synonymSouth Asia Subcontinent(Most of the South Asian subcontinent is located in the Indian Ocean plate) Generally refers to the Indian Peninsula
Also known as Indian PeninsulaSouth Asia Subcontinent, YesHimalayasA large peninsula shaped land to the south,AsiaThe southern extension of the continent.It is generally located at 8 ° – 37 ° N, 61 ° – 97 ° E.Due toHimalayasTo form a relatively independentGeographical unit, but its area is smaller than that of the common continent, so it is calledsubcontinent。 The total area is about 2.09 millionsquare kilometreThe population is about 1.3 billion.
Most regions belong toTropical monsoon climate。From October to February of the next yearCool season，Average temperatureAbove 10 ℃;March – JuneHot seasonThe central part of the plateau can reach about 35 ℃, and the rainy season is from July to September.The average annual precipitation is 800mm.
The formation of the South Asian monsoon climate, the thermal difference between land and sea in winter and summer, the planetWind bandSeasonal displacement andQinghai Tibet PlateauOfTopographical actionAnd so on.
According to the advance and retreat of the monsoon, the year can be divided into three seasons: cool, hot and rainy.
June – September, due toSouth AsiaThe continuous high temperature in the region is generated in northwest IndiaThermal low pressure, strongly attracted bySoutheast trade windDeflected across the equatorSouthwest monsoonSo as to further strengthen the influence of the southwest monsoon.The southwest monsoon passes through the vast and warm tropical ocean and is full of water vapor, bringing abundant precipitation to most parts of South Asia, forming the rainy season.90% of the annual precipitation is concentrated in the rainy season.The rainy season comes at the earliest time in the west of the peninsula and the latest time in the northwest of India. The southwest monsoon comes late and leaves early in South AsiaRainfall variability A major reason.
October – November is the end of the rainy season. The temperature starts to decrease gradually, and the pressure in the north also increases graduallyBarometric gradientAs a result, the southwest monsoon began to shrink, the precipitation decreased, and soon turned into the cool season.
Tropical monsoon forestIt occupies a large area, and its distribution is closely related to precipitation.West Gaozhi west side, east sidethe himalayasTo the south andAssamThe annual precipitation in the region and most of Sri Lanka Island is more than 2000mmTropical rain forestRegion;Most of the annual precipitation in Deccan Plateau is 1000 – 2000mm. In order to reduce evaporation in hot seasonDry seasonfallen leaves;In the interior of Deccan Plateau and the northwest of Indian Peninsula, the annual precipitation is 500 – 1000mm, mostly shrubs andGrassland vegetation；The Thar Desert and its surroundings have little rainfall, which is mainly composed of desert andSemi desert, only sparse growthherbAnd prickly irrigation.
Environmental characteristics
Indian subcontinent
Peninsularnatural conditionGood,Cultivated land areaIt accounts for more than 60% of the total land area of the country and is the largest natural resource.Residents in most areas can eat two crops a yearcoastalDeltaThe area can reach one yearTriple cooked。
Raw materials and mineral resources needed by modern industrial countries are also abundant on the peninsula.The coal reserves are the eighth in the world, and the iron reserves are the fourth in the worldmicaThe output ranks first in the world.
plant resources Not to mention, there are tropical, subtropical, temperate and frigid zonesAlpine plantThere are more than 30000 varieties.ForestedCoverageEven more impressive, 74 million hectaresforest coverageIt accounts for 22% of the total territory of the country.Today, people all over the world are worried about less and less green, but Indians can relax for a short time.
natural resources
Indian subcontinent
There are large coal and iron producing areas and heavy industry center in the northeast;There are also manganese, gold, mica and other minerals.Agricultural products include millet, rice, cotton, sugarcane, etccash cropandPlantationThe proportion increases.
DeccanplateauLocated on the Indian Peninsula, the terrain is high in the west and low in the east,Average altitude600 – 800m, the eastern and western sides of the plateau are not high enough, and the plateau surface between the two mountains has been eroded for a long time, fragmentedMonadnock、HorstAnd trenches.The geological age of the plateau is oldCambrianAncient landmass, in the TertiaryHimalayan MovementIt is uplifted into some fault block platforms, valleys and hills after long-term weatheringDenudationThe terrain is relatively flat, which is conducive to farming. In the plateau area, there were large-scalebasaltThe eruption, after weathering, forms fertile black soil, which is suitable for planting cotton, also known asBlack cotton soilIt is an important cotton producing area in India.
