Beijing Union UniversityThe College of Biochemical Engineering aims to cultivateundergraduateMainly full-timeOrdinary colleges and universities。The college is located in Fatou Community, Chaoyang District, adjacent toBeijing Happy ValleyIt covers an area of about 75000 square meters and a building area of about 56000 square meters.At present, there are more than 500 teaching staff and more than 3700 full-time students.In 2018, the official website of the School of Biochemical Engineering of Beijing Union University showed that the school would be renamed as the School of Health and Environment of Beijing Union University.[1]
Facing the economic and social development of the country and Beijing, the College of Biochemical Engineering focuses on the health and environmental industry of Beijing Tianjin Hebei, focusing on the urban construction goal of "healthy Beijing" and "harmonious and livable city", and cultivates high-quality applied talents to meet the development needs of health and environmental fields in the new era with the characteristics of interdisciplinary integration and personalized cultivation of students.At present, the college has nearly 1500 full-time students and more than 50 master students.Since its establishment, the college has trained more than 16000 graduates for the economic and social development of the country and Beijing, most of whom have gradually grown into the backbone of the industry.[4]
Chinese name
School of Biochemical Engineering, Beijing Union University
Foreign name
College of Biochemical Engineering of Beijing Union University
The largest municipal comprehensive university in Beijing[6]
Current leaders
Fan Baoxiang (Secretary of the College Party Committee)[7]、Zhao Zhuo (Deputy Secretary of the Party Committee and Executive Vice President of the Institute)[7]、Zhao Yanxia (Vice President)[7]、Ma Zhenlong (Deputy Secretary of the CPC Committee of the Academy)[7]、Shen Xiaoping (Vice President)[7]、Li Chunwang (Vice President)[7]
Number of full-time academicians
One academician of Chinese Academy of Sciences[13] One academician of Chinese Academy of Engineering[14]
Number of full-time academicians
Two academicians of the International Eurasian Academy of Sciences[15-18] One academician of the International Academy of Food Sciences[19-20] 1 foreign academician of Russian Academy of Transportation Sciences[21]
Undergraduate major
eight[9]
Master's degree
two[10-11]
School motto
learn in order to practise
Address
18, Third District, Fatou Xili, Chaoyang District, Beijing[12]
Department of Engineering and Arts, Department of Biomedicine, Department of Resource Management, Department of Food Science, Public Basic Courses Teaching Department
The School of Chemical Engineering of Beijing Union University was founded in December 1978.The school name isBeijing Institute of Chemical TechnologyThe first branch is located inShichahailakeside.575 students were enrolled that year.
At the end of 1983, the municipal party committee and the municipal government adjusted the campus, and the college was renamed as the branch of Beijing Institute of Chemical Technology.
In May 1985, the college joined Beijing Union University and changed its name to School of Chemical Engineering of Beijing Union University.
On June 15, 2002, the college was renamed as the College of Biochemical Engineering of Beijing Union University, Deputy Secretary of Beijing Municipal Party CommitteeLong XinminDirector of Municipal Education CommissionGeng XuechaoDeputy Secretary of Municipal Education Working CommitteeXia QiangAnd other relevant leaders came to the meeting to congratulate.
