The former Beijing Observatory under the Chinese Academy of Sciences is a comprehensive observatory focusing on astrophysical research.AstrophysicsPhotoelectric imaging, optics and automation laboratories, as well as five observation stations in Shahe, Xinglong, Miyun, Huairou and Tianjin.
National Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of SciencesFounded in April 2001, it was formed by the merger and consolidation of the original four observatories, three stations and one center in the field of astronomy of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, including the headquarters and four directly affiliated units. The headquarters are located in Beijing, and the directly affiliated units are: Yunnan Astronomical ObservatoryNanjing Institute of Astronomical Optics TechnologyXinjiang Observatory and Changchun Satellite Observatory.Purple mountain observatoryShanghai Astronomical Observatory continues to keep the hospitalDirectly affiliated institutionsThe National Astronomical Observatory is a constituent unit of the National Astronomical Observatory.
The headquarters of the National Astronomical Observatory was established in 2001, consisting of the Beijing Astronomical Observatory, which was established in 1958, and the National Astronomical Observation Center, which was established in 1999;The Yunnan Observatory was established in 1972, its predecessor was the work station left in Kunming when the former Institute of Astronomy of the Central Academy of Sciences moved back to Nanjing;Nanjing Institute of Astronomical Optics TechnologyFounded in 2001, its predecessor is the scientific research part of Nanjing Astronomical Instrument Development Center and the high-tech mirror laboratory;The Xinjiang Observatory was established in 2010, its predecessor is the Urumqi Satellite Observatory;Changchun Satellite Observatory was established in 1957.
Adhering to the principle of "three orientations" and "four priorities", the National Astronomical Observatory is mainly engaged in astronomical observation and theoretical and astronomical high-tech research, and is responsible for coordinating the development and layout of China's astronomical disciplines, the operation of large and medium-sized observation equipment, and undertaking national major scientific engineering construction projects. It is also responsible for the macro coordination of scientific research, resource optimization, and talent allocation.The main research fields of the National Astronomical Observatory are galactic cosmology, stars and compact celestial bodies, solar magnetic activity and solar terrestrial space environment, applied astronomy, space science and deep space exploration, and new astronomical technologies and methods.The overall development strategic goal is to become an irreplaceable important "front force" in the fields of national aerospace security in the face of national strategic needs;In terms of facing the world's scientific and technological frontier, several internationally renowned academic groups have been formed, such as the large-scale structure of the universe, the structure and evolution history of the Milky Way, stars and compact celestial bodies, extragalactic planet search, and solar physics.The National Astronomical Observatory will be built into a world-class comprehensive national astronomical research institution integrating the research of astronomy, the innovation and application of astronomical technology and methods, the construction and operation of major observation devices, and the National Center for the Scientific Application of Lunar and Deep Space Exploration.The "three major breakthroughs" are: 1. relying on LAMOST and other optical telescopes to study the structure and chemical dynamics evolution history of the Milky Way; 2. relying on lunar exploration, deep space exploration, and ground solar observation devices to study the sun and the solar system; 3. building FAST and other radio telescopes to carry out cutting-edge radio astronomy and application research.The "five key cultivation directions" are: 1. the formation and evolution of the large-scale structure of the universe; 2. the Milky Way, stars andCompact celestial bodyResearch, 3. Research on violently active celestial bodies such as black holes and space astronomy and technology, 4. World advanced extreme aperture optics/Infrared telescopeKey technologies, 5. Applied astronomy research and system construction for national aerospace security.
Aiming at the cutting-edge direction and major issues of astronomy, promoting the deep integration of discipline construction with CAS universities, and forming an innovative model that closely combines scientific research and education, the National Astronomical Observatory led the preparation of the "College of Astronomy and Space Science of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences";Rely on the major scientific and technological infrastructure and important astronomical observation equipment of the astronomical country, take the lead in preparing the construction of the“Astronomical Research Center of Chinese Academy of Sciences”；Participated in the establishment of the "Institute of Space Science of the Chinese Academy of Sciences", which is closely integrated with scientific research tasks and national strategies.
The National Astronomical Observatory has established seven key laboratories of the Academy of Optical Astronomy, Solar Activity, Lunar and Deep Space Exploration, Space Astronomy and Technology, Computational Astrophysics, Astronomical Optics Technology, and Celestial Structure and Evolution, and has cooperated with more than 20 universities, scientific research institutions, orHigh tech enterprisesA strategic partnership has been established, and a joint research center or laboratory has been established.There are observation stations in Xinglong, Miyun, Huairou, Tianjin Wuqing, Kunming Fenghuang Mountain, Lijiang Gaomei Valley, Chengjiang Fuxian Lake, Xinjiang Nanshan, Qitai, Kashi, Wulashi, Tibet Ali, Yangbajing, Inner Mongolia Mingantu, Jilin Jingyuetan and other places.South American Astronomical Research Center, Chinese Academy of SciencesThe General Department of Lunar and Deep Space Exploration relies on the National Astronomical Observatory.
