synonymOctober Socialist Revolution(October Socialist Revolution) generally refers to the October Revolution (Russian Soviet armed uprising on November 7, 1917)
(BelowbolshevikabbreviationBolshevik Party，menshevikabbreviationMeng Party, Social Revolutionary PartySocialist Party）
After the split between the Bolshevik Party and the Mencius Party in 1903, the Bolshevik Party began to build a secret revolutionary organization with democratic centralism as its organizational mode.The Bolshevik Party started in 1903OrganizationIn essence, it is for lastingPeople's WarMake organizational preparations.At this stage,RussiaThe protracted people's war is still in its infancy.[3-5]
1905 Revolution[6]
Two years later, the revolution broke out in 1905.stayworking classWith the promotion and active participation of other oppressed people, the Bolshevik Party launched the Moscow uprising in December 1905. The uprising lasted for 9 days and caused riots and uprisings in other places. The uprising was finally defeated due to bloody suppression, but it also marked thatczarIts autocratic rule can no longer be sustained.thereafter,Armed struggleIt did not stop because the mass uprising was suppressed,Guerrilla warIt was launched everywhere.[7-8]The Bolshevik fighting teams organized armed demonstrations everywhere to assassinate and suppress the people, which was unpopular, heinous and contemptiblebureaucraticAnd staff.In this way, the Bolshevik Party carried out strategic defense with tactical attacks, provided effective cover for the reorganization of the Party organization with retreating war, and accumulated experience in armed struggle for the Party;At the same time, the various forms of armed struggle launched by the Bolshevik Party strengthened the influence of the Bolshevik PartyDumaThe legal and open struggle launched within has accumulated a certain mass base.Strategic defenseStage from 1905Moscow UprisingAt first, the revolutionary forces were still weak and could only take strategic defense against the counter revolutionary forces.[9-13]
There were two Dumas from 1906 to 1907.In 1906, the Bolshevik Party boycotted the 1906 Duma election because it believed that the revolutionary climax would return like lightning, but because the Mon Party only adopted a semi boycott strategy, and because of themass workstaypopulist The resistance action of the Bolshevik Party was actually unsuccessful due to the influence of the Bolshevik Party and the fact that the Bolshevik Party itself was still immature.Lenin made it clear in his subsequent summary that the boycott policy was wrong because the revolution had really turned into a low tide.[8][14-15]
Plekhanov's Change[16]
At the low tide of the revolution after 1905, the revolutionary factionLeft opportunismOfRecall factionAndRight opportunismCancellation of（Empirical criticism、Plekhanov）The former calls for recalling the Party and Youth League and carrying out only illegal struggles, while the latter calls for canceling illegal struggles and carrying out only legal struggles.Lenin and other Bolshevik Party members fought resolutely against these two trends of thought.[17-23]
Accumulate power and be ready to launch
Lenin, the revolutionary tutor, is propagating[24]
After 1907, the Bolshevik Party suspended its armed struggle.Although the armed struggle was suspended, the Bolshevik Party did not give upViolent revolutionAnd will take any place available for publicity as publicitySocialist ideologyThe battle stage to raise workers' revolutionary consciousness.[7]
The fact that the Bolshevik Party did not give up the violent revolution was also reflected in its actions to promote each "revolutionary climax" to develop into an uprising.During the ten years from 1907 to 1917, the Bolshevik Party judged several periods as "the arrival of the revolutionary climax". In each period of "the arrival of the revolutionary climax", the Bolshevik Party was actually preparing for armed uprisings, such as making bombs and collecting weapons. These preparations for armed uprisings actually honed the Bolshevik Party and its mass organizations to a certain extent,It has promoted its combat effectiveness.From this point of view, although the Bolshevik Party has suspended its armed struggle, it is still "semi armed" and the Bolshevik Party is still "semi military".[25-26]
Since 1907Pyotr Stolypin Take power and rely on iron hand policy to maintain politicallyczarDespotismLiberalismandsocialist, economicallyoligarchcapitalismThe policy of implementing land privatization reform has realized the rapid growth of Russia's economy, but because of the extreme injustice of its predatory privatization reform, the bottom people did not profit too much from the economic development, on the contrary, a considerable number of farmers' private property was damaged, and social dissatisfaction rose sharply.
