Regional Economics (also known as regional economics) is a combination of economics andgeographyApplied economics formed by crossing.Spatial economicsThe term is often used in regional economicssynonym。When the subject of regional economics specifically involves towns, useUrban EconomicsThe term.Regional economics is a science that studies the coordination of regional economic development and regional relations from the perspective of economics.Andlocation theoryThere are both connections and differences.Regional economics belongs toFirst level disciplineApplied Economics。
1. Regional economics is a comprehensive study of the development, changes, spatial organization and interrelation of different regional economies in China from the perspective of economicsapplied science。
2. Regional economics is a discipline that studies and reveals the law of interaction between regions and economies.Main researchmarket economyThe spatial distribution and development law of productive forces under the conditions of the WTO, explore ways and measures to promote the economic growth of a specific region rather than an enterprise, and how to achieve it on the basis of giving full play to the advantages of various regionsOptimized allocation of resourcesAnd improve the overall regionaleconomic performance, for the governmentPublic decision-makingProvide theoretical basis and scientific guidance.
3. Specific analysis of regional economic developmentRegularityThe problems include the analysis of regional characteristics, target systems, policies and means,Industrial structure evolution, population growth and movement, urban construction and layout, regional land planning, regional integration and coordination of interregional interests, and regional proportionality.The main research directions of the discipline include: urbanization and urban economic issuesSpatial structure theory, AreaProductivity distribution, rational development and utilization of resources, rural economy, regional planning and management, regional investment and financing, etc.
historical background
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A region is a certain geographical space.Intraregionalnatural resourcesStatuspopulation distributionStatus, traffic, education, technology, industry and agricultureDevelopment level、Consumption level、political systemAnd so on, for the socio-economic activities andProduction processHas a great impact.How to make the economic development of a region reach the overall optimal effect?Regional economics came into being in this situation.
Its formation and development originated from German economists in 1826Thune ProposedAgricultural location theoryIt has a history of nearly 180 years.However, as a relatively independent science, it was generally formed in the 1950s.Since the 1960s, with the continuous expansion of location research from micro to macro fields, and the strengthening of intervention in regional economic activities by governments of various countries to solve regional problemsregional planningRegional economics has developed rapidly.It originated in western countries,Eastern EuropeHeyuanSoviet UnionIn the past 60 years, there has also been an upsurge of regional economic research.China did not start this work until the 1980s.
Regional Economics andeconomic geography A closely related discipline.On the one hand, it faces the natural resources andnatural conditionconducteconomic evaluation , to the regional economysocial factors Through analysis, it is more important to formulate the regional development outline, put forward scientific basis, and establish the regional economyEconometric model。
There are three historical backgrounds for the emergence of regional economics:
Regional Economics Books
(1) Economic background, manifested in two aspects: firstgeographical division of laborWith the deepening of economic development, the imbalance between regions has intensified, such as the differences between Japan and Japan, the differences between the northeast and the west and the south of the United States, and the differences between Britain and JapanEnglandAndScotland、Northern IrelandThe differences between the East and the West of the Soviet Union;The second is the exposure of regional economic problems, such as those of the United StatesTennessee RiverIn 1933, the per capita income of the river basin was only 168 dollars, less than half of the national average incomeunemployment rateMore than 25%,WelshThe unemployment rate is over 36%, whileLondonandSouth East England The unemployment rate is less than 14%.
(2) Political background, in the West,capitalismIt has developed toState monopoly capitalismStage, governmentaleconomic functions Strengthen, the government has the ability to intervene in regional economic development;In the East,socialist systemBirth, on the one hand,Socialist countryimplementplanned economyThe government is the main body of resource allocation. The government can allocate resources between regions. On the other hand,socialist economy It is required to develop in a planned and proportional manner, including between regions.
(1) Regional economics is an economics that studies a specific geographical scope. It is no different from general economics, but its research scope is regions rather than countries. Most beginners hold this view.
(3) The representative figures who hold this view are North, Richardson, HooverIsard (known as the founder of western regional economics), Zhou Qiye and Liu Zaixing[1]Etc.
(4) To study the interregional differences and connections, the representative who holds this view is mainly Dube.
(5) Zhang Dunfu is the representative who studies the interaction law and relationship between regions and economies[2]。
EarlyThune Of《Isolated country》（1850），weberOf《Industrial location theory》(1909) and other representative works.Edgar M. Hoover, Introduction to Regional Economics (1970).1978, beforeSoviet UnionAfter the publication of the economist Nekrasov's work Regional Economics, this discipline has reached a new level.
