Washington, D.C

capital of America

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synonym Washington (Washington City) generally refers to Washington, D.C. (the capital of the United States)

Washington, D.C^[22] , Washington for short, also known as Huadu, Washington, United States of America Of capital , named after the first President of the United States George Washington , located on the east coast of the United States Mid Atlantic ， Potomac River It flows through the city from northwest to southeast. Washington was established as the capital in 1790 by United States Congress It is a special administrative division directly under its jurisdiction and therefore does not belong to any state of the United States.^[16-17]

Washington is the majority US Federal Government The location of the agency and embassies in the United States is also World Bank 、 International Monetary Fund 、 Organization of American States There are also a large number of museums and cultural relics in the headquarters of international organizations. The major schools in Washington include Georgetown University Etc.^[2]

Washington is one of the few modern cities in the world that only focuses on the administrative functions of the government. There is no industry in Washington. The first source of economic resources is the federal government's appropriation and its agency's expenditure, followed by real estate transactions, and tourism ranks third. In addition, information services, education services, finance and insurance, hotels, media and other services are developed.

Washington's real GDP in 2022 will be 144 billion US dollars^[19] The main industries are related to government agencies. As of 2016, Washington has 177 square kilometers of urban area and three airports; In January 2019, the population was about 700000. The highest authority in Washington, D.C. is the United States Congress, which is administered through the Washington City Government. But the citizens of Washington House of Representatives There is a member who has no right to vote^[18] , on senate No representative.^[1]

On December 26, 2019, it ranked 20th in the 2019 Global Top 500 Cities.^[3]^[21]^[23]

Chinese name: Washington, D.C
Foreign name: Washington, D.C.^[22]
Alias: Washington 、 Washington 、 Waldorf
Administrative Region Category: capital
Region: U.S.A
geographical position: Northeast United States
Area: 177 km²
Government residence: Martin Luther King 2720 Avenue (Southeast)
Area Code: （+01）202
climatic conditions: Subtropical humid climate
population size: About 690000^[20]

Famous scenic spot: White House 、 The United States Capitol 、 Lincoln Memorial 、 Washington Monument
Airport: Washington Dulles International Airport Reagan National Airport Baltimore International Airport
train station: Washington Union Station
Dialect: American English
Mayor: Muriel Bowser
international organization: World Bank 、 International Monetary Fund etc.
Representative celebrities: George Washington 、 Thomas Jefferson 、 James Monroe 、 James Matisse
City song: The Young Hometown Washington
Road access: Drive on the right

catalog

Historical evolution

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Name Source

The United States Capitol

The location of Washington, D.C. was originally a land of bushes, with only a few cottages scattered in it. First President of the United States Washington After choosing this place as the capital Columbus The discovery of the new continent was named Columbus. The new capital has not been built yet, and Washington Yi died in 1799. In memory of him, the federal government and Congress named the new capital Washington when it was completed in 1800. Generally speaking, the "capital" refers to the area occupied by federal government agencies; For example, "District of Columbia" refers to the area occupied by residents. The ground occupied by government agencies accounts for about 1/2 of the area of the special zone.

The two parts of the English name of Washington, D.C. reflect its dual identity. Washington is the name of the capital, while D C. Is the abbreviation of "District of Columbia", which is directly under the jurisdiction of the federal government. Washington, D.C. is usually translated into Washington in Chinese to avoid and locate the pacific ocean Shore homonymous Washington State Confusion. To distinguish itself from ordinary districts, the Chinese translation usually adds the word "special" to indicate Washington's special status.

Organizational evolution

District emblem of Washington, D.C

In 1790, the first President of the United States argued about where to build the capital between the North and the South Washington It is suggested that Potomac River A 100 square mile diamond shaped area is planned as the capital. The geographical location is determined by Madison (the fourth president of the United States) and Alexander Hamilton (The first Treasury Secretary of the United States) Jefferson It was discussed at a dinner invited by (the third president of the United States).

On September 9, 1791, the capital of the United States was named Washington. Washington City was planned by Pierre Charles Langfang, a French American architect.

