Medicine is a discipline dealing with various diseases or pathological changes of life, and a specialty promoting the recovery of patients.The general directions of research fields includeforensic medicine, Chinese medicine, stomatology.
Chinese name
Medical Science
Foreign name
Medicine[2]
Features
Treatment and prevention of physiological diseases
A medical staff in the shelter hospital of Wuhan Sports Center[5]
The main attributes of medicine are academic and technical.What it does is knowledge, focusing on the discovery and revelation of natural lawsPractical technologyInnovation.However, the academic and technical aspects of medicine are not just biology or life sciences in a narrow sense.life sciencesThe content of is indeed the main foundation and backbone system of medicine, but it is far from the whole.[5]
Medical science is "multi science" and "human science".The so-called "multi learning" includes three major learning systems: firstnatural science(including life science, etc.)social sciences, the third ishumanities。Medicine is an academic and technical system that combines the three to maintain the health and life of people, people and human beings.The purpose of medicine is to care for people and pursue their ultimate interests. Therefore, medicine is still "humanism".[5]
During the Yin and Zhou Dynasties“Hexagram and line”, proposed at the end of the Western Zhou Dynasty“yin-yang”"Five Elements" theory.In Xia, Shang and Western Zhou Dynasties, medicine and witchcraft coexisted, forming the original medical embryo.Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States PeriodAt that time, a hundred schools of thought were contending and a hundred flowers were blooming in the whole academic circle. During this period, medicine and witchcraft gradually separated. Because of its obvious scientificity, practicality and rationality, traditional Chinese medicine had occupied the leading position of numerous schools thousands of years ago.[3]
stayQin Dynasty(221 B.C. - 207 B.C.) The world's first specialized forensic doctor, "Ling Shi", appeared.Qin LawIt is stipulated that in principle, all cases with unknown causes of death should be carried outAutopsy，Judicial officerIf the inspection is not carried out in violation of the law, it will be punished.Qin《Sealed type》There are detailed records on the methods and procedures of forensic identification.In human life cases, the main contents of identification and inspection include the location of the body, the location, quantity, direction and size of the trauma.A written report, called“record of the confession made by a criminal”, the earliest in the worldForensic expertiseAnd site investigation report.
In the Qin Dynasty, the first infectious disease hospital was also established in the world -“Panqian Institute”And formulated the earliest isolation system for the treatment of infectious diseases.According to 1975HubeiprovinceYunmengUnearthed in Shuihudibamboo slipsAccording to the records in, it was stipulated at that time that when the doctor checked the patient, he found that the bridge of the nose collapsed, and there was noPubescenceThose with hoarse voice, nasal irritation without sneezing and other symptoms will be sent to the Pandemic Removal Institute for isolation treatment.This shows that in ancient ChinaInfectious diseasesOfTreatment measures, has been effective for a long time.
Zhang Zhongjing adopts syndrome differentiationbasic principle, on《Typhoid theory》It boils down to“Eight principles of syndrome differentiation”And "Six Meridians Treatment". After treatment based on syndrome differentiation“Eight methods”(sweating, vomiting, lowering, harmonizing, warming, clearing, tonifying, and eliminating) to treat diseases.“Eight principles of syndrome differentiation”It is the specific principle of syndrome differentiation and treatment in the book. The so-called "eight principles" (yin, yang, exterior, interior, cold, heat, deficiency and excess) are applied“Four diagnostic methods”(Look, smell, ask, and feel) Analyze and examine the location and nature of the disease, and conclude that "treatment of the six meridians" is the whole zang fuMeridian theorystayclinical medicineSpecific application of.