Because then the Russian queenAlexandra FiodorovnaGerman (Hessen and RhineGrand DuchyPrincess Alex) sent a telegram to the front line during the war, asking the emperor to declare a truceGrigori Rasputin In 1914, he strongly opposed the war between Russia and Germany, and Russia participatedthe First World WarAfter a series of military failures against Germany, the Empress Faction was accused by domestic parties as a German spy, and the Empress was also called a "slut" (in fact, there was no conclusive evidence for either).This led the Romanov royal family to become the target of public criticism, and completely destroyed the image of the czar's "little father", which has remained in the minds of Russian people for hundreds of years.
December 29, 1916（Russian calendarDecember 16), Rasputin was assassinated byPrince Felix Yusupov Prince and royal family member Dmitry Pavlovich RomanovRussias Duma Right wing MP Pulishkevich and Yusubov's close friend Lieutenant Sukhojin.The assassination made the contradictions in Russia apparent.
In March 1917February RevolutionThe workers and soldiers are against the tsarMain forceThe Bolshevik Party called for "overthrowing the tsarist system and winningDemocratic Republic”, big landlords andbourgeois classThey refused to lead the violent revolution that frightened them.After the victory, the workers and soldiers organized their ownLeading organization——sovietThe Soviet soldiers controlled the main armed forces in the capital.After the czar abdicated on March 2 of the Russian calendar, the key departments of the state organs were in the hands of the Soviet Union.[27]
On the afternoon of November 7, 1917, the Winter Palace was surrounded[28]
The two regimes coexisted in the capital at the same time, which was finally formed because of the defeat of the Russian army in World War I and the engineer uprising to overthrow the czar, thus arming the Soviet Union.[29]
On February 27 of the Russian calendar, the day of the victory of the February revolution, the capital Soviet Congress was jointly convened by the Bangladesh Party and the Socialist Party, and the vast majority of delegates were appointed by both parties.
The Bolshevik Party becameMinority The main reasons are:
1、 Bolshevik long-termUnderground workLack of experience in participating in legal elections of universal suffrage;[30]
2、 Russiacapitalist countryThe middle and small bourgeoisie is the largest;
3、 Workers and soldiers of the Bolshevik Party are fighting with the Tsar's army and police and cannot attend the meeting;
IV,World War IDuring this period, a large number of old urban workers among urban residents were recruited to the front;
5、 As a result of the suppression of the war, most leaders of the Bolshevik Party were still in prison or exiled.
On the day of abdication, the bourgeoisie reached an agreement with the Soviet Union, the first bourgeois provisional government was established, and the bourgeoisie controlled all the main departments of the provisional government.[31]
After the establishment of the government, there was a political crisis, so it tried to get rid of the crisis through war.But the military adventure was a fiasco.It aroused the anger of the people, especially the soldiers.On July 3, the engineers demonstrated in the street. When the demonstration was about to intensify, the Bolshevik Party urgently discouraged it, but the uprising was launched.The Bolshevik Party also decided to conduct a peaceful demonstration the next day, making the demonstration a peaceful and organized movement.[32]
Since the overthrow of the monarchy, the Bolshevik Party has advocatedTwo regimes coexistIn fact, the illusion of compromise with the bourgeoisie can be peacefully eliminated under the favorable condition that the Soviet Union plays a leading role.This cannot change the petty bourgeoisie of farmers.But it will prompt the peasants to leave the bourgeoisie and unite with the workers.This is a basic understanding of the Bolshevik Party on the possibility of peaceful transition of revolution.[33]
Sverdlov, one of the leaders of the October Revolution[2]
On July 4, a peaceful demonstration was organized by the Bolshevik Party, shouting "All power belongs to the Soviet!", and a large number of Petrograd engineers participated in the demonstration.In the afternoon of the same day, the provisional government carried out a crackdown, declared martial law in the capital, disarmed workers, and closed down《Pravda》Lenin is wanted.This is the famous July Incident.[34-35]
Stalin, one of the leaders of the October Revolution[2]
On the eve of the revolution
The July Incident pushed the petty bourgeoisie into the proletariat, and the bourgeoisie elected members of the petty bourgeoisie to protect their rights and reconcile contradictionsKerenskyServe as Prime Minister.However, they were unable to solve a series of serious problems, such as "peace, land and bread", which were strongly demanded by the engineer farmers.[34]