On November 24, 2008,Beijing Chemical SchoolIt is integrated into the college as a whole, and the school running space is further expanded.[2]
In 2018, the official website of the School of Biochemical Engineering of Beijing Union University showed that the school would be renamed as the School of Health and Environment of Beijing Union University.[1]
School Profile
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Beijing Union University
Beijing Union University was established in 1985 with the approval of the Ministry of Education, and its predecessor was 36 university campuses founded by Peking University and Tsinghua University in 1978.Since its establishment more than 40 years ago, the university has implemented the strategy of "academic school building, talent school strengthening, and open school rejuvenation", and constantly promoted the connotative development. It has become a high-level application-oriented university in Beijing with 10 disciplines of economics, law, education, literature, history, science, engineering, medicine, management, and art supporting each other, and coordinated development of undergraduate education, graduate education, continuing education, and international student education,It is also the largest municipal comprehensive university in Beijing.[6]
The school is headquartered at No. 97, North Fourth Ring East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, and has 11 sub campuses located in the core area of Beijing urban area.Here, you can not only appreciate the grandeur and grandeur of the Olympic Center, the preciseness and intensity of the academic atmosphere of Xueyuan Road, but also the prosperity and busyness of the CBD financial center, and the depth and breadth of the old Beijing culture of the Imperial City.[6]
The school has 14 colleges, including College of Applied Arts and Sciences, School of Normal Education, School of Business, School of Biochemical Engineering, School of Tourism, School of Continuing Education, School of Smart City, School of Robotics, School of Urban Rail Transit and Logistics, School of Management, School of Special Education, School of Arts, School of Applied Science and Technology, and College of Marxism.[6]
At present, the university has 70 undergraduate majors, covering ten disciplines including economics, law, education, literature, history, science, engineering, management, art and medicine.12 undergraduate specialties were approved as national first-class undergraduate specialty construction sites, 22 undergraduate specialties were approved as Beijing municipal first-class undergraduate specialty construction sites, and nearly 20 undergraduate specialties entered the top 20% (RCCSE) in China.At present, the university has 1 national talent training mode innovation experimental zone, 2 national experimental teaching demonstration centers, 1 national virtual simulation experimental teaching center, 1 national off campus practical education base, 2 municipal experimental teaching demonstration centers, 3 municipal on campus innovative practice bases, 4 municipal off campus talent training bases, and 12 school level experimental teaching demonstration centers;One national teaching team, four national quality courses, two national quality resource sharing courses, one national video open course, nine national quality textbooks, and 15 textbooks for undergraduate programs of general higher education during the 12th Five Year Plan period;Won 6 national teaching achievement awards and 64 municipal teaching achievement awards;Six projects were selected into the new engineering research and practice project of the Ministry of Education.[6]
The school has two top and sophisticated disciplines in Beijing, namely, Beijing Studies and Business Administration, 10 first level disciplines authorized for master's degrees, including Marxism Theory, Archaeology, Chinese History, Geography, Food Science and Engineering, Software Engineering, Computer Science and Technology, Business Administration, Design, and Political Science, as well as finance, law, education, journalism and communication, cultural relics and museums14 master's degree authorization categories, including transportation, Chinese medicine, accounting, tourism management, library and information, international business, electronic information, civil engineering and water conservancy, and art.Among them, the field of vocational and technical education is the pilot field of the professional degree of master of education, and the professional degree of master of traditional Chinese medicine for visually impaired students fills the gap of domestic higher special education.[6]
The school has more than 22000 registered students. As the governing unit and member school of the Xueyuan Road Teaching Community, our students can cross campus take high-quality courses involving literature, art, sports, medicine, natural science and other 11 disciplines from other member schools, minor in various majors from other member schools and obtain certificates, and enjoy rich high-quality teaching resources,Appreciate different campus cultures, broaden students' horizons and knowledge, improve their comprehensive quality, and enhance their entrepreneurial competitiveness and social adaptability.The school actively builds a practice platform for discipline competitions and student science and technology activities, and builds a discipline competition system at four levels, namely, the college, the city and the country.In the China International "Internet+" Undergraduate Innovation and Entrepreneurship Competition, the "Challenge Cup" National Undergraduate Extracurricular Academic Science and Technology Works Competition, the "Challenge Cup" Chinese Undergraduate Entrepreneurship Plan Competition, the National Undergraduate Mathematical Modeling Competition, the National Undergraduate Electronic Design Competition, the Blue Bridge Cup National Software and Information Technology Professionals CompetitionExcellent results were obtained in the national college students' e-commerce "innovation, creativity and entrepreneurship" challenge, "FLTRP Cup" national college students' English series and other well-known