From 1791 to 1792, Andrew Ericht and African Americans Benjamin Banneker The boundaries of the District of Columbia were surveyed.

On October 13, 1792, White House Foundation laying.

On August 24, 1814 War of 1812 Chinese and British troops captured the District of Columbia and burned down most of the public buildings. The US military failed to organize effective defense and fled in disorder after burning down the naval shipyard.

United States Supreme Court

After 1846, the land on the south bank of the Potomac River was returned Virginia The river becomes the boundary river between the Special Economic Zone and Florida. In the early days of the establishment of DC, there were three separate administrative divisions on the north bank of the Potomac River, namely George Town, Washington City and Washington County; Washington, which was founded in 1791, was named to highlight George Washington's contribution to the founding of the United States, and later developed into the core city of DC.

In 1864, Earley Led the southern army to occupy several places in the north in a short time and attacked the District of Columbia.

In 1878, Georgetown, Washington City and Washington County were merged into Washington City, and the federal jurisdiction of the District and the local government of Washington City overlapped from this jurisdiction, resulting in the common name of "Washington, D.C." used today.

Houses of Parliament

administrative division

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Washington, D.C (10 sheets)

Washington, D.C. is administratively federal government It is directly under the Central Government and does not belong to any state. The cities and counties under its jurisdiction include the original Maryland 2 counties of Virginia 4 counties and Fairfax 、 falls church 、 Alexandria Wait for 3 towns.

geographical environment

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Location context

Washington, D.C. is located in the northeast of the United States, near Virginia and Maryland The center is located at 38 ° 91 'north latitude and 77 ° 01' west longitude, with a total area of 177 square kilometers, of which 10.16% is water. Washington is connected to Virginia southwest by Potomac River the south coast. The other three sides are connected to Maryland.

Washington

topographic features

The highest point of Washington, D.C. is 125 meters above sea level, located in the town of Tenneytown, and the lowest point is L Street in the northwest area and New York Avenue in the northwest area.^[2]

climatic conditions

Overlooking around the Capitol

Washington, D.C. belongs to the subtropical humid climate zone, with four distinct seasons, relatively mild temperature changes, and even distribution of precipitation throughout the year. It is cold and cool in winter, slightly humid, and sometimes cold. There are 64 days when the daily minimum temperature is lower than 0 ℃; The summer is relatively hot and humid. The days with the highest daily temperature exceeding 90 ° F (about 32.2 ℃) have 37 days per year, and the days with the highest daily temperature exceeding 100 ° F (about 37.8 ℃) have 1.2 days per year. The average temperature of the coldest month (January) is 2.2 ℃, and the extreme minimum temperature is - 26 ℃ (February 11, 1899). The average temperature of the hottest month (July) is 26.6 ℃, and the extreme maximum temperature is 41 ℃ (August 6, 1918, July 20, 1930). The average frost free period is 235 days, because heat island effect The impact of Frost free period More than 30 days more than the northwest suburbs. The average annual precipitation is about 1008 mm, and the average annual snowfall is 39.6 cm (about 15.6 inches). The snowfall varies greatly from year to year.^[2]

Hydrological conditions

Three rivers flow through Washington, D.C Potomac River Potomac River, Anacostia River and Rock Creek. Anacostia River and Rock Creek are tributaries of Potomac River.^[2]

Population and nationality

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White House

By 2020, the population of Washington, D.C. is 689500, accounting for 0.22% of the total population of the United States. Among them, 46% are white, 46% are African American, and 4.5% are Asian American.^[1]

According to the statistics in 2000, 83.2% of Washington residents over 5 years old would say English , 9.2% will say Spanish 1.8% will say French 1% can speak African languages, 0.5% can speak chinese 。^[2]

Politics

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Muriel Bowser, the current mayor of Washington

basis Constitution of the United States Chapter I The highest authority in Washington, D.C. is United States Congress The municipal governance is implemented through the Washington City Government, so the Congress has the right to veto local legislation. In addition to local autonomy, some of Washington's citizens' political participation rights are also different from those of ordinary Americans living in the states: they have only one representative who does not have the right to vote in the House of Representatives, and there is no federal senator; Before the adoption of the 23rd Amendment to the Constitution in 1961, there were no citizens in Washington, D.C Electoral vote , cannot participate in the presidential election. After the adoption of the 23rd Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1961, Washington, D.C. was given three electoral votes.

