The Northern Dynasty ended China's transition fromRebellion of the Eight KingsNearly 150 years agocentral plainsThe situation of scuffle.AfterlifeSui and Tang DynastiesBoth dynasties inherited the Northern Dynasty, theirFounding EmperorOur ancestors were all famous people in the Northern Dynasty, and they followed the Northern Dynasty in military and political systems and other fields and made better development and innovation, laying the foundation for the prosperity of the Sui and Tang dynasties and the great integration of nations.
The Emperor Daowu of the Yuan and Wei Dynasties made a pilgrimage
The Northern Wei Dynasty wasXianbeiIt was built by Tuoba Department, also known as the Yuan Wei Dynasty.Tuoba originally lived in today's Xing'an Mountains in the northeast, and later moved southward to the Mongolian grasslandnomadicMake a living.In the fourth year of Xiankang in the Eastern Jin Dynasty (338 years), Shiyiqian, its leader, was called the king of the generation, built the country of the generation, and enjoyed the prosperity (today's Helingeer in Inner Mongolia).Later was destroyed by Fu Jian of the former Qin Dynasty.In the first year of the Northern Wei Dynasty (386), he was the grandson of ShiyiqianRubbingsLater, he was called Dai Wang, and soon changed the name of the country to Wei, formulated regulations, and rebuilt the country, which was known as the Northern Wei Dynasty in history.
In the third year of Yongxi in the Northern Wei Dynasty (534), Emperor Xiaowu Yuan Xiu broke away from Gao Huan, fled from Luoyang to Chang'an, and joined Yu Wentai, the general of the Northern Wei Dynasty and a Xianbeihua Hun.The next year, Yu Wentai killed Emperor Xiaowu and establishedYuanbaojuAs the emperor, known as the Western Wei Dynasty in history, the real reason for the political powerYu WentaiMaster.
In the first year of Datong of the Western Wei Dynasty (535), after Yu Wentai poisoned Emperor Xiaowu of Wei, Yuan Xiu, he established Yuan Baoju, the grandson of Emperor Xiaowen of Wei, as the emperor, namely, Emperor Wenzhao of Wei. The Western Wei Dynasty began with the reform of Datong.In the 17th year of Datong (551), Yuan Baoju died and the eldest son Yuan Qin inherited the throne.Yuan Qin was deposed by Yu Wentai in 554, the third year of Emperor Fei of Wei, and was soon poisoned.Yuan Ku, the fourth son of Yuan Baoju, ascended the throne in the first year and was forced to change his surname to Tuoba in order to cater to Yuwentai's Huhua movement.In the third year of Emperor Wei Gong (556), Yu Wentai died of illness and was succeeded by his nephew Yu Wenhu.In 557, Yuwen secured the support of the general, forcing Emperor Wei Gong to abdicate to Yuwen Jue, and the Western Wei Dynasty perished.
Eastern Wei Dynasty
In the third year of Yongxi in the Northern Wei Dynasty (534), a powerful ministerGao HuanYuan Xiu, the Emperor Xiaowu of the Northern Wei Dynasty, was unwilling to be a puppet emperor, so he was forced to flee to Guanzhong and join the Guanlong warlord Yu Wentai.Gao Huan embraces the great grandson of Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty, who is only eleven years oldYuan ShanjianAs the Emperor, namely the Emperor Xiaojing of the Eastern Wei Dynasty, the Eastern Wei Dynasty began.
During the period when Gao Huan was in power, land annexation was serious, social and ethnic contradictions were acute, and he was repeatedly defeated by the powerful enemy Yuwentai of the Western Wei Dynasty.In 550, Emperor Xiaojing's Zen was located in Gaoyang, the son of Gao Huan, and the Eastern Wei Dynasty perished.
Beiqi
Gaoyang in Northern Qi Dynasty
After the death of Gao Huan, a powerful official of the Eastern Wei Dynasty, Gao Cheng, the eldest son, succeeded to rule the Wei Dynasty and was assassinated by domestic slaves when he was not usurped.Gao Yang, his younger brother, inherited the throne. He was a man who was "smart inside but short in appearance". He soon abolished the puppet emperor Xiaojing of the Eastern Wei Dynasty and became emperor in 550 AD (May 5th, Gengwu year).The country name is Qi, Jianyuan Tianbao, and the capital is Yecheng (today's Linzhang County, Hebei Province), which is known as North Qi in history.
