuo”As ten coins, there are also coins“Kaiyuan reign”、“Tong Bao of Tang Dynasty”, "Datang Tongbao", etc.[40]
population
Middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze RiverIt was the main supply place of wealth and taxes in the middle and late Tang Dynasty,economic baseBetter, the population is not sparse, so the growth rate of household registration cannot change dramatically.The number of households in the Southern Tang Dynasty can reach 1033617.[41]
science and technology
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During the Shengyuan period of the Southern Tang DynastyDanyangLianhuThe renovation ofWater science and technologyProject, Xiang WeiHistory of water conservancyHeavy.[42]After the military turmoil in the late Tang Dynasty, Lianhu Lake was in disrepair for a long time, and there was little irrigation power in the Southern Tang Dynasty.Lv Yanzhen, the magistrate of Danyang County, presided over the dredging, regulation and lake training project, "building the surrounding bank, dredging and chiselingDoumen”The water conservancy function of Lianhu Lake has been restored.In rainy season, you can take 48 sects of water;Around irrigable areas in dry seasonZhuxian County, and perfusionJiangnan River, "Mission business travel, boat travel, free from cattle and lead".From the perspective of regional politics, the eastern part of Jiangsu was in theWu YueHowever, the water conservancy renovation of the Taihu Lake area in Jiangsu Province by Wu and Yue benefited from the relatively stable environment created by the Southern Tang Dynasty and it was indirectly caused by the policies of the Southern Tang Dynasty to some extent.At that time, Wu and Yue dealt with the "shallow army" in important water conservancy projects and "ordered four soldiers to be stationed near the Taihu Lake. Every seven or eight thousand people were often engaged in farmland work, river harnessing and embankment buildingWusong River, all the way from water rushOn portDianshan LakeWhen entering the sea, residents will transport water for farming in case of drought, and water will be diverted out of farmland in case of waterlogging.[43]
Culture
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Culture and education
Yang Wu periodSocial ethosIt changed from advocating martial arts to governing by culture.After the establishment of the Southern Tang Dynasty, the social ethos of Yang Wu Shangwen continued.The three emperors of the Southern Tang Dynasty all liked literature and art, and had a highCultural literacy, and courteously treated scholars, advocated cultural governance, and promoted a series of developmentCultural undertakingsPolicy.Build schools in culture and education, encouragePrivate school, advocate the style of study and promoteConfucianismEducation;Advocating literature and art;Collect and sort out documents, maps and books and compile ancient books;The imperial examination was carried out to select scholars, vigorously attract talents, and put scholars in an important position.
poetry
Life of Southern Tang Scholars
Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms is an important period for the development of poetry.There are many poets and high level poets in Xishu and Southern Tang Dynasty, so they become two centers:Weizhuang、Ouyang JiongAnd others, their works were laterZhao ChongzuoEqual income《Interspecific set》；NantangFeng Yansi, moderatorLi Jing, rear masterLi YuEt al., the works of Li Jing and his son, collected by later generations as《Southern Tang Two Subjects》。Li Yu was the most important poet of this period.Most of the ci poems in the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties were descriptiveruling classThe theme is vulgar, the realm is narrow, and the style is soft.Huajian SectHis works are representative of this style.[44]The same is true of Li Yu's early works, but the poems he wrote after the country's demise and capture, either sighing with regret or nostalgia for the past, are vivid and vivid, expressing deep sadness, breaking through the stereotype of writing romantic love and love between men and women since the late Tang Dynasty, with innovations in both content and artistic conception, opening up a new field for the development of Northern Song Ci.[45]
painting
Southern TangDong Yuan、Juran、Xu XiThey are famous painters.Dong Yuan and Ju Ran are good at using thick or light ink to describe the scenery of Jiangnan, and they are called "Dong and Ju", which is one of the main schools of southern landscape painting in the Five Dynasties and Northern Song Dynasty.Xu Xi is good at painting water birds and flowers in the JianghuHuang QuanThe two people were called "Huang and Xu", and there were“Huang Family's Wealth，Xu Xiyeyi”A proverb describing the different styles of their works.In addition,Gu HongzhongPainted《Han Xizai's Night Banquet》It is also an art treasure handed down from generation to generation.[46]
Han Xizai's Night Banquet
Religion
The rulers of the Southern Tang Dynasty advocated and believed in Buddhism and Taoism.the Southern Tang dynastyCultural policyIt is an important means for rulers to safeguard their own interests and consolidate their rule. It is also a feature of the cultural policy of the Southern Tang Dynasty that they are good at literature and respect scholars and are compatible with Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism.
Sociology
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life
Cities in Southern Tang Dynastycivil lifeVery rich.Jinling, Yangzhou, Runzhou, etc. became the pioneers of regional cities in ancient China who felt the modern atmosphere earlier.Cities are the product of commercial activities. Although the rise of Jianghuai cities such as Jinling and Yangzhou has a long history, their development speed is quite slow due to the lack of mutation genes in the long-term development.The reason is that the degree of urban commercialization is far from enough to promote the transformation of the city.