Discipline nature
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The discipline nature of regional economics has not yet formed a unified view. There are three main views:
(3) Regional economicsInterdisciplinary, an interdisciplinary subject of economics and geography.
Space definition
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With the increasing complexity of regional economic development, the definition of regional boundaries from the perspective of geography has great constraints on the research of regional economy.system theoryConsidered systematicentiretyIt is shown in the special boundary reaction when contacting with the environment.The boundary of the system can protect the stability of the system under certain conditions.Regional economic systemThe boundary division ofEconomic factorsThe interface of the regional economic system is composed of the connections between them and the connections of nodes with sudden changes in function.
The traditional regional division is based onphysical geographyBased on the boundary, this is because the traditional economic activities are dominated by agriculture, transportation andcontact informationLagging behind,geographical conditions There are great constraints.Economic activities are limited to plain areas, and the boundaries of regional economic systems are often rivers, mountains, etcnatural boundary 。Although the transportation and contact methods have improved after industrializationResource flowsThe cost is still very high. The boundary of the regional economic system is affected by both natural and artificial factors. In addition to rivers and mountains, its interface may also be railways, power and political boundariesSpace costThe restrictive factors constitute the interface of the regional economic system.
The arrival of the information age ushered in a newMan land relationshipWith the new regional economic landscape, the information technology space based on the network has formed a new form of organization of the relationship between space, things and people, and the so-called virtual information has emergedGeospatialIn addition to the influence of economic factors such as resources and costs, the boundaries of this regional economic system are more reflected in cultural aspects such as language, values andNetwork StandardsAnd network rules.It can be seen that the boundary of the regional economic system is constantly extending with the progress of the contact way of economic activities.regional economiesActivity spaceIn a certain period of time, it is bound by some factors, which forms the boundary of the regional economic system, but the economic development will eventually overcome these obstacles until it meets new constraints and forms a new interface.
Main applications
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At present, China's domestic economic development needs regional balance.Pearl River Delta、Changjiang delta、Circum Bohai SeaThese three economic poles are expected to develop into world-classEconomic beltUrban agglomeration。However, China's geographical scope is too large and the population is too large, and these three are concentrated in the eastern coastal areas, resulting in the imbalance of China's economic development regions.There are too many Chinese and Western tribes.There are 1.3 billion people in China, and 400 million people in the eastern coastal areas (Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Shandong, Jiangsu, Shanghai, Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong andHong Kong, Macao and Taiwan）100 million in the northeast, 400 million in the middle (Shanxi, Henan, Anhui, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi), and 400 million in the west (northwest: Inner Mongolia, Shaanxi, Gansu, Ningxia, Xinjiang, Tibet, Qinghai; southwest: Chongqing, Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangxi).The eastern part is relatively developed. What needs to be done isIndustrial upgradingandOverall planning of urban and rural areas；Northeast isOld industrial baseWhat is needed is to improve technology and revitalize.
In contrast, the central and western regions (except Tibet and Qinghai, where development is restricted) need not only to improve the degree of industrialization, but also to integrate urban and rural areas to solve the dual problem. Heavy industrialization must also go hand in hand.According to the law of industrial developmentscale economyCome and catch it,Industrial cluster, catchAdvantageous industry, highlighting characteristics, supporting within the region, and outside the regionComparative advantageDivision of labor, but again, there is no big difference between the central and western regions, just geographical location.Because the central and western regions do not have the geographical advantage of facing overseas (except Guangxi), they cannot take foreign trade as the driving force, but can undertake the eastern coastal areasIntermediate productsOfIndustrial divisionThat is to say, supporting coastal exports. However, it is not appropriate for industries with large import and export at both ends.
Although there are still foundations in the central and western regions, it is impossible to rely solely on the strength of the region, and it is necessary to introduceExternal fundsIf technology can leapfrog development, then there will be a problem of treating domestic capital and foreign capital, which must be intervened by the national level, otherwise local governments will be short-sighted.In addition to obeying the layout of the whole country, some industries are mainly based on the local area.becauseIndustrial layoutGeographically dispersed, but canCapital concentrationIt will not cause too blind competition.In particular, some industries need to be highly concentrated, but production can be decentralized to meet the local market.
regional development The problem of imbalance has long existed in China, of which capital investment is a key factor.The best way to form large-scale capital investment is to take advantage of the capital market.