In the Northern Qi Dynasty, the scriptures proclaim Emperor Gao Yang, the abolished Emperor Gao Yin, Emperor Xiaozhao Gao Yan, Emperor Wu Cheng Gao Zhan, the late leader Gao Wei, and the young leader Gao Heng, six emperors. In 577 AD, they were defeated by the old enemy Northern Zhou Dynasty and enjoyed the country for 28 years.
Northern Zhou Dynasty
Yuwentai of Northern Zhou Dynasty
The foundation of the state was laid by Yu Wentai, a powerful official in the Western Wei Dynasty, and formally established by his son Yu Wenjue.Five emperors, a total of 24 years.In the third year of Emperor Gong of the Western Wei Dynasty (556 years), after the death of Yuwentai, who actually controlled the Western Wei Dynasty, Yuwenjue, the third son, succeeded Otsuka Zai and called himself Duke of Zhou.At the beginning of the next year, he abolishedEmperor Gong of the Western Wei DynastyIt is independent, with the country name of Zhou, and its capital is in Chang'an (now Xi'an, Shaanxi), known as the Northern Zhou Dynasty in history.
Emperor Xiaomin of the Northern Zhou DynastyYu WenjueYoung, power is in the hands of cousinYu WenhuHands.In September, Yu Wenhu killed Emperor Xiaomin and appointed Yu Wenyu as the emperor.In the second year of Wucheng (560), Yuwenhu was poisoned againYu Wenyu, established Yu Wenyong as emperor, known in historyEmperor Wu of the Northern Zhou Dynasty。In the first year of Jiande (572), Emperor Wu of the Zhou Dynasty, Yu Wenyong, a wise and powerful minister, killed Yu Wenhu, and took charge of the government in person, carrying out reforms in many aspects.
In the sixth year of Jiande (577), the Northern Zhou Dynasty destroyed the Northern Qi Dynasty and unified the north.[5]In 581 AD, Yang Jian was proclaimed emperor by Zhou in the Chan Dynasty, changed the country name to Sui, and the Northern Zhou Dynasty died.
Encyclopedia x Misunderstanding: Illustrating the Southern and Northern Dynasties
Politics
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The ethnic minorities in the Northern Dynasty lacked political experience, so they put Han people in high position, which led to cultural borrowing from both sides. Over a long period of time, a cultural mix was formed. The Hanization movement of Emperor Xiaowen in the Northern Wei Dynasty was the most prosperous.The mixing process produces intense ideological conflict, political struggle or ethnic conflict, such as the popular uprising in six towns and Yuwentai's Xianbeihua policy.The Northern Qi Dynasty advocated the culture of Chinese exclusion.The Northern Zhou Dynasty established a Guanzhong based policy, integrating Xianbei and Han cultures to eliminate the gap between Hu and Han.[6]It laid the foundation for the national integration of the Sui and Tang dynasties.