In the south central region, there is less rainfall, which is the origin of dry farming peanuts and corn in India. The northeast of the plateau is the main mineral area in India,mineral resourcesWith iron oremanganese mine, coal, mica, etc.Iron oreA large number of products are exported to Japan and other countries.
Indian Rainforest
The main body of the Indian Peninsula.It is a vast undulating plateau with an average altitude of 450 – 900 meters.It is high in the west and low in the east. It originates from various rivers on the plateau and flows into the eastBay of BengalAnd cut the plateau into pieces to form hills, mountains, river valleys, plains and basins of different sizes in east-west direction.The western plateau is covered with a large area of thick layerBasalt，Weathered layerGood water retention, suitable for planting cotton, millet and other crops.
The inland part of the Indian Peninsula in South Asia.It is located in the south of India.genusPrecambrianThe ancient terrace.At an altitude of about 600m, the terrain is high in the west and low in the east, wide in the north and narrow in the south, in an inverted shapetrianglefromAsiaThe mainland extends south into the Indian Ocean.The eastern edge of the plateau isDonggaozhi Mountains, the west edge isWest Gaozhi MountainThe plateau between the two mountains has been eroded for a long time and is fragmented, with many monadnock, horst and trench.The vast area in the northwest, accounting for about 1/3 of the plateau, is covered by lava.TypicalContinental monsoon climateAnd abundant rainfall.Among them, mica reserves rank first in the world.
Animal distribution
It is worth mentioning that the Indian Peninsula is known as the "animal kingdom".The animals here are large in number, widely distributed and diverse, with more than 70000 kinds.lionThe old mantigerIt's IndianNational beastIn ancient times, they were symbols of power and power. Some emperors were named after lions and tigers.Elephants, cows and monkeys are IndianTherion , respected by people.
In India, cows are the most sacred animals and are not allowed to be killed.The god monkey Hanuman is a symbol of wisdom.Although the elephant is bulky, Indians regard it as a lovely animal. In ancient times, the elephant was a kind of weapon, called“Elephant soldier”Participate in the war!In addition, snakes are also one of the animals worshipped by Indians. Many artists make a living by playing snakes.peacockIt's Indiannational birdIt is protected by people and is forbidden to kill, perhaps because of the famousPeacock DynastyWhy not.
The reason why it has become the kingdom of animals is due to the protection of the Indian governmentAnimal resourcesMany measures have been taken.These measures have been quite effective. The number of endangered tigers has increased from less than 2000 to more than 3000 today.
Geographical structure
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terrain
The average altitude is 600m.The east and west Gaozhi Mountains are respectively listed along the coast on the east and west edges. Between the two mountains is the Deccan Plateau with an altitude of about 600 meters. There is a narrow front at the outer foot of the mountainCoastal plain, which is cut by many riversValley basinAnd hills and mountains.westGao DongLow, except for the Nabada River, the river flows eastward to the Bay of Bengal.
geological structure
Indian subcontinent
The ancient granite, gneissSchistIsocraticAncient landThe west covers an area of 520000 square kilometersBasaltIt is suitable for cotton planting after weathering.geological structure It has a very obvious relationship with the terrain.SouthernDeccan Plateau, occupying most of the Indian Peninsula, is a huge Precambrian ancient landmass, which is composed ofsubcontinentThe core of Gondwana is part of Gondwana.At the end of the Cretaceous, there was a large scale in the northwest of the Deccan PlateaubasaltSpill, covering an area of 400000 square kilometers, constitutes the world's largestLava platform。
Deccan PlateauThe terrain of is a large and ancient land mass that has been eroded for a long time and is gently inclined to the northeast,West Gaozhi MountainIt forms the western edge of the plateau, with a height of about 1000 – 1500 metersInclined planebecomeFault scarp；The East Gaozhi Mountain forms the eastern edge of the plateau, with a height of about 500 – 600 meters. It is low hilly, and there are relatively wideCoastal plain；There are many horsts and trenches in the Deccan Plateau.In short, the Deccan Plateau is an ancient, eroded, overturned and cut by many riversPeneplainMonadnock shaped block.
The Great Plains of India belong to the newFolded mountainOfForedeepZone, formerly known as the Bay of Bengal andarabian seaIt is one of the world's famous Great Plains, with a length of about 3000 kilometers from east to west and a width of 250 – 300 kilometers from north to south.