At the end of August, the Supreme Commander in Chief of the Russian Army and General of the TsarAlexander Kornilov Launched a counter revolutionary rebellion.The aim is to eliminate the revolutionary forces, dissolve the Soviet Union, establish a reactionary military dictatorship, and prepare for recoverymonarchy。[36]
The rebellion began on August 25 in the Russian calendar.The rebels attacked the capital, and the reactionary organizations in the capital also prepared for rebellion.Bolshevik Party is the leader of the struggle against rebellionorganizer。A large number of workers participated in three daysRed Guards。The rebels were obstructed and disintegrated internally.On August 31, the rebellion subsided.Under the pressure of the masses, the provisional government was forced to order the arrest of Kornilov and his accomplices and hand them over to the court.[37]
The temporary government has been preserved for the time being, but its prestige has been seriously damaged, which has aggravated the influence of the petty bourgeois political party regimeCrisis of trust。[38]
stayFinlandOfHelsinkiLenin advocated that all the leadership of the Party must be concentrated in factories and barracks, and drew up plans for this purpose.He advocated that workers, navy and army should cooperate to occupy infrastructure first.The most determined elements should set up teams to occupy the most important strongholds.The best team to occupyCentral organ。Seize the opportune moment of the uprising.Lenin repeatedly insisted on instigating an armed uprising at once.[39]
On October 10 and 16, 1917, the Bolshevik Central Committee held a secret meeting in Petrograd, attended by Lenin, in order to unify the Bolshevik ideology and effectively lead the future armed uprising.[40]
The uprising was initiated byMilitary Revolution HeadquartersLeadership, everything was going well.However, two members strongly objected.the second day,ZinovievandLev Kamenev In the communique, the Bolshevik leaked all the information about the Bolshevik Party's preparations for the uprising. At this critical moment, they betrayed their own organizations and comrades.[41]
Lenin strongly criticized them.[42]
Lenin was not afraid. The uprising would still be held in PetrogradSmolny Palace。More than 20000 workers in all factories in Petrograd, the Red Guards are fully armed, and they waitMilitary Revolution HeadquartersGive a signal to start an uprising.[43-45]
Main process
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“February Revolution”And the coexistence of two regimes → Lenin's《April Theses 》→ "July Incident" → smash the rebellion, and the time for revolution is ripe → victory of Petrograd armed uprising → other uprisings → "representatives of all Russian workers and soldierssovietTwo big ",Soviet regimeEstablishment of.
Go to Si Palace
soviet[46]
The July Incident became the coexistence of two regimesEndpointThe bourgeoisie has already raisedBayonetThe channel for peaceful transition has been closed. Since then, the regime has basically been transferred to the hands of the counter revolutionary provisional government, and the Soviet has become a weak oneAccessoriesThe possibility of peaceful revolutionary development no longer exists.[38]
The interim government got the news that the Bolshevik Party was going to revolt.They hated and feared desperately, and gathered strength crazily.
According to Lenin's instructions, the Bolshevik Party decided to advance the uprising.Petrograd engineers have been transferred to the leadership of the Bolshevik Party,Military Revolution HeadquartersBe responsible for the uprisingCommander in Chief。
Lenin's disguise
The interim government will not stop. They are ready to close the bridge.But soon their efforts were undermined by the Red Guards.
Lenin learned that without saying a word, he quickly took out his wig, put on a coat and hurried out of the door.Transport Commissioner Rahia followed Lenin.Get on the tram and drive to the parking lot.After getting out of the car, two sergeants suddenly shouted at them angrily:“pass check！”They didn't care about Lenin as an old man, so he left quickly.Rahia took time to let him go, but the sergeant didn't hurt Rahia later.
"Thank you!" Lenin said briefly.
Smolny PalaceA large number of armed engineers were gathered inside.Lenin's long-awaited moment is coming.He went in and took off his hat and wig at the same time.Everyone recognized him and was very happy. It seemed that strength and courage came with Lenin.
The liaison officer came in and received the instructions.The command is:
Occupy telegraph offices, telephone offices, railway stations, bridges, and all government offices.