On March 29, 1961, residents of Washington, D.C. gained the right to vote for the President of the United States. They had three electoral votes, the largest number of electoral votes per capita. In all previous presidential elections, three electoral votes were given the Democratic Party of the United States candidate. Successive mayors of Washington, D.C. are Democrats, and the current mayor is Muriel Bowser 。

Economics

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overview

Washington Monument

In 2016, the real gross national product (GDP) of Washington, D.C. was US $109.3 billion, an increase of 2.1% compared with 2015, ranking 34th among American states; The per capita income was US $76108, ranking first among the US states (including Washington, D.C.), with a year-on-year growth of 2.7%; The unemployment rate is 6%. The actual GDP in 2022 will be 144 billion US dollars.^[19]

Washington, D.C. is one of the few modern cities in the world that only focuses on the administrative functions of the government. There is no industry in Washington, D.C., whose economic sources are in turn the federal government's appropriation and its agency's expenditure, professional industry and commerce, tourism, etc., as well as tourism, real estate transactions, information services, education, hotels, media and other service industries. In addition, the science and technology industries in Washington, D.C. include information technology, telecommunications and biotechnology.

Political and commercial industries

Washington, D.C (5 sheets)

Among the economic sources of Washington, D.C., the first is the federal government's allocation and its agency's expenditure, contributing 33.9% to the gross national product (GDP). Professional industries and commerce rank second, contributing 24.2% to GDP.

As the political center of the United States, many economic elements in Washington, D.C. are related to government needs. The federal government has a large number of outsourcing businesses that need the participation of enterprises, which has driven the development of lobbying companies, legal services, financial services, information services, science and technology services, defense science and industry and other industries. According to the 2016 "Global Financial Center Index Ranking" of Z/Yen Think Tank, Washington, D.C. has become the second largest financial center in the United States and North America after New York.^[4]

tourist industry

In 2011, Washington, D.C. received 17.9 million visitors, with a total consumption of $6 billion. Among them, transportation revenue was $513 million, accommodation revenue was $1.9 billion, art and entertainment revenue was $806 million, catering revenue was $1.4 billion, and shopping revenue was $574 million.

foreign trade

Washington Columbia flag

In 2016, the total trade volume of Washington, D.C. was $1.817 billion. The export volume was 1.33 billion US dollars. The five major export markets are The United Arab Emirates 、 Switzerland 、 Kuwait 、 Morocco 、 Norway 。 The main export products include transportation equipment, electrical equipment, computer and electronic products, electrical appliances and parts. The import volume was 487 million US dollars. The five major import sources are India 、 Canada 、 France 、 Germany 、 Japan 。 The main imported products include chemical products, hand-painted painting products, drinks and tobacco products, sculpture raw materials, medicines, etc.

Sociology

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medical care

Washington, D.C. is also the medical and biotechnology center of the United States. National Institutes of Health U.S. Food and Drug Administration Washington University School of Medicine 、 Washington National Children's Medical Center Such federal agencies, research centers or biotechnology companies are all located in the area. Relying on high culture and high-tech medical research, Washington, D.C. has the highest medical level in the United States.

In September 2021 Zhongguancun Forum In the published natural index - Scientific Research Cities 2021, Baltimore Washington ranks first in the world in terms of good health and well-being (SDG3) (264.45).^[14]

exhibition

Library of Congress

Smithsonian Museum (Smithsonian Museum), most of its museums are located in downtown Washington, including Sackler Gallery Heshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden National Air and Space Museum 、 National Museum of American History National Native American Museum, National Museum of Natural History, National Portrait Museum National Postal Museum American Museum of Art Smithsonian National Zoological Park Etc.