As for Sri Lanka, it was originally integrated with India in geological structure, and laterBaoke StraitAnd the subsidence of the Gulf of Manar.The north isHimalayasPart of the mountain in the south, this isHimalayan MovementThe product of.
HimalayasTectonically, it can be divided into three zones: the northern zone, also known as the Tibetan zone or the Tibetan Himalayan zone, is composed ofthe paleozoic eraRock formation composition from the initial stage to the Tertiary;The middle zone, also known as the Xuefeng Himalayan zone or Himalayan zone, where exposed rocks are mainly granite and gneiss, and there are many modern glaciers and snow peaks;The southern belt, also known as the outer belt or foothill Himalayan belt, is located between the Indian Great Plain and the Himalayan Mountains. It is mainly low foothills, and the rock stratum is in the Tertiarysedimentary rockMainly, about 1000m high.
Cultural history
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historical background
Around 2000 BC – 1500 BC, warlikeAryanThe group has conqueredWendia MountainsMost of the Indian territory to the north, while the Wendia Mountains act as a barrier, connecting southern India andDeccan PlateauAnd the NorthGangesandIndus River BasinIsolation.The Aryan language has never been popular in the south, and southerners now mainly speak four kinds of nonIndo EuropeanLanguageDharma, each of which has its ownAncient literatureWorks.The South also tried to resist the oppression or influence called "Aryan" so far, but in fact, the two-way close exchanges between the South and the North in religion, art, literature, philosophy and many other cultural fields have lasted for thousands of years.Indian CultureThere is no doubt that there is a difference between North and South in China, butIndian CivilizationIt is the overall name commonly used in North and South China.
We can only speculateVedic Age What does the south look like.greatnarrative poem《Mahabharata》And《Ramayana》Said that the south and Ceylon once lived withthe VedasThe beasts and demons that the heroes fought are meant to maintain a disdainful description of the northerners they conquered.However, although there may have been battles and attacks, the far south, shielded by mountains, has never been under the control of the Aryans, except for the coastal plains at the east and west ends of the Wendia Mountains, which are vulnerable to invasion.
however,Ceylon(Today's Sri Lanka) was invaded and settled by a group of Aryan speaking people from the sea in the 6th century BC, and soon or possibly earlier, it was also invaded by the Daropians in southern India.
The long history and brilliant achievements of Indian civilization show that the Indian nation is a great creative nation.
Paleolithic AgeThe ancestors of India lived mainly by hunting and gathering.They migrate by the source of food and generally have no fixed residence.Later, they learned to roast food with fire, and used animal fur andleafCover the body.They also began to tame wild dogs.
About 12000 – 8000 years ago, Indian ancestors began to plant grains and domesticatelivestock, make pottery pots and learn to sew clothes.archaeologistWe have found a large number ofNeolithic AgeThis is a stone tool with exquisite polishing.This fact shows that the distribution of Indian ancestors has been quite extensive.
India, with its vast territory and abundant resources, is obviously a paradise for ancient people.In addition to the hot summer, India'snatural environmentIt is very superior.Sinceremote dateIt has been very suitable for human survival since the beginning, and India has great attraction for human beings in different regions.fromAfrica、Oceaniaandeurasia, different races invaded or immigrated to India successively.Modern Indians are basically mixed descendants of these races.Even today, the Indian race is still quite complex.
Therefore, India has always been known as an ethnographic museumAnthropology"Heaven".Anthropology majors in some western universities take India as the base for students to practice and research.
Religion
HindusBelieve that everything has a soul, and after death, its soul will move to a new body.Today, this concept is basically understood as follows, that is, people can regenerate into many kindsinsectOr animals.Therefore, cowsgoat、BugAnd insects must be respected.In India, it is still a mystery why cows are particularly respected among animals that supply meat.
hinduismThere is no need for its believers to gather in a large number of temples. Its wooden temple is not a meeting place, but a statement of faith.The doctrine is full of daily life and eternal lifeRules of conduct, also gradually emphasized the cycle of life.While praying for the misery of the current situation, this concept also instills some hope in believers.For the believers who live in poverty and have low status, it provides a consolation, that is, if a person does good, he will be rewarded after death, and his soul can enter the body of a respectable and admirable person;On the other hand, the soul of a dead person may enter a smaller animal in the process of returning to the earth.