competitions.As the college branch of Beijing University Students' Entrepreneurship Park, the school carries out entrepreneurial team guidance and practice activities relying on the school level comprehensive incubation park and four school level entrepreneurial incubation bases, and has been awarded the "Demonstration Entrepreneurship Center for Universities in Beijing" and the "National Innovation and Entrepreneurship Typical Experience University".In the 2022 Beijing "Beijing Colorful Innovation" Undergraduate Innovation and Entrepreneurship Competition, four teams won the title of "Top 100 Entrepreneurship Teams";The school has won the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology's Demonstration Practice Base for School Enterprise Cooperative Employment, Entrepreneurship and Innovation, and has been included in the first batch of "Demonstration Base" construction units in China;Han Lei, the 2011 graduate, as the only college student entrepreneurship representative in China, attended the forum in Zhongnanhai in 2014 and had a face-to-face talk with Premier Li Keqiang about entrepreneurship.The school has trained more than 200000 outstanding talents for the country and Beijing, and has been active in government agencies, large state-owned enterprises and institutions, high-tech enterprises and other industries.The implementation rate of graduates' employment destination has remained at the forefront of Beijing's undergraduate universities for many years in a row.[6]
The school has more than 2600 teaching staff, 1551 full-time teachers, including 1 national excellent teacher, 36 Beijing excellent teachers, 3 excellent educators, 1 new century million talents, 16 deputy director members and members of the Teaching Steering Committee of the Ministry of Education and the Industry Steering Committee, 14 distinguished professors, 29 Beijing famous teachers, and 9 Great Wall scholars,There are 2 special professors of the ideological and political theory course, 1 special teacher of the ideological and political theory course, 3 cultural celebrities and "four a batch" talents, 3 people selected into the Beijing High level Innovation and Entrepreneurship Talent Support Plan, 2 outstanding young talents in Beijing, 27 outstanding talents in Beijing, 1 person selected from the Beijing Returned Overseas Students' Innovation and Entrepreneurship Special Contribution Award, and 1 person selected into the Chaoyang Talent Phoenix Plan,It has formed a team of teachers with relatively reasonable overall structure, high quality, strong ability and professional skills.[6]
In recent years, Beijing Union University has adapted to the positioning of "four centers" in the capital, served the high-quality development of the capital and the coordinated development strategy of Beijing Tianjin Hebei, seized the opportunity of reform and development, and vigorously improved its ability and contribution to serve Beijing.The university has 15 national, provincial and ministerial scientific research platforms, 2 academician scientific research workstations, and 49 university level scientific research institutions such as Habitat Research Center, SME Research Center, and Urban and Regional Development Institute.In recent years, it has been approved 52 projects of the National Natural Science Foundation of China, 60 projects of the National Social Science Foundation of China, and presided over one major entrusted project of the National Social Science Foundation of China, two national key scientific research projects, namely, "Research on the Impact of Artificial Intelligence on the Labor Market and the Response to the Transformation of Workers' Knowledge and Skills" and "Review of the History of Foreign CPC History Studies (1921-2021)".Seven provincial and ministerial key laboratories, research centers and research bases were approved. The Beijing Studies Research Base was selected into the first batch of China Think Tank Index (CTTI) source think tanks in 2017 and 2019, and 408 patents were approved for teachers.The Journal of Beijing Union University (Humanities and Social Sciences Edition) has been selected as the source journal of the Chinese Social Sciences Citation Index (CSSCI) for four consecutive years, and has been included in the Chinese Core Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and the Chinese Core Journals Overview of Peking University.The Journal of Tourism was included in the CSSCI Chinese Social Sciences Citation Index, Peking University's Outline of Chinese Core Periodicals, and the Chinese Humanities and Social Sciences Core Journal of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. It is the only academic journal in the tourism category that was selected into the first batch of academic journals funded by the National Social Science Fund, and has been selected as "China's most influential academic journal in the world" for many consecutive yearsAnd the important reprint source periodicals of copying newspapers and periodicals.Our teachers and research team have won the second prize of the 14th to 16th Beijing Philosophy and Social Award, the second prize of the science and technology progress award of Wu Wenjun Artificial Intelligence Science and Technology Award, the second prize of the science and technology progress award of the Chinese Electronics Society, and many other awards.[6]
