It mainly studies thePathogenic MicrobesIts morphology, structure, metabolic activity, heredity and variation, pathogenesis, anti infection immunity, laboratory diagnosis and specific prevention.The purpose of learning medical microbiology is to understand the biological characteristics and pathogenicity of pathogenic microorganisms;Understand the immune function of human body to pathogenic microorganisms, the relationship between infection and immunity and its law;understandInfectious diseasesMethods of laboratory diagnosis and principles of prevention.
Medical microbiology is a basic discipline of medicine, which mainly studies the biological characteristics of pathogenic microorganisms related to medicine, the mechanism of infection and disease, the basic theory of immunology, diagnostic techniques and specific prevention and treatment measures, so as to control and eliminate infectious diseases and immune diseases related to microorganisms and ensure human health.
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（1） Bacteria: mainly describe the biological characteristics of bacteria, such as morphology, structure, growth and reproduction, variation, pathogenicity, and the impact of physical, chemical and biological factors on bacteria.
（2） Immunological basis: it mainly clarifies the general rules of the interaction between pathogenic microorganisms and host organism, and the specific prevention, diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases;The related theory of non infectious immunity is also described.
（3） Bacterial Treatise: It describes the biological characteristics, pathogenicity and immunity, microbial examination and specific prevention and treatment of various important pathogenic bacteria in medicine.
（4） Other microorganisms: biological characteristics, pathogenicity and immunity, microbiological inspection methods and prevention principles of viruses, chlamydia, rickettsia, mycoplasma, spirochetes, actinomycetes and fungi related to medicine are listed respectively.
The purpose of learning medical microbiology is to understand the biological characteristics and pathogenicity of pathogenic microorganisms;Understand the immune function of human body against pathogenic microorganisms, the relationship between infection and immunity, master the basic principles of diagnosis, prevention and treatment of infectious diseases and other diseases related to microorganisms, so as to be able to apply the basic theory, basic knowledge and basic skills of medical microbiology, and lay the foundation for future study of basic medicine and clinical medicine.
Development History
1. Experience period of microbiology
2. Experimental microbiology period
Leeuwenhoek(1632~1723) The first person to discover microorganisms;
Pasteur (1822-1895) initiated the era of microbial physiology, and found that fermentation and corruption were caused by microorganisms;
Liszt (1827~1912) created surgical aseptic surgery;
Guo Huo (1843~1910) made outstanding contributions to the identification of pathogens of infectious diseases;
① InventionSolid medium, can be used for pure bacterial culture; ②Establish staining method; ③Animal experiment;
It is beneficial to identify the pathogens of various infectious diseases
Criteria for determining newly discovered pathogenic microorganisms -Koch postulate :
① Take materials from infected sites,Isolation cultureSuspected pathogenic microorganisms;
② Inoculating the microorganism into healthy animals can cause the same symptoms;
③ The same pathogenic microorganisms were isolated from infected animals
Ivanovsky(1864-1920) The first person to discover the virus
3. Modern microbiology period
Learning purpose
1. New pathogenic microorganisms have been found one after another, causing new infectious diseases;
2. The original epidemic pathogen is re prevalent due to mutation, drug resistance and other reasons, resulting in the recurrence of infectious diseases;
3. The pathogen of some infectious diseases has not yet been found;
4. Pathogenesis and immune mechanism of some pathogens need to be clarified;
Some diseases still lack effective prevention and treatment measures;
Research direction
1. Strengthen the pathogenic research of infectious diseases and infectious diseases, and provide pathogenic basis for timely diagnosis and treatment of diseases
2. Carry out in-depth research on the biological characteristics and pathogenesis of pathogenic microorganisms to provide a theoretical basis for the development of new drugs
3. Develop new vaccines with good immunogenicity and little side effects
4. Develop specific, sensitive, simple and rapid microbiological diagnostic methods and techniques
History
Announce
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Mastering the basic theory, knowledge and skills of medical microbiology can lay a foundation for learning basic medicine and clinical medicine, and help control and eliminate infectious diseases.