In the late Eastern Han Dynasty,Hua TuoThen mastersurgical operationandanaesthesiaIt is famous all over the world. Hua Tuo was the first person in the world to use anesthesia for surgery. He inventedMa boiling powderIt is the earliest anesthetic in the world, and also founded one of the earliest fitness gymnastics in the world“Wuqinxi”。Unfortunately, the Qing Bao Shu, a medical book written by Hua Tuo, was finally burned.In the Han Dynasty, a large number of books such as medicine and almanac were introduced into Tibet（《Records of Tibetan King Tongji》Record).In the Han Dynasty, there were also specialized gynecological hospitals. The "milk shed" in the Western Han Dynasty was the earliest in the worldhospital for gynecology and obstetrics。
During the Southern and Northern Dynasties (420-589), the world's first two books were publishedpediatricsMonograph, namelyThe end of Wang"Pediatric Medication Materia Medica" andXu ShuxiangMiscellaneous Prescriptions for Treating Small Diseases.In the 20th year of Yuanjia period of the Southern Song Dynasty (443 AD), the imperial physician orderedQin ChengzuThe first medical school in the world was founded.By the 6th century, the Sui Dynasty had perfected thismedical education Organization, named“Imperial Medical Department”, the department is divided into two departments: medical department and medicine department,Imperial Doctor's OrderIt is the highest official position and the assistant of Cheng Wei. He has the main medicine, doctorHerbalist, Doctor of Medicine, Teaching AssistantMassage DoctorDr. Zhu Ban has 580 teachers and students at most.
During the Cultural Revolution, Chinese medicine, as a medical example of "making the past serve the present", was developed with the support of the Communist Party of China's policies.In modern times, Chinese medicine is still one of the commonly used means to treat diseases in China.
In addition,Longmen GrottoesOfPrescription caveThere are more than 150 kinds of prescriptions carved on both sides of the cave, and most of the medicines used are plants, animals andMineral medicine。The prescription involves internal medicine, surgeryPediatrics、Department of five sense organsThe medicinal materials involved can be found among the people, which greatly facilitates the people.These prescriptions can not only treat common diseases, but also treat difficult and miscellaneous diseases, such as choking therapyEsophageal cancer。95 of them were collected by a Japanese scholar in the 10th century《Yi Xin Fang》It shows its value and influence.The prescription of Prescription Cave is the earliest existing stone carved prescription in ChinaMedicinePlay an important role.
Song, Jin and Yuan Dynasties
It has been compiled since the Song Taizu, Zhao YiyinKaibao Materia MedicaCompiled by Emperor Taizong of Song DynastyTaiping Shenghui PrescriptionThe two dynasties, together with Zhao Ji, who also presided over the compilation of the "Sacred almanac", paid more attention to medicine than any other dynasty in the Northern Song Dynasty.Under the influence of the imperial court, some bureaucrat ministers also paid much attention to medicine, such as Liu Yuxi, Ouyang XiuWang AnshiZeng GongliangFubi、Han QiXia Song, Xia Song and others also participated in the collation of medical books. Confucian medical schools appeared in medical academia. Su Shi, Shen Kuo, Chen Yaosou and many individual medical books were published. After the publication of medical books by the Bureau of Correction of Medical Books in the Northern Song Dynasty, there were more monographs on clinical and typhoid studies in various departments. Medical development was also reflected in medical education, which promoted the formation of the scale and enrichment of Chinese medicine academia as a whole.[3]
Western medicineWestern Roman EmpireThe demise of, gradually entered the millennium darkness of the Middle Ages, science became the servant girl of theology, priests replaced doctors.From the 13th century, the Ming Dynasty began to recover gradually. It was not until the 15th century that it broke through the feudal religious barriers that it was able to develop rapidly.Vesalius To create modern anatomy and anatomical physiology;In 1731, Italian Morgani foundedpathological；1855 GermanyVirchow Established cell pathology;At the same time, the WestScientific MethodologyIt can guide the development of medicine.
ExperimentalEmpirical method(Observation experiment andcomparative analysis ）, and the thorough break of "scholastic philosophy" in medical research, relying on the technical means and methods provided by various natural sciencesScientific consciousness, endowing medicine with the nature of science, and making it get rid of the fantasy of speculative reasoningBiomedical modelLowerExperimental science。So far, Chinese medicinePositivist medicineThe field is no longer comparable to western medicine.
However, the advantages of traditional Chinese medicine over western medicine are to start from the macro perspective, pay attention to the whole, emphasize the connection between parts and between parts and the whole, attach importance to syndrome differentiation, and advocate“Three causesIndividualized diagnosis and treatment strategy.
becausecapitalismThe rise ofItalyFormedbourgeois classIntellectuals.Their characteristic is that they dare to challenge the church ideology and oppose the fetters of religious superstition.Their slogan is: "I am a person, I should understand everything about people", in order to oppose the rule of theology.On the one hand, they spread new culture, on the other hand, they tried to study and imitateAncient GreeceThe culture of“The Renaissance”。1543CopernicusPublication《Celestial motion theory》, YesHistory of ScienceThe beginning of the Renaissance.