Economics
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stayDa WeiIn the course of a century and a half of historical development, social productive forces have gradually recovered and developed.After the Northern Wei Dynasty unified the north, through the long-term hard work and joint efforts of the people of all ethnic groups, the relations of production were adjusted and production developed significantly.Especially after Emperor Xiaowen's reform,Owner farmerThe population has increased significantly. Before the reign of Emperor Xiaoming Zhengguang, the number of households in the country has reached more than five million, which is more than that in the Western Jin DynastyTaikangMore than doubled during.Agriculture and handicraft industry have developed significantly.《Luoyang Jialan Record》People in the late Northern Wei DynastyrichIt is popular in the year, and food and clothing are guaranteed.In the handicraft industry, new achievements were made in steelmaking technology in the late Northern Wei Dynasty,XiangzhouQiankou Smelting (nowAnyang）Make a sharp steel knife.Business is also becoming more active.In the reign of Emperor Xiaowen, Yuan ShuweiHedongTai Shou, many local people abandoned agriculture for business.Before Taihe, the commerce in the north was almost at a standstill, and there was no circulation of money and goods.With the development of business,currencyResumption of circulation, and re casting in the 19th year of Taihe“Taihe Wuzhu”Money, it is stipulated that this money should becapitalIt is also accessible to all towns in China.Emperor XuanwuAt that time, Luoyang's commerce was very prosperous and became an international commercial cityPingcheng, Ye and Chang'an.In the ninth year of Wei Taihe's reign (485 years), the land equalization order was issued on the basis of the pastEqual field system。
The agriculture, salt and iron industry and porcelain manufacturing industry in Northern Qi Dynasty are quite developed, which is the richest among the three countries with Chen and Northern Zhou Dynasty.The Northern Qi Dynasty continued to implement the equal field system, which was basically the same as that of the Northern Wei Dynasty, but also changed slightly.There are also provisions on "no burning" to protect grassland and surface vegetation.According to the Records of the Northern Qi Dynasty · Emperor Wenxuan's Annals, in the spring of the ninth year of Tianbao in the Northern Qi Dynasty (558), the emperor Gao Yang issued an imperial edict stating: "It is only allowed to start a prairie fire in mid winter in one month, and it is not allowed to burn insects and plants in his time." It can only burn wasteland in mid winter (November) one month, and other seasons are prohibited.[7]
According to the traditional concept of "getting rich before teaching" of Confucianism, Yuwentai of the Northern Zhou Dynasty actively advised farmers to teach mulberry trees, rewarded farming, and restored the destroyed land equalization system, so that those farmers who lost their land due to land annexation, war, and natural disasters, and those farmers who had been exiled from other places, could reunite with the land, thus providing conditions for farmers' production activities.The age of service was changed from 15 to 18 in the Northern Wei Dynasty;The service time is determined according to the annual harvest, not more than one month, not more than twenty years of middle age, and not more than ten days of the next year, greatly shortening the service period;The number of servicemen in each farm is limited to one, so as to avoid using too much civilian resources to hinder agricultural production.At the same timeHousehold registration systemAnd the accounting system, namely, the method of accounting for the estimated amount of corvee in the next year.It also clearly stipulates the responsibilities of local officials in developing production.Every year at the beginning of the year, the prefectures and counties must urge the people, no matter how young they are, but who are able to handle agricultural tools, to order them to use their fields without losing farming time.Those slackers who are lazy, enjoy leisure and hate work, and do nothing to the producers will be punished.As one of the criteria for Yu Wentai to measure his achievements in herding and guarding is to persuade farmers to teach them how to produce mulberry, most local officials attach importance to the production of agricultural mulberry, and the economy has gradually developed. Before Yu Wentai's death, there has been a well-off situation with abundant granaries.
Culture
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During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the society was turbulent, but it was a period of great development of Chinese culture and art, with brilliant achievements.These cultural achievements play a connecting role in the development history of Chinese culture and art.
The ideology and culture in the Wei, Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties were not interrupted by the confrontation between the Three Kingdoms and the South and the North, but became more lively and open due to the awakening of scholars, and showed the characteristics of the Central Plains culture as the theme and the collision and integration of multiple cultures.
The representative sculpture of the Northern Dynasties Longmen Grottoes
On the statues of Buddha Grottoes, there are sculptures of Northern Dynasties Grottoes. The famous ones are Yungang Grottoes, Longmen Grottoes, Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes, Maijishan Grottoes, Tianlongshan Grottoes, etc.The most magnificent grotto art is the 20 Gu statue in Yungang.The Buddha's appearance is plump, with broad shoulders. The lines of garment pleats are carved close to the body. The majesty contains kindness, which shows the Buddha's mind and bearing.The best painted sculptures are the statues in Cave 259 of the Mogao Grottoes in Dunhuang. The implicit smile gives people a sense of tranquility.The clay sculptures of the Northern Wei Dynasty unearthed from the tower base of Yongning Temple in Luoyang are the most exquisite and vivid.[8]
Imperial lineage
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Yuan Wei (Northern Wei, Eastern Wei, Western Wei)
Recognised ancestors
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full name
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Legendary period, prehistoric period of Tuoba tribe