There are many reasons for the large development gap between regions in China, but the unbalanced development of the capital market is an important reason for the large gap between economic regions in China.Comparing the development of capital markets in the four major economic regions, we can find that there are obvious imbalances in the development of capital markets in the eastern, central, northeastern and western regions.
In terms of the number of listed companies, there are 1516 listed companies in 10 eastern provinces and cities, with an average of 151.6 listed companies in each province and city;There are 347 listed companies in 6 provinces and cities in central China, with an average of 57.8 listed companies in each province and city;There are 133 listed companies in the three northeastern provinces, with an average of 44 listed companies in each province;There are 348 listed companies in 12 provinces and cities in western China, with an average of 29 listed companies in each province and city.The number of listed companies in the eastern region is significantly higher than that in the other three regions.
From the comparison of the market value of listed companies, there is a phenomenon that the market value of listed companies in the eastern economic region is the highest and the largest proportion, while the market value of the other three regions is small.By the end of July 2011, the total market value of listed companies in the eastern economic region (10 provinces and cities) accounted forA-share76% of the total market value;The west (12 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions) accounts for 11% of the total value of A stock market;Central China (6 provinces) accounts for 10% of the total value of A stock market;Northeast (3 provinces) accounts for 3% of the total value of A stock market.
From the average market value of each province, the average total market value of each province in the eastern region is 2356.869 billion yuan, the average total market value of each province in the central region is 515.709 billion yuan, the average total market value of each province in the northeast region is 285.297 billion yuan, and the average total market value of each province in the western region is 273.429 billion yuan.On average, eastern provinces are 8.62 times as many as western provinces, 8.26 times as many as northeastern provinces, and 4.57 times as many as central provinces.
From each areastock marketRaised onAmount of fundsLook at the four major economic regions in China since the establishment of the securities marketRaised fundsThe largest amount was raised in the eastern region, with a total of 19823.3 billion yuan. The funds raised in the other three economic regions were 1122.47 billion yuan in the western region, 1067.75 billion yuan in the central region, and 383.371 billion yuan in the northeast.It can be seen that the east has an absolute advantage.Compared with the amount of funds raised per capita in the four major regions, the eastern region still has an absolute advantage of 40900 yuan/person, followed by 35200 yuan/person in the northeast, 30600 yuan/person in the west, and 29900 yuan/person in the middle.
It can be seen that there are obvious gaps between the four major economic regions in China, both in terms of the total market value of listed companies and the amount of funds raised from the securities market,Eastern regionIt is far ahead of other regions.
To promote the economic development of the central and western regions, we need to solve the problems needed by the large-scale developmentproduction factorsandResource issuesTherefore, capital investment is a key factor.To form large-scale capital investment,Optimal starting pointIt is driven by the capital market.How to use the capital market to promote the economic development of backward regions, especially the central and western regions?We think the following aspects can be considered:
First, in terms of policies, the state gives preferential treatment to backward regions, especially the central and western regions.For example, you canIndustrial development policyOn the premise that the listing conditionsRefinancingConditionsBond issuanceAnd other special policies;Preferential policies will be given to enterprises in the central and western regions for tax and investment;For investment in listed companies in central and western regionscapital gainsGive preferential treatment in terms of taxation, etc.
Second, actively foster capital markets in the central and western regions.There are only Shanghai and Shenzhen in Chinasecurities market, which has seriously aggravated the imbalance in regional distribution of funds.In the future, we should consider setting up the central and western regionsstock exchange, change the situation that China's capital center is concentrated in the east, and createFinancial resourcesA financial center in the central and western regions.
Third, backward regions, especially the central and western regions, should actively cultivate and develop a number of high-quality reserve forces of listed companies, and support local enterprises to enter the capital market.In the process of using the securities market to revitalize the regional economy, it is not only necessary to promote the sustainable development of the existing listed companies, but also to cultivate and develop a number of high-quality reserve forces of listed companies, so that local enterprises can be continuously supported by the capital market, and provide fresh blood for the "central plate" and "western plate" in the securities market.
Fourth, the capital marketagencyIn particular, securities companies should attach importance to developing capital market business in the central and western regions.To make use of the capital marketFinancing capacityResource advantage allocation function and mechanism transformation function serve the development of the central and western regions.