① Medical revolution.The RenaissanceDuring the movement, the wind of doubting dogma and opposing authority rose.As a result, a medical revolution represented by Paracelsus (1493-1541) also emerged in the medical field.
In mediaeval medical schoolsAvicennaOf《Medical canon》, andGalenandHippocratesWorks of.The teacher preached according to the book, and everything was stereotyped and lifeless.The RenaissanceThe craze of "Li" soon spread to the medical field.ParachelsusIt points out that the life process of human body ischemical process 。He isUniversity of BaselIt is a great reform to advocate writing books and giving lectures in popular German so that medicine can be easily accepted by the public.He attaches importance to practice and opposes tediousScholastic philosophyAgainst the stubborn tradition and authority concept in the Middle Ages, he said: "No one can become a doctor without science and experience. My works are not quoted from ancient authoritative works, but written by the largest teacher - experience".He bravely fought against stereotyping and idolatry and publicly burned Galen andAvicennaWorks of.
②Human anatomyEstablishment of.In ancient times, people believed that the body was the place where the soul lived. In feudal society, all ethnic groups were prohibited from dissecting corpses without exception.Therefore,Human anatomyWithout development, medical books in this era are as followsGalenAuthoredanatomyThe anatomy is almost completely based onAnimal visceraDrawn.conversely,The RenaissanceThe culture of the times takes people as the center of attention. In the medical field, people first attach importance to the study of the structure of the human body.
The first to innovate anatomy was ItalianDa VinciHe believed that as a realistic painter, it was necessary to understand anatomy, especially bones and muscles, so he engaged inHuman anatomy。However, he has drawn more than 700 anatomical maps, and today there are still more than 150.Most of the paintings are accurate and beautiful.He firstGalenThe anatomy of is in doubt.He once blew air into his trachea, but no matter how hard he tried, his heart did not swell, so he came to the conclusion:GalenThe theory that the lung and heart are connected is wrong.He also checked the structure and shape of the heart, and his heart map is much more correct than previous drawings.In addition, he also found thataortaThe activity and nature of the root valve prove that the function of the valve is to prevent blood reflux.What he mentionedcardiovascularIt was not long before the medical experts began to pay attention to these problems.
Writing human anatomy textbooks based on direct observation was conducted by AVesalius Done.Vesalius First studied inLouvain University, later transferred to the University of Paris.At that time, Professor Gao was still teaching anatomy at these two universitieschairDuring lectures, assistants and craftsmen are allowed to operate under the platform, and only three or four dissections are allowed within a year.Vesalius Not satisfied with this situation, he went to the wild at night to steal a corpse for autopsy.ItalianUniversity of PaduaThere is the best anatomy classroom in Europe.So he went there to teach.In 1543, he compiled the materials accumulated in his work into a book,Public publication。This book is《Theory of human structure》。This book points out thatGalenThere are more than 200 mistakes, such as five lobe liver, two piecesmandibleEtc.It also points out that Galen's anatomy is based on animals such as monkeys.Vesalius Although it was also affected by theconservativeBut his students developedanatomy。
In short, in the 16th century, European medicine broke away from the shackles of ancient authority and began to develop independently. Its main achievements areHuman anatomyEstablishment of.This not only indicates the revival of an ancient discipline at a new level, but also marks the beginning of a new journey of medicine.
In the 16th century,NetherlandsRevolution has taken place and independentBourgeois countryNetherlands。In the 17th century, Britain overthrew the autocratic monarchy and established the bourgeoisParliamentary system。Emerging bourgeoisieIn order to develop industry and commerce, support science and technology, and promote tolerance, these are all progressive.In philosophy, Bacon proposedempiricism, advocate observation and experiment, advocate that all knowledge comes from experience, and advocateInduction；His famous saying“Knowledge is power”Inspired the enthusiasm of future generations for exploration.Descartes yesRationalismThe representative ofThinking abilityAt the same timeMechanistic theoryThe viewpoint is applied to the study of physiological problemslife sciencesGreat impact.During this period, there were also some scientific societies, which promoted exchanges and promotedscientific progress 。In the 17th century, British science took the lead.