"Red Guards, assemble!" On the ground of Smorni Palace, the command was immediately heard.The fire was burning, and the truck full of armed workers drove forward and disappeared in the darkness of October.The soldiers and sailors also set out.[1][44-45]
The uprising broke out
November 6-7, 1917（Julian calendarOctober 24-25), the great Russian October Socialist Revolution broke out.[44]
At 9:00 p.m. on November 7, Lenin led the Red Guards, soldiers and the people to surround the location of the provisional government——Winter PalaceAnd occupied it at 2:00 a.m. the next day.
according toSoviet UnionOfficially, at nightCruiser AphoralThe soldiers who succeeded in the uprising bombarded the Winter Palace with guns, and there were fierce armed conflicts in the Winter Palace.andThe disintegration of the Soviet Unionafterresearch data It shows that there was no armed conflict near the Winter Palace that night. There was only one women's camp and one sergeant student camp guarding the Winter Palace, and they soon surrendered under the impact of the crowd.The defense chief of the Winter Palace, Boriczynski, opened the door of the Winter Palace himself and took them to the place where the ministers of the interim government were meeting.andCruiser Aurora Overhaul in progress, no ammunition loading and no personnel.Bereshev, the political commissar of the temporarily appointed Aphora, only made a few shots at the Winter Palaceblank cartridge(No warhead)。On the night of the uprising,Petrograd Military Revolutionary Committeerelease《Circular on the overthrow of the Provisional Government》The uprising "won without a drop of blood."[47]
On November 6, 1917, Lenin secretly came to the headquarters of the uprising, the Smorni Palace, and personally led the armed uprising.From the night of November 6 to the morning of November 7, 1917, more than 200000 revolutionary soldiers and uprising workers quickly occupied various places in PetrogradStrategic location。At 1:00 a.m. on the 7th, the insurgent forces occupiedGeneral Post Office。It was captured at 2:00Baltic Railway StationAnd Nikolayevsky Railway Station.And then closed the government buildingLighting circuitThe telephone office cut off most of the calls from the Provisional Government and the headquarters.Around 6:00, the Red Guards, soldiers and sailors had occupied the Imperial Palace Bridge.exceptPalace SquareThe other areas are almost in the hands of the insurgents.Prime Minister of the Interim GovernmentKerenskySit in AmericaembassyOur car ran away in a panic.At 10:00, the revolutionMilitary CommissionDistributed the draft of Lenin《Letter to the Russian Citizen》, announced that the provisional government had been overthrown and the political power had been transferred to the Soviet Union.[48]However, the provisional government still resisted in the last ditch, and more than 2000 military officers and non commissioned officers continued to occupy the Winter Palace.From 5 p.m. to 6 p.m. on November 7, 1917, more than 20000 revolutionary soldiers, Red Guards and 9 military vehicles surrounded the Winter Palace.Military Revolution HeadquartersAn ultimatum was issued to the Provisional Government, ordering it to surrender at 6:20 on November 7, 1917.After 8:00, they were rejected.At 9:45 p.m., it berths atNeva RiverOnCruiser AphoralThe artillery fired and sent out the signal of general attack.Red Guards and revolutionary soldiers passed in the thunder of "Wula"Barricade, rushing to the Winter Palacestair caseOn the inside and on the stairs, revolutionary soldiers and workers' red guards launched a fierce battle with non commissioned officers and studentsWhite bladed battleAt 1:50 a.m. on November 8, 1917, all members of the provisional government (except Krensky's escape) were captured, and the Winter Palace was finally captured.
Petrograd armed uprisingAfter the victory, the bourgeois provisional government was defeated, and the Bolsheviks seized power, the Russian revolution would change from a strategic stalemate between revolutionary forces and counter revolutionary forces to a strategic counterattack by revolutionary forces.[1][44]
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Lenin addressed the Second All Russian Soviet Congress in November 1917
That night, amid the roar of the artillery attack on the Winter Palace, the second Soviet Congress of Russia was held inSmolny PalaceAt the opening ceremony, the conference first adopted the Letter of Appeal to Workers, Soldiers and Farmers drafted by Lenin, announcing thatprovisional governmentIt has been overthrown and all power belongs to the Soviet Union.
On November 8, 1917, the General Assembly adopted the《decrees of peace》And the Land Act.The Peace Decree revealedImperialismPredatory war reflects the vastworking peopleUrgently hoping for peace, it is suggested that all belligerents immediately negotiate and conclude a peace treaty without ceding territory or paying reparations.《Land Ordinance 》The decree provides for immediate repealLandlord land ownershipAll land was nationalized and handed over to working farmers for use.Finally, the Congress elected the world's firstWorkers, peasants and soldiersSoviet government──People's Committee，proletariatLenin, the great teacher, was elected chairman of the People's Committee.The people's committee consists of various ministries, which carry out various functions of the proletarian state.StalinHe was elected People's Committee on Ethnic Affairs, and Trotsky was elected People's Committee on Foreign Affairs.