The university has fully implemented the international development strategy, constantly improved the level of international education, and established inter school cooperation and exchange relations with more than 250 universities in more than 50 countries and regions in Asia, Europe and the Americas.Approved by the Ministry of Education, it cooperates with the Russian Jiaotong University to establish a Sino foreign cooperative school "Beijing Union University Russian Jiaotong University Joint School of Transportation", carries out Sino foreign cooperative school running projects, "2+2", "3+1" projects, student exchange projects, master's degree projects with several universities, and holds a Confucius Institute with Trinity St. David's University in Wales, UK,In cooperation with the University of Lower Gorica in Montenegro, an independent Confucius class with tourism characteristics was held.Focusing on the national "Belt and Road" initiative, China Central and Eastern Europe cooperation, and the construction of Beijing's "four centers", it hosted the "China Russia Jiaotong University Presidents Forum", the annual meeting of the China Central and Eastern European Countries Tourism University Alliance and other important conferences.The school actively introduces advanced educational resources and international advanced educational teaching experience from foreign cooperative colleges, implements the effective integration of education internationalization and education localization, and employs foreign teaching experts and excellent local bilingual teachers to carry out bilingual, all English teaching and non generic language teaching, so that students can receive advanced international education on campus.[6]
Standing at the historical intersection of the "two centenary goals", the school will adhere to the guidance of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, and under the strong leadership of the Beijing Municipal Party Committee and the Beijing Municipal Government, comprehensively implement the fundamental task of building morality and cultivating people.During the "14th Five Year Plan" period, the school will combine the discipline layout and the characteristics of comprehensive universities, take the discipline construction as the leader, explore the practical application problems in the omni-directional fields such as big data management and application, urban culture perception and cultural inheritance, human settlements and nutrition service system in the construction of Beijing's smart city, and form "smart Beijing" and "humanistic Beijing"The three disciplinary clusters of "Healthy Beijing" promote the connotative development and core competence improvement of high-level applied universities, cultivate high-quality applied innovative talents to meet the needs of the country, especially the economic and social development of the capital, and strive to build the university into an internationally renowned, domestically first-class, distinctive and high-level applied university in an all-round way.[6]
Secondary College of Beijing Union University (College of Biochemical Engineering)
The College of Biochemical Engineering of Beijing Union University consists of the North and the South, which covers an area of 46066 square meters and consists of teaching buildings, experimental buildings, pilot training bases, canteens, multi-function halls, student apartments and other buildings;The North Hospital covers an area of 28803 square meters and consists of administrative building, teaching building, experimental building, canteen, student dormitory and other buildings.The pilot test training base, modern multimedia teaching facilities, various large-scale experimental equipment and campus network covering the whole hospital supported by the Municipal Education Commission have created favorable conditions for students to improve their learning and practical skills.The college library has international authoritative journals《Chemical Abstracts》And other fine books to realize automatic management of acquisition, editing, streaming and inquiry.[3]
The college focuses on engineering and combines engineering, management and artBiochemistryFocusing on disciplines, relying on the pillar industry of new biological medicine, it develops in coordination with the relevant majors of enterprise management and applied art.existingPharmaceutical Engineering Research Institute、Bioengineering Institute, Human Resources Management Institute and Measurement and Control Technology Institute.The college adheres to the combination of production, learning and research, focuses on the biomedical industry with the most promising development prospects and benefits in the 21st century, adjusts the school running ideas and professional layout in a timely manner, cooperates with Beijing Pharmaceutical Corporation, Yanshan Petrochemical Corporation, Beijing Raines Paint Co., Ltd. and other enterprises in running schools, and vigorously develops bioengineering and new medicine to meet the social development impact on biologyThe need for professional and technical talents in chemical industry and pharmacy will broaden the employment space of graduates and cultivate applied senior professionals for the front line of modernization construction in the capital.
Facing the economic and social development of the country and Beijing, the College of Biochemical Engineering focuses on the health and environmental industry of Beijing Tianjin Hebei, focusing on the urban construction goal of "healthy Beijing" and "harmonious and livable city", and cultivates high-quality applied talents to meet the development needs of health and environmental fields in the new era with the characteristics of interdisciplinary integration and personalized cultivation of students.At present, the college has nearly 1500 full-time students and more than 50 master students.Since its establishment, the college has trained more than 16000 graduates for the economic and social development of the country and Beijing, most of whom have gradually grown into the backbone of the industry.[4]
Teachers
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The college has a strong faculty, with 9 professors, 41 associate professors and 19 doctors.After more than 20 years of development, the teaching quality of the college has improved year by year.In 2002, the Foreign Language Teaching and Research Department of our college won theBeijing Federation of Trade UnionsMay Day Labor Medal;In 2005, the Department of Humanities and Social Sciences of our hospital was rated as the advanced group of moral education in Beijing's colleges and universities by the Municipal Education Working Committee and the Municipal Education Commission;Professor Zhao Yu'e from the Department of Biomedicine of our hospital was rated as a famous teacher in Beijing;Hang Heping, associate professor of the Department of Information and Control Engineering, was awarded the title of Advanced Individual of Teacher Ethics in Beijing in 2008.