PhysiologyProgress.In the 17th century, the concept of measurement was very popular.The first measurement method used in the medical field isSan Torio（1561～1636）。He madeThe thermometerAnd a pulse meter.He also made a large scale like a hut, where he can live, sleep, exercise and eat;Before and after excretion, he weighed his own weight, so he went on tirelessly for more than 30 years.He found that weight was also losing without excretion, and believed that the reason was "imperceptible sweating".This can be said to be the earliest metabolic research.
The application of experiment and measurement makes life science step into the scientific track.Its mark isblood circulationDiscovery of.
W. S. Harvey (1578~1657) also graduated from Padua University. Before him, the anatomists of Padua University had successively discovered and explained the link of heart blood circulation.In 1553, Spanish scholar MSylvit(1511-1553) Confirm the blood sourceright ventricleinflowLeft ventricle, not through the hole on the middle septum, but throughlungDirty is "a long and wonderful detour".
HarveyFirst inscientific researchMedium, applicationVivisectionTo observe the activity of animal body directly.At the same time, he accurately calculated the flow from the left ventricle to the common artery, andright ventricleinflowpulmonary arteryThe amount of blood.He believed that blood could never come from diet or remain in body tissues. He concluded thatLeft ventricleThe blood sprayed into the artery must return from the veinright ventricleBlood.So we found outblood circulation。HarveyIn 1628, he published the book Heart Movement Theory.But vivisection has developed extremely cruelly,Cruelty to animalsThe overuse of vivisection must be reformed.
Application of microscope.With the rise of experiments, many scientific instruments appeared, and the microscope appeared in the early 17th century.Microscope brings people to a new level of understanding.After that, scientists made a series of important discoveries using microscopes.
Clinical medicine and T. Sidnam (1624-1689).medicineThere was little progress until the 17th century.Medical skill is similar to that in the Middle Ages, the theory of four body fluid is still the basis of disease theory.At that time, doctors studied more about anatomy and physiology, and seemed to forget their responsibilities. So T. Sidnam, a 17th century clinical physician, pointed out that "what is most directly related to doctors is neither the practice of anatomy nor the experiment of physiology, but the patients suffering from diseases.Therefore, the task of doctors is to first correctly explore the essence of pain, that is, they should observe more patients with the same disease, and then study anatomy, physiology and other knowledge to derive the explanation and treatment of the disease ".At the same time, he is very supportiveHippocratesAbout“Natural healing power”The idea of.This not only shows that the clinical science was still very backward at that time, but also shows that he paid attention to the disease resistance of human body.
In the 18th century, European countries had entered the period of capitalist establishment.In the 18th century, the United States became independent and the French revolution took place,bourgeois classstayWestern EuropeMost countries have gained political power and expanded their power to developworld trade。Stimulated by the demand for commoditiescotton textile industryGreat technological innovation has taken place,loomandTextile machineBoth were invented and improved by J. Watt in 1784steam engine, it not only applies totextile industryIt is also used in various industries and mining industries.Replace with machine productionManual production, which is calledindustrial revolution。Manual workers become machine workers, industryproletariatIt was first formed in Britain.At the same time, the capitalist productive forces have developed greatly.
①pathologicalEstablishment of。By the 18th century, medical scientists had dissected countless corpses, and had a clear understanding of the normal structure of the human body. On this basis, they might recognize several abnormal structures.Italian pathoanatomist GB.Morgani(1682-1771) published the book "On the Location and Causes of Diseases" in 1761, which described the changes of organs under the influence of diseases, and based on thisCause of diseaseA scientific conjecture was made.He regards disease as local injury, and believes that every disease has its corresponding lesion in an organ.After him, doctors began to explain the symptoms with "focus".This thought has a great impact on the whole medical field in the future.
②PercussionInvention of。In the second half of the 18th century,AustriaDoctor JL.Ornburger(1722-1809) inventedPercussion。His father is a hotel owner and often uses his fingers to knock bigWine caskGuess the amount of wine in the bucket according to the sound.Later, Onbrugge used this method in the human chest to find "lesions".After a lot of experience and observation, including autopsy tracking, he created the percussion method that has been used so far.But the popularization and application of percussion was still in the 19th century.