New types of business places continue to emerge,Commodity tradingThe trend of multi orientation extends the commercial space and time.Jinling, Yangzhou, Runzhou and other big cities have special commercial markets.Most of the Fangshi in Jinling City are concentrated in the south of the city.All workshops arehandicraft industryThe concentration of workshops, the so-called bank, isGold and silver wareThe processing yard and flower shop are specially used to make decorative flowers.With the increase of exchange volume, some newplace of businessStart to form.There are not only prosperous businesses in cities, but also many business opportunities in rural areas.Haymarket The fairs are very prosperous. Many fairs have been upgraded to counties or towns, such as new onesHailingDongzhou Town,Qingjiang, Hailing,RugaoWhen the county is upgraded,TaizhouThen become a stateJiangbeiAn important town.explaincommodity economyThe sprout of "" has transferred to the rural market towns along the river, with a certain breadth, and has become the expansion and supplement of the urban commodity economy.[49]
The rise of various urban service industries has expanded the extension of commodity economy, systematized the basis of commodity germination, and created conditions for social transformation at the turn of Tang and Song dynasties from a higher economic platform.The service industry was further refined and penetrated into all aspects of urban life, enhancing the function and vitality of the city.
stratum
the Southern Tang dynastypro-business The activity of commerce has created a huge class of rich businessmen. They even took charge of the national sports together with the literati and officialdom, and pioneered the ethos of previous dynasties.Founder of the Southern Tang DynastyZhou Zong"It is not only rich in household wealth, but also easy to sell. Every time it opens trade from Huaishang, it markets Chinese sheep and horses", becoming a dual commodity for politicians and rich businessmen.Its transaction scale is huge, which is heard from the Central Plains.Businessmen and literati stood shoulder to shoulder in the social life of the Southern Tang Dynasty and exerted influence on the country, which was rarely seen in the Southern Tang Dynasty.
The emergence of special urban consumer groups provides a relatively large class basis for the further development of the commodity economy.The residents of the ancient cities of the Yangtze and Huaihe Rivers were mainly officials and their families, the army, some merchants, and citieshandicraftsmanAs the Southern Tang Dynasty established its capital in Jinling and the economic and cultural focus spread southward, a large number of royal dignitaries and their families, rich people who ran salt and tea, literati and bureaucrats from the north to the south, literati and literati, and prostitutes became Jinling and its surrounding areaskey cityThe new consumer class has a large number of people. Their living conditions affect the consumption habits of the cityurban economy Prosperity has played a role in fuelling the flames.
style or ways of Confucian scholars
The Southern Tang Dynasty has sound rules and regulations, "Six Classics are well prepared, various historical items are collected, ancient books and paintings are well known, and the convergence of red curtains; outstanding scholars are knowledgeable, travel thousands of miles and come from home, admire books, open classics, and combine civil and martial artsAscensionWhen appointed, Wang Ye stands out and is known as a man of letters and martial arts. ".It can be seen that Confucian style is permeated and has become the climate.In the Southern Tang Dynasty, there were almost no scholars without Confucianism, and most Confucian people had their own personalities, such asHan XizaiIt is uninhibited,Jiang WenweiHigh talents,Xu KaiThe classic view, the high level of Huazao,Pan YouThe elegance,OmnipotentArbitrary pricing;andXu Xuan、Tang YueThe disciples of Zhang Ji are enough to win fame in the world, and the rest are countless.Han Xizai, though wild and uninhibited, was famous for his talent and learning."Jiang Biao's stele is a great work, and its hand is salty"."Those who build steles and tables in all directions all contain the words of seeking for gold and silk". Jiang Wenwei and Han Xizai share the same name. "The etiquette of the Southern Tang Dynasty was initially created, and Wen Wei wrote about pilgrimage, meeting, sacrifice, dinner and etiquette, so the imperial court's syllabus was revised." Because he "knows etiquette", the official titleWai Lang, member of the Ministry of Industry, JudgmentTaichang TempleTo discuss the funeral.The system of Liezu Li Gui's Mausoleum was ruled by Jiang Wenwei and others.Xu Kai and Han Xizai are both masters of poetry and prose in the Southern Tang Dynasty,Lu YouCall the two people "Jiang Zuo"a master writer”。With his brother, Xu Xuan, "his words were in conflict with each other, and the debater was Fang JinzhiLu Yun", and with the later Lord", they are each other's decorations, and the Confucians are proud of them ". These celebrities, together with Tang Yue, Zhang Ji, Liu DongHistorical falsehood、Jiang Wei, Wang Tai FuWu Qiao, Kang Renjie, Zhou Bin, Xia Baosong, etc., are all respected by the people of the world, enjoying a good reputation in the north and south, and are admired by the Central Plains and other nine countries.[50]
International Relations
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And countries in the South
Southern Tang Dynasty and Southern Han Dynasty, Wu YueMa ChuandHoushuThere are also transactions between other countries, and the footprints of businessmen are all over the surrounding countries.[38]In the winter of the fourth year of Kaibao (971), the Song DynastyJingnanWhen the Southern Tang merchants who were doing business in the local area found out about the construction of warships, "Please go to Jiangling to steal and burn the imperial warships. The country leader was afraid of letting the news out and refused to listen, so the merchants fled".[51]
And Khitan
The trade between the Southern Tang Dynasty and Khitan was mainly conducted by sea, including sheep and horseslivestockMainly, but alsoMilitary materialsLike fiery oil."At that time, Khitan had been destroyedNortheast ChinaOfBalhae The maritime exchanges between the Southern Tang Dynasty and Khitan should go from the East China SeaChangjiang EstuaryGo north, crossShandong Peninsula , directLiaodong PeninsulaThe southern end of the northern and southern coastal traditional sea route ".[38]