Lenin worked all night and wrote the Land Law.[44]
On the morning of November 9, the conference ended successfully, which declared the world's firstproletarian dictatorshipThe establishment of the country.[48-49]
significance
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The sound of the October Revolution sent us Marxism Leninism.[34]
The October Socialist Revolution in Russia wasHuman historyThe first socialist revolution to win in the past, the first in the worldSocialist countryThis was born.The victory of the October Revolution dealt a heavy blow to the imperialist rule, promoted the development of the international socialist movement, and encouraged the coloniesSemi colonyPeople's liberation struggle.
It has changed the direction of the development of Russian history and transformed the Russian road in a socialist way, which has had a tremendous impact on the development of the entire human society.
Mao ZedongIn 1949, he wrote a paragraph like this: "The October Revolution sent us Marxism Leninism with the sound of a cannon. The October Revolution helped the advanced elements of the world and ChinaproletariatOfCosmologyAs a tool to observe the fate of the country, reconsider your own problems.Take the Russian road - this is the conclusion. "[50]
The October Revolution has also endedcapitalismThe situation of monopolizing the worldsocialist campThe foundation has been laid.
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Since Lenin promised to bring peace to the people after the revolution, after the October Revolution,RussiaQuitthe First World War，czarnicholas ii Was shot after the revolution.The revolution caused extreme panic in the western society, and supported the Russian opposition forces, hoping to strangle the revolution, thus triggering war,TrotskysaysovietIn fact, the power of the Russian Communist Party was established after the civil war.
The October Revolution iscommunismThe first victory of sports in human history.The first claim is that“proletariatLeadershipSocialist countryIt was also born.Marxism LeninismIt has gained wider influence in the worldcapitalismThe world has been greatly impacted.Some people think that this revolution is misinterpretedMarxism。
The October Revolution is the 20th centuryInternational Communist MovementThe prelude of the "" triggered the expansion of the socialist movement in various countries in the world, many colonies orSemi colonyThe liberation movement of the Communist Party of China has therefore received more support.Soviet UnionThe confrontation with western capitalist countries that lasted for more than half a century also began, untilCold Warend,The disintegration of the Soviet Union。
New youth[41]
The October Revolution was successfully established for the first timesocialist systemIt is also regarded as the first time that the proletariat took power, which is a significant change in human history.The October Revolution also had a significant impact on the social progress of other countries (such as China). On November 7, 1917, the day when the "October Revolution" broke out,Liu JingrenIn a telegram sent to the Foreign Ministry of the Beijing Government, it said: "In recent Russia, domestic strife has become increasingly fierce, and broad faction forces have become increasingly strong, demanding to exercise political power, advocate peace talks, and use riot as a hostage. The government is weak, and repression is difficult, and fear of change is imminent."[51]With the expansion of the influence of the October Revolution on China《New youth》Start to publicize Marxism.Communist Party of ChinaLeaders ofMao ZedongHe once commented: "The October Revolution sent us Marxism with the sound of a cannon."“Chinese proletariatAfter the October Revolution, our vanguard learned Marxism Leninism and established the Communist Party of China. "[50]
Tavli Palace - The first session of the State Duma was held here.