③Start of clinical teaching。Before the 17th century, there was no organized clinical education in Europe. As long as students studied in medical schools, they could get a diploma after passing the examination.Dutch in the mid-17th centuryLeiden UniversityWe began to carry out clinical teaching and lifted restrictions on religious sects, attracting many foreign students.In the 18th century, clinical medicine teaching flourished. Leiden University set up teaching beds in hospitalsBoehavi(1668-1738) became a world-famous clinical physician at that time.Burharvey made full use of the sickbed teaching. Before carrying out pathological anatomy, he tried to provide students with clinical symptoms and these problemspathological change Relationship information, this is the futureClinical Pathology Seminar(C.P.C.).
④preventive medicineAchievements of。E.Jenner(1749-1823) InventionVacciniaInoculation methodThis is a major event of preventive medicine in the 18th century.In the 16th century, China has usedHuman pox vaccinationTo preventsmallpox。At the beginning of the 18th century, this methodturkeySpread to Britain,JennerFound in practiceVaccinia inoculationIt is safer than human pox vaccination.His improvement has increased the safety of vaccination and contributed to the eventual eradication of smallpox.At the end of the 18th century,industrial revolutionrise.Farmers swarmed into cities.The capitalists just make money and don't care about the life of the workers.Workers live in dirty, wetSlumsThey are tired for a day without food and clothing, so they have many diseases.This kind of problem has attracted some people's attentionenlightenment campaignThe idea of fraternity spread in has had an impact on some people, so the problems of public health and social medicine are gradually raised.German JP.Frank(1745-1821) was written as the Complete System of Medical Supervision, in which public health andSocial MedicineA lot of problems.At the same time, there are also calls for improving prison health and liberating the mentally ill (not in a cruel wayFetters、HandcuffsTreat mental patients).Such activities were mainly personal activities, and it was not until the 19th century that the government gradually paid attention to these problems.
In the 19th century, major European countries broke out successively after Britain and Francebourgeois revolutionIn the 19th century, Britain completed the industrial revolution that began in the middle of the 18th century. After that, France, Germany, Russia, the United States and other countries also completed the industrial revolution.bourgeois revolutionAnd the industrial revolution, which destroyed the feudal forces and promoted social development andProduction relationsThe productivity has been greatly improved by the reform of.This has played a role in the development of natural scienceFacilitation。
In physics, the laws of energy conservation and transformation, optical progress, and further improvement of microscopes are as followscompoundmeetobjective lense(1823), colorless lens (1830)Oil immersionDevice (1886), etc.Thanks to the progress of electricity,Electric heaterElectrical therapy appeared successively in the second half of the lobe.
In terms of chemistry, there areAtomism、Element cycle rateAnd the emergence of synthetic organic compounds.German FWeiler(1880~1882) in 1828Synthetic urea, breaking the relationship between organic matter andInorganicThe boundary between.
① CellPathology。Early 19th centuryCellular theoryBy the middle of the 19th century, German pathologist RFilshawAdvocate cytopathology and deepen disease research to the cellular level.The basic principles of his theory include: cells come from cells;The body is the sum of cells;The disease can be explained by cell pathology.
②bacteriologyEstablishment of.In the middle of the 19th centuryFermentation industryDue to the progress of physics and chemistry and the improvement of microscope, bacteriology was born.The Frenchman L. Pasteur (1822-1895) began to study the role of fermentation, and later studied microorganisms, which proved that fermentation and infectious diseases were caused by microorganisms.German R. Koch (1843-1910) foundVibrio cholerae、Mycobacterium tuberculosisandBacillus anthracisAnd improved the methods of bacterial culture and bacterial staining, and proposed Koch's three laws.Their work has been laidmicrobiologyThe foundation of.The last 30 years of the 19th century were the era of bacteriology, most of which werepathogenic bacteriaIt was discovered successively during this period.