The National Zoo is one of the few cities in the United States panda Exhibition of. The Smithsonian Museum also has some exhibition and research institutions located in Maryland and Virginia Etc. Among them, Frier Art Museum and Sackler Art Museum mainly collect Asian artworks, and there is also a Chinese museum inside.

Although attached to the Smithsonian Museum, the National Gallery of the United States operates independently. Library of Congress and National Archives It is also an important museum type institution. National Archives《 Constitution of the United States 》、《 American Declaration of Independence 》And《 Declaration of Human Rights 》Original.

newspaper

《 Washington Post 》It is the most important newspaper in Washington, D.C., and one of the most influential daily newspapers in the United States. Daily《 Washington Times 》And the weekly Washington City News also has a large readership. In 2005, the Magazine, which was aimed at the residents outside the city, was reorganized into the Washington Inspector. The weekly Washington Knife focuses on homosexuality. Washington Insider focuses on African American readers. One of the largest Chinese newspapers in the United States《 Sing Tao Daily 》The Greater Washington Branch is located in Rockville, Maryland.^[5]

television

Cable TV stations headquartered in Washington, D.C., include those mainly covering congressional meetings C-SPAN , and with African-American Entertainment oriented BET 。 Discovery Channel Is headquartered outside Washington Maryland Silver Spring 。 Because of Washington's political importance, NBC 、 ABC 、 CBS 、 Fox and CNN Such as major US broadcasters and those from overseas BBC 、 CBC and Al Jazeera All have important branches.

Washington's regional television stations are on the list
Call sign	Radio channel number	Affiliated to TV network
WRC	four	NBC
WTTG	five	Fox Broadcasting Company (FOX)
WJLA	seven	ABC
WUSA	nine	CBS
WDCA	twenty	MyNetworkTV
WETA	twenty-six	Public Television Network (PBS)
WHUT	thirty-two	Public Television Network (PBS)
WDCW	fifty	CW TV Station

radio broadcast

"XM Satellite Broadcasting" and "National Public Broadcasting" and“ VOA ”Is headquartered in Washington, D.C.

Major radio stations in Washington area include WARW 94.7FM (classic rock), WIHT 99.5 FM (Top 40), and WWDC 101.1 FM（ Alternative rock ）。 City radio stations include WPGC 95.5 FM, WTEM 980 AM (sports), 107.7 FM (news, traffic), Washington Post Radio, etc.

Art Performance

Washington is a major performing arts center in the United States. Arena Stage is one of the first non-profit theaters in the United States. The John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts is the main venue for the National Symphony Orchestra, the Washington National Opera House and the Washington Ballet. Famous local music clubs include Madam's Organization Blues Bar in Adams Morgan, Eighteen Street Lounge in Dupont Circle, Black Cat, the 9:30 Club and the Bhemian Cavern jazz club in U Street in Northwest District. U Street is Washington's bar and jazz district.

The local music genre in Washington is called "go go" Post-Punk 、 Percussion music Driven R&B , mixed with a lot of improvisation and dance rhythm. The name of go go comes from "go and go and go.". The most famous go go musicians are Chuck Brown 。

Washington or America punk rock An important center of. Washington also has a certain influence in the development of Indian rock and roll.

Washington is also the place where many TV dramas take place, most of which are set in government agencies, security agencies or institutions related to the first two.

education

Washington, D.C. is one of the cultural and educational centers in the United States. As of 2012 Georgetown University 、 George Washington University And many other institutions of higher learning. Among them, University of the District of Columbia It is the only public university in Washington, D.C., with three campuses located in the city.