Medical microbiology is a science that has been summarized from the long-term understanding of the nature of infectious disease pathogens and the process of disease prevention and treatment.Understanding the past, present and future of medical microbiology will help us summarize the rules, find the correct research direction and prevention methods, and further develop medical microbiology.
Medical Microbiology
medical microbiology
A branch of microbiology.The broad sense of medical microbiology includes veterinary microbiology.It studies the morphological structure, nutrition metabolism, growth and reproduction, genetic variation, disinfection and sterilization, infection and pathogenesis of human and animal pathogenic microorganisms, immune mechanism of human and animal pathogenic microorganisms, as well as microbial inspection methods and specific prevention and control measures.Its purpose is to control and eliminate infectious diseases and other diseases related to microorganisms, protect human health and promote the development of animal husbandry.With the progress of science, independent disciplines such as medical bacteriology, medical virology, medical mycology and medical immunology have gradually formed in medical microbiology.
Most microorganisms are beneficial or harmless to humans, animals and plants, and only a few can cause diseases of humans, animals and plants.Such as typhoid, dysentery, measlespoliomyelitis；There are hog choleraNewcastle disease of chicken, duck plague, etc.Pathogenic microorganisms are the main objects of medical microbiology research.
The development process of medical microbiology can be roughly divided into the following three periods:
As early as the first century BC, the Latin scholar Marcus Varo mentioned that microorganisms may be the cause of disease.At the end of the Northern Song Dynasty (960-1126) in China, Zhenren Liu speculated that the lung disease was caused by tuberculosis.Italian doctor G. Flacastoro (1483-1553) believed that various epidemics were caused by different small objects that could reproduce rapidly.AustriaDoctor Prenziz (1705-1786) believed that every infectious disease was caused by unique living objects.During the reign of Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty (1736-1795), Shi Daonan wrote in the chapter of rat death in Tianyu Collection: "Rats die in the east, rats die in the west, and people see dead rats as tigers. Rats die only a few days later, and people die as if they are blocked by the Chinese mainland." This not only vividly describes the rampant plague, but also correctly points out the relationship between plague and rats.
Ge Hong (284~364), a Chinese physician in the Eastern Jin Dynasty《Elbow backup emergency square》There are already records about the prevention and treatment of rabies in China: "Kill the dog you bit, spread it through the brain, and then it will not recur." The Chinese people have long recognized that smallpox is a kind of severe diseaseSexually transmitted diseasesAnd found immune phenomenon.The story of vaccination of Wang Dan's son in the Song Dynasty is recorded in the Complete Acne Treatment in the Ming Dynasty and the Final Comment on Acne in the Qing Dynasty.Improvement during the Longqing period of the Ming Dynasty (1567-1572)Vaccinia inoculationIt has been widely used and later spread to Russia, Japan, Korea, Turkey and Britain.Vaccination of human pox was invented by Chinese peoplepreventive medicineIt is also the beginning of modern immunology.
During the experiment, A. van Leeuwenhoek, a Dutch, first saw microorganisms with a self-made microscope.L. Pasteur, a French chemist and bacteriologist, invented the heating treatment method to prevent the deterioration of alcohol.Later, British surgeon J. Lister (1827-1912) sprayed the operating room and boiled the surgical instruments with carbolic acid to prevent postoperative infection. He laid the foundation for antisepsis, disinfection and aseptic operation.German bacteriologist R. Koch created bacteria staining method, solid culture medium and experimental animal infection to provide favorable conditions for discovering pathogens of various infectious diseases. He foundBacillus anthracis（1877）、Mycobacterium tuberculosis(1882) andVibrio cholerae（1883）。Later, bacteriologists from various countries found many pathogenic bacteria for human, livestock and poultry, such asDiphtheria(E. Krebs, 1883; F.A.J. Leffler, 1884)Pneumococcus(C. Frankel, 1886)Meningococci(A. Weikselbaum, 1887)Bacillus tetanus（Beili Chaisanlang, 1889), Yersinia pestis (Saisanlang Kitagawa, A. --J. Yelsen, 1894), etc.In 1884, Koch published the "Koch rule" for determining pathogens, namely: ① the same pathogen can be found in the same special disease; ②Pathogens can be isolated from special diseases; ③Inoculating pure culture to susceptible animals can cause the same disease; ④The pure culture of pathogenic bacteria can be recovered from experimental animals.These principles still have some guiding significance in determining a new pathogen.