Pasteur also studied the chickencholera、Anthrax of cattle and sheepDisease andrabiesAnd use to weaken microorganismsvirulenceThe classical immunology was founded by the vaccine research.Later, inPasteur InstituteThe Russian ИИ. Mechinikov (1845-1916) who worked systematically elaborated the phagocytosis phenomenon and the immune phenomenon of some infectious diseases;In 1880, he published a treatise on the confrontation between microorganisms and their variation;At the beginning of the 20th centurylactobacillusAndPathogenAntagonism in human intestine, andLactobacillus preparationTo treat some intestinal diseases.He made great contributions to early immunology.
By the middle of the 19th century,urea、chloroformEtc. have been synthesized.1859salicylic acidsaltAntipyretic analgesicsIt was successfully synthesized and refined by the end of the 19th centuryaspirin。Since then, the synthesis and refinement of various drugs have been continuously developed.Later, people began to study the properties and effects of drugs.Based on clinical medicine and physiologyAnimal experimentAs a means, experimental pharmacology was produced.
④ Experimental Physiology.By the 19th century, peopleApplied PhysicsTheory and Experiment of Chemistrymethod studyThe body, and thus the rise of experimental physiology.
F. of Francemagendie (1783-1855), German JP. Maitreya (1801-1858) and the FrenchClaude Bernard (1813-1878) A large number of physiological studies on nervous and digestive systems were carried out successively by animal experiments.Their work laid the scientific foundation for modern physiological research.
⑤DiagnosticsProgress.Due to the influence of pathological anatomy and cytopathology, the clinical medicine at that time paid special attention to the research and diagnosis of pathological changes of internal organs, and tried all kinds of methods to find "lesions" so thatdiagnostic method The number of diagnostic tools and auxiliary diagnostic tools has increased.By the end of the 19th century, the examination work had more or less changed from direct observation of patients to the study of laboratory test results.
In the middle of the 18th century, Onbrugge had invented and improved the percussion method, but the percussion method was despised and ridiculed by the conservative doctors at that time, and was not applied.Until the early 19th century, the French doctor JN. Corvesa (1755-1821) popularized percussion after 20 years of research, which promoted the clinical application of percussion.
R. invented auscultationT.H.Laeneke(1781-1826), he was a French pathologist and clinician.He came fromHippocratesIn his works, he got the enlightenment that the heart and lung can be auscultated.At first, he auscultated directly with his ear, and later madeStethoscope, first paper, then wood.He examined many patients and studied the smallest phenomena found with stethoscope.Many autopsies were carried out to compare the results of autopsies with clinical phenomena, thus improving the auscultation method.In 1819, he published the paper "Indirect Auscultation" and diagnosed lung and heart diseases according to this new examination method.
Due to the development of chemistrychemical analysisTest method to check the bloodContents, greatly improvedDiagnostic method。The continuous progress of microscopy has promoted morphological diagnostics to gradually acquire an important position in clinical practice. It studies theorganization structureAnd visible components, and study normal and abnormalExcretaThe structural components of.By the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, thanks to the achievements of microbiology and immunology, doctors had more abundant diagnostic methods.
⑥SurgeryProgress.Before the 19th century, surgery was very backward.The main basic problems such as pain, infection and bleeding have not been solved, which limits the number and scope of operations.In the middle of the 19th century, the development of anatomy and anesthesia, antisepsis andsterileThe application of the method played a decisive role in the development of surgery at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century.
These important achievements paved the way for the development of surgery.Since then, surgery has developed rapidly.At the end of the 19th century, body cavity surgery was generally developedClinical specialty(such as gynecologyUrology Department、Ophthalmology DepartmentIn addition to medical treatment, surgical methods have also gained an important position.
twenty-first century
Tianjin medical students collect bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells[4]
The 21st century isbiomedical scienceCentury.The intersection between biomedicine and basic disciplines such as physics, chemistry and mathematics, as well as applied disciplines such as materials, information and engineering, is increasingly close.electron microscopeAnd freeze electron microscopy, new omics technologyartificial intelligence technologyIts application has made a qualitative leap in the means of medical research.[6]
"10P" medical concept should be the futuremedical and health workDevelopment prospects of the industry: including "Prevention, Participation, Personalization, People centered Medicine", etc.