Some Universities in Washington, D.C
Johns Hopkins University （The Johns Hopkins University）	Georgetown University （Georgetown University）
George Washington University （George Washington University）	University of the District of Columbia （University of the District of Columbia）
National Defense University	American University （American University）
American Catholic University （Catholic University of American）	Howard University
Southeast University （Southeastern University）	Gallaudet University

Sports

Washington Sports Club List
American Football Club	NFL	Washington Redskins	NCAA	University of Maryland
baseball club	Major League	Washington Nationals
Basketball Club	NBA	Washington Wizards	NCAA	Georgetown University
Basketball Club	University of Maryland	WNBA	Washington Mystery Team	George Mason University
Hockey Club	NHL	Washington Capital Team
football club	MLS	Washington DC Alliance

In July 2022, the American College of Sports Medicine, together with a foundation, made the list of fitness cities in 2022, with Washington, the capital, ranking fourth.^[15]

traffic

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aviation

Generally speaking, there are three airports in the Washington metropolitan area, but none of them is in Washington, D.C.

Washington Baltimore International Airport (BWI), also known as Baltimore International Airport, is located in the suburbs of Baltimore, Maryland, one hour drive from Washington, D.C. Southwest Airlines One of the major sites.

Washington Reagan National Airport (DCA), also known as Reagan National Airport, is located in Virginia Arlington , about 11 kilometers from Washington, D.C. with US Airways and Delta Airlines The shuttle flights are mainly.

Washington Dulles International Airport (IAD), also known as Dulles International Airport, is located in Virginia, about half an hour's drive from Washington, D.C. United Airlines And independent aviation transfer center.

highway

When Washington, D.C. was founded, its traffic was planned based on carriage driving, so the road system was not suitable for modern automobile traffic system, and it was considered to be the city with the worst road traffic conditions in the United States.

As of 2016, the total length of roads in Washington, D.C. is 1502 miles, including Interstate 95, 66 and 495.

Main roads in Washington area
Interstate 95	Interstate 495 /Capital Ring Expressway	Interstate 395
Interstate 295	Interstate 270	Interstate 66

metro

Washington Metro

Washington Metro Opened to traffic in 1976, the busiest in the United States is second only to Metro New York 。 The service scope includes Washington, D.C., Prince George County, Montgomery County near Maryland, and Fairfax County, Arlington County, and Alexandria City in Virginia. There are six lines in total, including red, orange, blue, green, yellow, and purple lines, 91 stations in total, and 188 kilometers of track.

Washington Metro and buses are owned and operated by the Washington Metropolitan Transportation Authority (WMATA). And different from New York 、 Philadelphia and boston The single ticket price system of the Washington Metro is more complicated because it charges according to the mileage and time period (divided into sharp, ordinary and discount).^[6]

Railway

Washington Union Station

Washington Union Station It is a railway hub station in Washington, D.C., with station code WAS and IATA code ZWU, and was opened in 1907. Currently, Amtrak Washington Metro , Maryland Commuter Railway (MARC) and Virginia Railway Express (VRE) jointly use the station. Washington Union Station is the second busiest Amtrak station in the United States, second only to New York Pennsylvania Station More than 50 million people visit each year, or more than 100000 people visit each day. Amtrak owns the ownership and operation right of Union Station, and its headquarters is located in Union Station.

Washington Union Station is the largest existing railway station in the United States. The front of the station building is 183 meters long, and the maximum height of the waiting room is 30 meters. Its shape has Constantine Arc de Triomphe The station has been included in the list of historic buildings under protection in the United States.^[7]

scenic spot

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overview

Cherry blossoms along the Potomac River

Washington has many cultural landscapes, such as the National Plaza in Washington The United States Capitol 、 White House 、 Washington Monument 、 Jefferson Memorial Hall 、 Lincoln Memorial Franklin Roosevelt Monument, National Monument to World War II Korean War Veterans Monument Vietnam War Veterans Monument, District of Columbia World War I Monument and Einstein Monument. Like the museums in the SEZ, most of them are free of charge. You can take the elevator to the top of the Washington Monument to enjoy the scenery of DC.