The college is committed to the construction of a team of professors with the development of teachers' characteristics, actively promoting the management mode of professors' "studying, teaching and school management", taking the professor laboratory (studio) as the carrier, the professor as the core, and the improvement of the overall strength of the team as the goal, promoting the diversified and common growth of team members, giving full play to the role of the professor team in improving the discipline constructionIt plays an important role in the level of scientific research, consolidates the leading position of discipline construction, creates a scientific research atmosphere, and improves the level of teacher team construction.The college has 103 full-time teachers, 1 distinguished professor and 16 professor teams.Among the full-time teachers, there are 25 professors, 43 associate professors, 68 teachers with doctoral degrees, 2 famous teachers in Beijing, 3 advanced teachers in Beijing, 1 pioneering teacher in Beijing, and 1 outstanding teacher in Beijing.In the past three years, the college has won 11 scientific research projects at or above the provincial and ministerial level, received 47.6 million yuan in scientific research funds, published 160 high-level papers, and obtained 78 authorized patents.[4]
College Major
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The college has five departments and two departments, namely, Information and Control Engineering Department, Biomedical Department, Economic Management Department, Engineering Arts Department, Engineering Management Department, Public Basic Courses Teaching Department and Physical Education Department.Undergraduate majors enrolled in 2009 include automationBuilding environment and equipment engineering、biomedical engineering, bioengineering, pharmaceutical engineering, material science and engineering (biomaterials), business administration, accounting, human resources management, industrial design, packaging engineering (packaging design).Higher vocational college majors enrolled in 2009 include: property facility management, heating ventilation and air conditioning engineering technology, computer control technology, pharmaceutical preparation technologyVisual Communication Art Design。Since 2003, the college has recruited students from vocational colleges to undergraduate courses in accordance with the relevant provisions of Beijing Municipality on upgrading from junior college to undergraduate courses.Among them, the accounting major enrolls college students from related majors of higher vocational education in the city.
The college has actively carried out foreign exchange work and has cooperated with the UKwest of scotland The two sides signed a cooperative school running agreement, sent teachers to each other, recognized credits, and jointly trained biomedical, economic management, international business and other professionals.
The disciplines of the college meet the needs of industrial structure transfer, transformation and upgrading in Beijing, covering seven disciplines, including chemical and pharmaceutical, bioengineering, food science and engineering, civil engineering, machinery, business management and management science and engineering;Among them, five majors, including architectural environment and energy application engineering, pharmaceutical engineering, food science and engineering, human resource management, and engineering management, are the first-class undergraduate specialty construction sites in Beijing;The major of building environment and energy application engineering has passed the higher education professional evaluation (certification) of the Ministry of Housing and Urban Rural Development;It has the recruitment direction of human resources management in the master's degree program of food science and engineering and the master's degree program of business administration, as well as the master's degree authorization program of civil engineering and water conservancy (including three professional degree fields of artificial environmental engineering, municipal engineering, and civil engineering).[4]
At present, the college has 8 undergraduate majors, and the specialty layout focuses on "health" and "environment".Bioengineering and pharmaceutical engineering majors provide theoretical knowledge and technical support for the development of biomedicine and health industry;The majors of architectural environment and energy application engineering, engineering management, and industrial design provide a blueprint for urban environment, ecological health, and public safety;Food science and engineering, food quality and safety discipline strictly control food safety and improve food quality;The major of human resources management provides talent and intellectual support for health management and ecological environment system construction.[4]
The college has a special food verification and evaluation technical institution "Health Food Function Test Center" registered by the State Food and Drug Administration, a Beijing key laboratory of "bioactive substances and functional food" recognized by the Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Commission, a Beijing key laboratory of "biomass waste recycling"Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Biomass Waste Recycling Treatment Technology, as well as research institutions such as the Institute of Functional Factors and Brain Sciences, the Institute of Artificial Environment and Energy Applications, and the Institute of Human Resources Management of Beijing Union University, help the discipline construction and professional development of the college.[4]
personnel training