major city
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Bangalore
Bangalore
South Indiacity,KarnatakaCapital.It has a population of 2.914 million in the suburbs (1981).At 922 meters above sea level, it has developed from a castle into one of the economic and cultural centers in southern India.It is divided into new and old cities: the old city is a commercial area, and the new city is an industrial area.Cotton, riceOil cropsTobacco.India Importantheavy industryThe center has machinery, electrical appliances, chemicals, aircraft, clocksMetalworkingAnd other industries, as well as the traditional carpet weaving industrycotton spinningSilk textile and modern leather industry.Many railways and highways meet here.There is an airport.35% of India's IT talents areBangaloreThe income they created is in Indiagross domestic productWhich accounts for a large proportion.Microsoft、HP、3M、InfosysWait for the world to knowFamous enterprisesYedu has set up an office here.In addition, biotechnology is also one of its key products.
It is located on the top of the hill ridge with an altitude of 921 meters. The climate is mild and pleasantthermidor (May)Average temperature27 ℃, 21 ℃ in the coldest month (December).Annual precipitation924mm。
After 1681MysoreThe main city of the kingdom was an important military stronghold in the colonial era.
After India's independence, industrialization has developed rapidly. It is a commercial city in southern Indiaeconomic centerAnd accessMadras、bombay、HyderabadRailways, highways, etcTransport hub。It has developed steel, machinery, electronics, chemistry, textile, leather, food, etcmodern industry。
Bangalore is located at the intersection of Kannada, Delugu and Tamil culture, becoming an active cultural center withBangalore University, Indian Academy of Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Agricultural University, National Institute of Dynamics and other educational research facilities.There are also historical sites such as the stone city and the ancient temple built in 1761. Beside the center of the ancient castle, there are vast gardens and magnificent modern buildings.
The seventh largest city in India, with an area of 174.7 km ² and a population of 5.2 million, is the capital of Karnataka and South IndiaIndustrial cityAnd business centers, manyMilitary factoryThey are all built here.This prosperous modern business center has Indian“silicon valley”、“garden city”Reputation.
Bangalore means "boiled beans" and was built in the 16th century.It was occupied by British colonialists since 1831, and British troops did not withdraw from the city until 1947.
In 1958,TexasThe company has established a design center in Bangalore, opening the way for other multinational information technology companies to set up sites here.
In the 1960s,central governmentThe key national defense and communication research institutions, such as the Scientific Research Institute, the National Aeronautical Research Institute and the Radar Electronics Development Corporation, are located in the city, so that theinformation-technology industryWith rapid development, it has become the science and technology center of India.
Bangalore is also one of the key areas for Indian government industrial investment.yesIndiamajorAircraft manufacturerElectric appliances, communication equipment, machine tools, automobile manufacturing, pharmaceutical and other factories.
In 247 BCAsokaHe sent his son to the island to promote Buddhism and was welcomed by the local kingSinhala People abandonBrahmanismAnd converted to Buddhism.
Around the 2nd century BC, Tamils in South India also began to migrate and settleCeylonIsland.
From the 5th century to the 16th century, there were wars between the Sanghala Kingdom and the Tamil Kingdom.
On August 16, 1978, it was renamed the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka.
Ban Phatthaya
Ban Phatthaya
Ban PhatthayaThe tourist area is famous all over the world for its sunshine, beaches and seafood. It is known as the "Oriental Hawaii" and is a world famous emerging areacoastal tourism holiday resort.
Every year, 200 to 300 international conferences attended by hundreds of people are held here.It receives more than 1 million tourists every year and earns more than 7 billion baht in foreign exchangeThailandOne of the important pillars of tourism.
Maldives
Maldives
MaldivesIt is located in the Indian Ocean to the southwest of the Indian Peninsula, near Sri Lanka, with an area of 298km ² and a population of more than 220000.The Maldives is composed of 1196 beautiful islandscoral islandFormed atolls, such asGarlandTherefore, it is also known as the "wreath islands".The islanders on the Maldives Islands call their country the "island kingdom".
The sailors who sailed in the Indian Ocean in ancient times and Indian business travelers called it "the island of garlands" - "MALDAIV" because of its terrain, from which the name of Maldives came.
Coconut forest, sea water, sunshine, beach, colorfulCoralIt is also a paradise in the eyes of many people.
Most of the local residents believe in Islam and use Diwali languageUpper class societyCommon English.Its capitalMale(or Mali), the world's smallest national capital, with a population of about 46000.