In 1892, Russian scholar Д. ИIvanovsky(1861-1920)Tobacco mosaicThis is the beginning of understanding the virus.Since then, it has been found that many diseases of humans, animals and plants are caused by viruses.
After the application of human vaccinia vaccine in China, the invention of vaccinia vaccine was an important milestone in immunology.In 1798, the British physician E. Chener (1749~1823) inoculated smallpox with bovine pox vaccine to prevent smallpox, and established the method of artificial immunityprevent infectionThe foundation of.In 1877, L. Pasteur invented the chicken cholera vaccine, followed by the anthrax vaccine (1881) and rabies vaccine (1886).His research on attenuated vaccine laid a foundation for experimental immunology and opened up a broad prospect for the development of vaccine.
In 1890, German bacteriologist EA. Von. Beilin and Japanese bacteriologist Shirakashiro Kitari foundDiphtheria antitoxin。In 1891, Beilin cured a girl suffering from diphtheria with animal immune serum. This isPassive immunotherapyInitial case.Since then, scientists have been searching for bactericides from serum, which led to the development of serology.At the end of the 19th century, people began to understandAnti infectious immunityThe essence of phenomenon, and there are two different schools, one is the famous zoologist И. ИMechinikov(1845-1916)P. Ellich(1854-1915).In 1907,Paul Ehrlich Arsenamine (606) was synthesized for the treatment of syphilis. In 1910, new Arsenamine (914) was jointly synthesized with Qin Zuobarlang, which was the beginning of the period of chemical treatment of microbial diseases.
In the modern era, with the development of chemistry, physics, biochemistry, genetics, cell biology, molecular biology, electron microscopy, immunofluorescence, immunoenzymeIsotope labeling、electronic computerWith the application of new technologies such as mass spectrometer, monoclonal antibody, medical microbiology has developed rapidly.For example: ① continuous discovery and wide application of various antibiotics; ②Research on bacterial cells and virus morphology has reachedSubmicrostructureTo further understand their activity rules; ③The nature, composition and action mechanism of bacterial endotoxin and exotoxin were further clarified; ④The isolation and culture technology was significantly improved; ⑤The positive rate of Campylobacter or Bacteroides isolated from patient samples has been greatly improved; ⑥Lassa fever, green monkey disease orMarburg virusSevere infectious diseases with high fatality rate, such as Ebola disease, etc.
From 1967 to 1971, TO. When Dena tried to isolate the virus of potato spindle tuber disease, he found thatPathogenic factorIt is not a virus, but an RNA pathogen with a molecular weight of about 100000 and no protein. He called this small molecular weight pathogenic factor viroid.Although so far, only a variety of viruses have been found in higher plants, it is speculated that some diseases of humans and animals, such as Creutzfeldt Jakob disease, sheep itch, etc., may be caused by viroids.
In 1957, Australian biologist FM. Burnett put forward the famous“Clonal selection theory”So that immunology can step into the new field of biomedicine and become one of the most important basic disciplines in biology and medicine.In 1971, the first World Conference on Immunology was held in the United States. Participants agreed that immunology should develop from a branch of microbiology to an independent discipline (see immunology).
In preventive medicine, October 26, 1979world health organizationThe announcement that smallpox has been eradicated throughout the world is a great victory for anti infectious immunity.After the founding of the People's Republic of China, smallpox and human plague have been eliminated rapidly, while diphtheria, measles, poliomyelitis, tuberculosisNeonatal tetanusThe morbidity and mortality of the disease also dropped significantly.The variety, quantity and quality of biological products for the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases have developed greatly.The attenuated vaccine of rinderpest was created in 1956 and produced in 1959Live attenuated measles vaccinesuccess.ScientistTang FeifanThey were first isolated and culturedChlamydia trachomatis。Research on traditional Chinese medicine has been carried out all over the country, and many kinds of traditional Chinese medicine that can be used to prevent and treat certain infectious diseases have been found.