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traditional medicine
Medical research
The Director General's Report of the World Health Organization points out that ICD-11 includes a supplementary chapter entitled "Traditional Medicine Syndrome Module 1", which originated in ancient China and is currently widely used in China, Japan, South Korea and other countriestraditional medicine The disease and syndrome were classified.[7]
stayWHOUnder the leading organization and technical guidance of, after long-term efforts, and under the joint cooperation of China and relevant countries, a disease syndrome classification system based on traditional Chinese medicine and taking into account the contents of Japanese and Korean traditional medicine was finally established in ICD-11, promoting the inclusion of 150 diseases and 196 syndromes (excluding specific and non specific diseases and syndromes) in traditional medicine into ICD-11 chapters of traditional medicine.[7]
modern medicine
The development of medicine is accompanied by the progress and innovation of science and technology, from the original traditional medicine relying on experience and experiments to the modern medicine that comprehensively applies new technologies such as digital imaging, big data, surgical robots, etc.Medical science and technology innovation should not only have medical thinking, but also have discipline thinking such as engineering thinking.Different disciplines collide with each other, giving birth to newmedical technology。[6]
sports medicine
Citizens are performing Taijiquan[9]
Scientific movementIt is widely agreed that scientific movement is a good medicine and that scientific movement is a good medicine.“Combination of sports and medicine”It is an important way to implement the Healthy China Action and plays a positive role in improving and promoting people's health."Through scientific exercise, not only can we effectively improve the heart and lung function, strengthen the muscle and ligament strength, promote human metabolism, enhance bone quality, and have a healthy and beautiful body, but also can make people happy physically and mentally, exercise their ability to resist pressure, and thus make people physically and mentally healthy.[8]
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hygiene
Health has prominent diversity, and the health system is a comprehensive social system.Health basedPrinciples of Medicine, but far beyond medicine.Carrying out health action requires various conditions other than medicine, mobilization of personal and social resources, payment of required costs, and various social supports and management.[5]
healthy
healthyIt is the goal and result of medicine and health, with goals, results and people's livelihood as the main attributes.Health is one of the outcomes of health actions based on medical principles.[5]
Countries in the world
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Helsinki Declaration
Group photo of experts who spoke at the academic seminar on medical ethics[11]
1. Drafted by the World Medical CongressHelsinki Declaration, is a statement of ethical standards for human medical research, which is used to guide doctors and other participants in human medical research.Human medical research includes the research on the human body itself and related data or information.[10]
2. It is the duty of doctors to promote and protect human health.The knowledge and morality of doctors are just to fulfill this responsibility.[10]
3. World Medical CongressDeclaration of Geneva Constrain doctors with words like "the health of patients must be our first consideration".The international standard of medical ethics declares: "Only when it is in line with the interests of patients can doctors provide medical measures that may have adverse effects on patients' physiology and psychology".[10]
China
All for the people's life and health, concern for the group, care for the people, this isCommunist Party of ChinaThe purpose of health work is the purpose of the Chinese medical community, as well as the concept and action that medical scholars must uphold.In addition to the rise of mass medicine, the international academic community is gradually developing the past discipline of international health into a global health discipline,Solving these problems often requires global cooperation.[5]
Vietnam?
Historically, China, Japan, Korea and Vietnam have formed a "Confucian cultural circle",Traditional Chinese MedicineAs an important part of Chinese culture, it spread to Vietnam when it was spread abroad, and combined with Vietnam's traditional medicine, formedEastern medicine。In fact, Vietnam's classical medicine was founded after the 14th century, when medical skills were written in Vietnamese, and the medical education and practice established at that time have been continued to this day.[12]
Thailand
ThailandTraditional medicine includes six aspects: the use of drugs includes decoction, pills, steam bath and medicinal massage, artificial therapy, traditional bone injury treatment, mental health care in the form of Buddhism, traditional health care methods and natural therapy.In the annual budget of about 3 billion THB (about 120 million US dollars) of the Ministry of Health of Thailand, 130 million THB is used to develop traditional medicine, accounting for 4.3% of the total budget.[12]
Thai ancient method massageIt is the representative of Thailand's ancient medical culture. This kind of massage has a unique theory of pressing and stretching meridians and acupoints, which can help people relax muscles and bones, promote human blood circulation and system metabolism, and restore balance between spirit and soul.[12]