Other cultural attractions include Chinatown (Chinatown), the old post office building, the American Holocaust Memorial Museum Washington National Cathedral Etc. Like other places in the world, Chinatown also has a Chinese archway, where there is also a Guanyin Temple transformed from ordinary apartments, Chinese restaurants, Chinese shops, etc. The Holocaust Memorial Museum is a joint venture of Jews. Many Holocaust memorial museums built by Jews in the United States are free of charge. In addition, in Washington, the United States Potomac River Along the coast, nearly 3000 cherry trees were planted, which was a gift from the then mayor of Tokyo to the Washington area of the United States in 1912, and became a popular tourist attraction in Washington every year.

scenic spot	introduce	picture
White House	The White House, literally translated as "white house" and Chinese translated as "white house", is the official residence and office of the President of the United States for the first family members to live in. In 1812, a war broke out between Britain and the United States. After British troops occupied Washington City, they set fire to buildings including the United States Capitol and the Presidential Palace. Later, the reddish brown stone wall of the presidential residence was painted white in 1814 in order to cover the traces of the burning. The White House is located in the center of Washington Pennsylvania Ave 1600, located at 38 ° 53'N, 77 ° 02'W, is a white two-story building with Lafayette Square in the north, Alice Park in the south, and Washington Monument.	White House
Washington Monument	The Washington Monument commemorates the founding president of the United States George Washington It was completed in 1884 and officially opened in 1888. The monument is about 169 meters high and built of marble and granite. It is one of the world's tallest stone buildings and the tallest "obelisk" buildings. The monument is located to the south of the White House and in the National Plaza in the heart of Washington, looking across from the Capitol, another landmark in Washington. Washington is an outstanding bourgeois politician, militarist and revolutionist in the United States. As one of the "three heroes" in the founding of the United States, he was elected the first president of the United States in 1789 and re elected in 1793. He voluntarily stepped down in 1797, thus creating an example in the history of the United States of abandoning lifelong presidents and peacefully transferring power.^[8-10]	Washington Monument
Jefferson Memorial Hall	The Jefferson Memorial is in memory of the third President of the United States Thomas Jefferson Built and opened on Jefferson's 200th birthday in 1943, it covers an area of 19.2 acres and is mainly composed of a white open-air neoclassical marble memorial hall and a 5.8 meter high bronze statue of Jefferson. Jefferson Memorial Hall is located at the southern end of the tidal basin, facing Roosevelt Memorial Wall, Lincoln Memorial Hall, Washington Monument and other buildings across the bay. Jefferson is an outstanding American bourgeois politician, revolutionist, thinker and educator, one of the "three heroes" of the founding of the United States, and the main drafter of the American Declaration of Independence. After the founding of the United States, Jefferson served as the first Secretary of State and the third President, personally planning and building University of Virginia 。^[11-12]	Jefferson Memorial Hall
Lincoln Memorial	Lincoln Memorial is to commemorate the 16th President of the United States Abraham Lincoln The one built in 1922 is located on the west side of the National Plaza in Washington, D.C., in front of the approach to the Arlington Memorial Bridge, in line with the Congress and the Washington Monument. The whole building is rectangular, about 58 meters long, and is a classical building. The memorial hall is surrounded by 36 white marble circular colonnades, symbolizing the 36 states owned by Lincoln when he was president. In the middle of the memorial hall is a marble sitting statue of Lincoln, 5.8 meters high. Lincoln was an outstanding American politician, thinker, speaker, and abolitionist of black slavery. In 1860, he was elected the 16th President of the United States and re elected in 1864. In 1865, he led the Civil War to victory and maintained the unity of the United States.^[13]	Lincoln Memorial

Sister city

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city	Country	Signing year
Bangkok	Thailand	1962 (renewed in 2002)
Dakar	Senegal	1980 (renewed in 2006)
Beijing	The People's Republic of China	1984 (renewed in 2004)
Brussels	Belgium	1985 (renewed in 2002)
Athens	Greece	2000
Paris	France	2000 (renewed in 2005)
Tswane	South Africa	2002 (renewed in 2008)
Seoul	the republic of korea	2006
Accra	Ghana	2006
Sunderland	britain	2006
Changsha	The People's Republic of China	2009

(Reference source of the above table:)

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