stayprovisional governmentDuring his administration, Kerensky postponed many timesConstitutional AssemblyLenin had repeatedly lashed out at the Provisional Government for this reason.On October 25, 1917 (November 7)《Letter to inform workers, soldiers and farmers》[52]Chinese, newSoviet governmentOnce again, it was announced that "we will ensure that the Constituent Assembly will be held on time." On November 12, 1917, the Constituent Assembly election was held, and the result was that 40% of the members of the Social Revolutionary Party won the majority vote,bolshevikOnly about 23%vote, in the failed state.Nevertheless, the Constitutional Assembly was scheduled to be held on November 28, 1917.However, on the 28th, the Constituent Assembly was not held, and the People's Committee decided to postpone the opening time of the Constituent Assembly to January 5, 1918.On the 28th, Constitutional Democrats and right-wing social revolutionariesPetrogradIn front of Tavlida PalacedemonstrationAnd protested against the delay of the Bolshevik government in holding the Constitutional Assembly.The People's Committee ordered a crackdown, banned the activities of the Constitutional Democratic Party and arrested its leader.[53]
On December 6, 1917, Lenin, in the name of the chairman of the People's Committee, issued the Declaration on Convening the Constitutional Assembly[54]: "Mainly due to the former all Russianelectoral commission The election of the Constituent Assembly was delayedCounter revolutionary cliqueAnd organized a special committee of the Constitutional AssemblySoviet regimeThe People's Committee was established to fight against each other, so it is said everywhere that the Constitutional Assembly will never be held according to the current composition.The People's Committee deems it necessary to declare that representatives of farmers, workers and soldierssovietThese rumors spread maliciously by our enemies are pure rumors.According to the SovietCentral Executive CommitteeAs long as half of the delegates to the Constitutional Assembly, namely 40 delegates, report to the Tavlida Palace office as required for the approved decree of the People's Committee, the Constitutional Assembly can be convened. "On the same day, Lenin drafted the Letter to the Farmers of the Second Soviet Congress of All Russian Peasant Representatives[55]He directly appealed to farmers: "Let every village recall from the Constitutional Assembly those social revolutions that did not make public statements and did not use actions to prove that they fully recognized these decisionsParty representativesOr representatives of the peasant Soviet and peasant organs. "
Alexei Maximovich Kalejin
In fact, Lenin hoped that rural areas would call back the representatives to the Constitutional Assembly, so that fewer than 40 representatives arrived at Tavlida Palace to report.In this way, the Constitutional Assembly would not be convened.On December 11, Lenin published the Outline of the Constitutional Assembly[56]China clearly expressed dissatisfaction with the election results of the Constituent Assembly. He accused that the election results of the Constituent Assembly did not "correctly express the will of the people", which caused a crisis.He believed that there were only two ways to solve the crisis: one was to re elect representatives of the Constitutional Assembly, which unconditionally recognized the Soviet regime;On the other hand, "without these conditions, the crisis caused by the Constituent Assembly can only be solved by revolutionary means. That is to say, the Soviet regime should take the most powerful, fastest, and most resolute revolutionary means to oppose the anti revolutionary forces of the Constituent Democrats and Kalejin elements, regardless of their slogans and institutions (even with the qualifications of the representatives of the Constituent Assembly)Take cover.Any attempt to shackle the hands and feet of the Soviet regime in this struggle is an act of helping the counter revolution ".[57-58]
January upheaval
On January 6, 1918, the Central Executive Committee of the All Russian Soviet Union passed a decree to dissolve the Constitutional Assembly.At the meeting, Lenin made a speech, saying that the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly was "the implementation of the will of the people - the people demanded that all political power be returned to the Soviet Union". He also compared his coming to the Tavlida Palace, where the Constituent Assembly was to be held, to "like being in a dead body andmummyMiddle ".He's also rightBolshevik PartyIn the past, I supported the convening of the Constitutional Assembly and made the following explanation: "If anyone said that we had supported the Constitutional Assembly before but now we have 'dispelled' it, he has no brains and will only say some beautiful empty words. Because in the pastczarCompared with the Republic of Kronsky, the system of the Constitutional Assembly is better than those infamous government organs in our opinion. However, with the emergence of the Soviet Union, this revolutionary mass organization is incomparably higher than any parliament in the world. "[59]
Five members of the All Russian Constitutional Assembly Committee (Komuch)
The third meeting held on January 10All Russian Soviet CongressIt became the "Constitutional Assembly" of the Soviet regime.[60]
Nicola Vasilievich Krelenko
The meeting passed《Declaration on the Rights of Exploited Workers》, declared Russia as "Russian socialismfederalThe Soviet Republic, referred to as the "Russian Federation" for short, changed the name of the "Provisional Government of Workers and Peasants" to the "Workers and Peasants Government of the Russian Soviet Republic".On the 18th, the Congress issued a decree to cancel all the laws, decrees and decisions of the Soviet regime related to the Constitutional Assembly.[61]However, a quick end to the war was still the only way out of the predicament for the new Soviet regime.At first, the Soviet government suggested that allBelligerentsArmistice and peace negotiations.[62]At this time, the deputy commander in chiefNicola Nikolayevich Du HeningThe general was sent to contact the enemy headquarters on the issue of peace talks.butDu HeningHe did not recognize the power of the Soviet government. The People's Committee dismissed him as acting commander in chief and appointed Nikolai Vasilievich Krelenko as commander in chief, citing his failure to carry out immediate peace talks with the Germans.[63]
Russian Civil War
becauseThe Second All Russian Soviet CongressIn China, the People's Committee headed by Lenin was set up, which made Russia appear two "regimes" again.Led by the Bolshevik Party and represented by workers and soldierssovietThe People's Committee and IsraelmenshevikThe temporary government led by the Social Revolutionary Party and represented by capitalists, landlords and military officers had a civil warstrategic counterattackThe stage officially begins.Originally, the Bolsheviks did not recognize the Provisional Government and called its attacks "rebellion".[48]
On March 3, 1918,Soviet RussiaThe Brest Peace Treaty was signed with Germany.[64-65]The Soviet Union successfully withdrewthe First World WarFor the newly born Soviet regime.[65-68]On March 9, the first group of British marines landed in Murmansk, an important town in the north of Soviet Russia, on the pretext of performing their duties as allies and preventing the invasion of the German fleet.French, American and Italian troops also came one after another.March 9, 1918EntenteThe armed intervention in Soviet Russia began.