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The college is committed to promoting the personalized growth of students, deepening the education and teaching reform of undergraduate tutorial system, full credit system, innovation and entrepreneurship education, and innovating the talent training mode.The full credit system provides a platform for students to customize personalized training programs. Students can choose their own majors, courses, platforms, minor in the second major and double degrees, and stimulate their enthusiasm, initiative and independence in learning.The longitudinal class building breaks through the time limit for students to enter the school, takes the tutor as the core, and takes the big to lead the small, which has a positive impact on the cultivation of students' character and discipline interest.Focusing on the growth of students, we customize the Student Personalized Growth Plan for undergraduates.More than 30 student associations have their own characteristics. The international cultural festival, college students forum and other campus cultural activities are brilliant, which have improved the quality of campus life and provided conditions for the comprehensive development of students.The college has won a number of national and municipal awards in extracurricular science and technology competitions for students, and has made outstanding achievements in the "Challenge Cup" National Undergraduate Extracurricular Academic Science and Technology Works Competition for many times.Students have made a series of outstanding achievements in national, Beijing and school sports competitions, such as the Chinese University Taekwondo Championship, the Chinese University Sanda Championship, the Capital University Student Games, Beijing University Tennis Tournament, etc.[4]
international exchange
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The college has accelerated the process of international talent cultivation, established long-term and stable talent exchange and cultivation cooperation relations with colleges and universities in the United States, Canada, Germany, Britain, Norway, South Korea, Australia, Spain, Russia, Belarus, Malaysia, Taiwan, Hong Kong and other countries and regions, cultivated students' global awareness and broadened their international vision;Actively carry out academic exchanges and cooperation with foreign countries, and carry out multi-dimensional and in-depth academic exchanges and discussions with the University of Minnesota, Harvard University School of Medicine, Stanford International Research Institute, Norwegian University of Life Sciences and other foreign high-level universities and research institutions.[4]
Campus environment
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Covering an area of 74000 square meters, the college is adjacent to Happy Valley Scenic Area, Cuicheng and OCT communities, with beautiful environment and convenient transportation.With advanced technology and well-equipped teaching and research facilities, the campus network covers all classrooms, laboratories, student dormitories and canteens;All apartments of the college are equipped with air conditioners, which can meet the accommodation needs of all students on campus;Basketball court, football court, tennis court, multi-function hall, Chuangge space and Chuangge star, and the "one-stop" student affairs center provide students with high-quality learning and living conditions.[4]
Development ideas
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The college adheres to the guidance of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, deeply studies and implements the spirit of the 20th CPC National Congress, follows Xi Jinping's important statement on education and the spirit of his important speech to Beijing, implements the spirit of the 13th Party Congress of Beijing and the 6th Party Congress of the University, and follows the work deployment of the Municipal Party Committee, the Municipal Government and the University Party Committee,Under the leadership of strengthening the political construction of the Party, we should make overall plans for epidemic prevention and control and the development of the college's cause, press and compact the main responsibility of comprehensively and strictly governing the party (party building), take discipline construction as the leading role, and take professional certification as the starting point to promote the construction of "big ideological and political courses", firmly promote the "14th Five Year Plan" of the college, further improve the ability and level of talent training, and promote the high-quality development of the college.[4]
Key achievements
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The college students live a colorful life. More than 20 student organizations, such as Love Club, Computer Association and Student Journalist Group, are good teachers and friends for students, creating favorable conditions for their all-round development.Our students' works have won many awards in the Beijing and school level "Challenge Cup" extracurricular academic scientific and technological works competition for college students and entrepreneurship plan competition;In the China Undergraduate Computer Design Contest and the National Undergraduate Smart Car Contest, our team participated on behalf of the school and performed well.The student reporter group has undertaken the interview, writing and editing of some of the communication articles of the journal of our college, which has been deeply rooted in the hearts of the people.Since the founding of the college, the graduates trained by the college for Beijing have won the praise of employers for their excellent quality. Many people have made great achievements and contributions in different jobs, some of whom have become technical business backbones, some have been selected to work abroad, and a number of people have emergedOutstanding Communist Party memberAdvanced producers, outstanding scientific and technological workers and entrepreneurs.