In August, the Allied forces invadedArkhangelsk。[65]
Japan sent troops to occupy on April 5 in the name of protecting overseas ChineseVladivostok。In August, US troops also landed there.German army occupiedthe BalticCoastal areas and Ukraine.At that time, the foreign intervention army had not yet openly taken the banner of overthrowing the Soviet regime, and did not attack the central areas of Soviet Russia.[69-72]
"We have won the victory of the whole line." Lenin on the sickbed: "What are you talking about!?"[64]
After the end of the First World War, the Allies stepped up their armed intervention. From 1919 to 1920, they successively used Gorchak, Dunnigin, etcWhite ArmyThey organized an attack on the Soviet regime, but failed.[73]
Lenin is checking the front
In October 1922, all foreign intervention forces were expelled from Soviet territory.[74-75]
Establishment of the State
After three years of hard workcivil warAfter the dispute, 14 were smashedImperialismThe armed intervention of the state and the armed rebellion of the landlords and capitalists protected the Soviet regime.[44]
Victory of the October Revolution, Russiabourgeois classThe remnants of feudal landlords were defeated.
Lenin led the people
Lenin died
January 21, 1924LeninThe condition worsened sharply and he died later that day in Golk Village.
StalinIn Mourning Lenin, he wrote: "Comrade Lenin told us to be faithful to the principles of the Comintern when he said goodbye to us forever. Comrade Lenin, we would like to swear to you that we will spare no effort to consolidate and expand the world's labor union - the Comintern!"[77]
Current related activities
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The propaganda picture of the former Soviet Union celebrating the tenth anniversary of the October Revolution
For the first time since 1991, Russia has determined November 7 asholiday celebrating the Russian October RevolutionIn memory of Red Square on November 7, 1941military paradeThe 50th anniversary was held.October 25, 1917(November 7, Gregorian calendar), the seat of the Bolshevik armed forces led by Lenin to the bourgeois temporary governmentSt.PetersburgWinter PalaceLaunch a general attack,Soviet UnionNovember 7 is a traditional national holiday.Every year on this day, the Soviet Union holds a grand military parade in Moscow's Red Square to commemorate the October Revolution.On November 7, 1941, the Soviet Union held the most historic military parade.At that time, the Soviet Union wasPatriotic Warperiod,naziThe German army has been under Moscow, and the situation is very serious.To boost morale, the Soviet government held a grand military parade on the Red Square to commemorate the 24th anniversary of the victory of the October Revolution.StalinStanding atKremlinReview on Lenin's Tomb under the Bell TowerSoviet Red ArmyAnd delivered an inspiring speech.Many troops went directly to the front from the parade site.
The Red Square parade showed the courage and confidence of the just army to defeat evil, and greatly encouraged the morale of the Soviet officers and soldiers and the people of the worldAnti-Fascist War The determination to win.Moscow DefenseIn the end, it smashed the German armyWorld War IIThe invincible myth since the beginning has also becomeSoviet Patriotic WarA turning point.
In 1990holiday celebrating the Russian October RevolutionThe mighty and majestic Soviet armed forces once again passed the Red Square - the last military parade in the history of the Soviet Union.The disintegration of the Soviet UnionLater, the Russian official did not celebrate the October Revolution Day, but this day was stillRest Day。Since 1996,President of RussiaYeltsinNovember 7 was designated as the "Day of Harmony and Reconciliation".On June 21, 2005, the Russian revised federal law "Russian Military Honor Day and Memorial Day" stipulated that November 7 was again celebrated as the October Revolution Day from 2005, but this day was no longer a rest day for the first time.The law also designated November 7 as the "military honor day".[78]