The National Astronomical Observatory is responsible for the operation of the National Science Facility -Guo Shoujing Telescope(Large sky area multi-target optical fiber spectrum telescope, LAMOST), and is responsible for organizing and implementing the national major science project - 500m spherical coronal active reflector in Dawodang, Guizhou Provinceradio telescope(FAST).The National Astronomical Observatory has 2.16 metersOptical telescope, 2.4m optical telescope, 50m radio telescope, 40m radio telescope, 25m radio telescope, 1m solar tower and other medium-sized astronomical observation equipment.
By the end of 2014, the National Astronomical Observatory had 1268 employees.There are 1203 scientific and technological personnel, 399 scientific and technological support personnel, including 8 academicians of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering, 2 academicians of the Academy of Sciences of Developing Countries, 175 researchers and senior engineers and technicians, and 309 associate researchers and senior engineers and technicians;661 people have entered the innovation posts.
The National Astronomical Observatory is now a doctoral and master's training center in astronomy and a master's training center in optical engineering, precision instruments and machinery. It has a first-class discipline in astronomyPostdoctoral mobile station。There are 495 graduate students (265 master students, 230 doctoral students) and 58 post doctors in the station.
In 2014, the National Astronomical Observatory had 1047 projects under research (including 371 new projects).Among them, he has undertaken 13 national major science and technology special projects (1 new project), presided over (or undertaken) 3 national key basic research development programs (973) and national major scientific research programs (1 new project), undertaken (or participated in) 17 projects (4 new projects), presided over (or undertaken)National High tech Research and Development Plan(863) 20 projects (including military and civilian projects) (9 new projects), presided over (or undertook) one special national science and technology basic work project (1 new project), presided over two international cooperation projects of the Ministry of Science and Technology (1 new project);Preside over (or undertake)National Natural Science Foundation of China1 major project (0 newly added), 4 major project subjects (1 newly added), 8 key projects (2 newly added), 6 National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars (2 newly added), 1 innovation group research project, 111 general projects (32 newly added), 17 joint fund projects (6 newly added), and 179 youth science fund projects (61 newly added);Presided over 1 Class B special project of CAS strategic leading science and technology (0 new projects, including 2 projects and 12 projects), 14 Class A special projects of CAS strategic leading science and technology (1 new project), 19 key deployment projects of CAS (5 new projects), (Ministry of Science and Technology, National Natural Science Foundation of China, Ministry of Finance and CAS)2 major instrument development projects (1 newly added);1 institute level scientific research equipment development project, 4 institute level international cooperation projects (1 new project);Undertake 39 hospital local cooperation projects (4 new projects).
Guo Shoujing Telescope(LAMOST) successfully completed the second year's official patrol in June 2014.On December 30, 2014, the DR2 dataset was officially released, releasing a total of 4.13 million spectra, including the spectral parameter catalog of 2.2 million stars, which is the largest parameter catalog in the world at present.The National Astronomical Observatory, jointly with the Institute of Physics and Chemistry and the Institute of Optoelectronics, together with experts from the TMT project headquarters, successfully carried out a series of laser guided star joint field tests.In most important performance indicators, it has met the strict requirements of TMT multi-layer conjugate adaptive optics MCAO system.Since the first year of the operation of the Chinese Academy of Sciences' leading B "Origin of the Universe" program, about 190 papers have been marked as being funded by the program, and the observation platform has been significantly enhanced. The TAP program has added key projects, radio observation (VLBA, JCMT) and solar observation (NST).As the first author, the doctoral students jointly trained by the National Astronomical Observatory and Peking University showed that the middle age massive star clusters may still be composed of single star families through observation research. This research overturned the traditional theoretical cognition of star cluster evolution, and the scientific research results were published in the journal Nature in December 2014.In August 2014, young foreign scientists were invited to publish special comments (News&Views) in Nature, commenting on the scientific research papers in the same journal that may confirm the predecessor of supernova 2012Z.Researchers from the National Astronomical Observatory also participated in the discovery of the ring structure around a dwarf planet for the first time. The results were published in the journal Nature, which held a special press conference for this event.
The National Astronomical Observatory published 774 academic papers (including conference papers) and 6 books throughout the year. 78 new patents were accepted and 32 patents were authorized.In 2014, the National Astronomical Observatory won a number of scientific, technological and honorary awards in the mission of the lunar exploration project, and 13 comrades were awarded the title of "Outstanding Contributors to the Chang'e-3 mission of the lunar exploration project" by six ministries and commissions of the country;The Ministry of Lunar and Deep Space Exploration and Research was awarded by the All China Federation of Trade Unions“Worker Pioneer”, and the honorary title of "China May 4th Youth Medal Collective" awarded by the Central Committee of the Communist Youth League and the All China Youth Federation;500m diameterradio telescope(FAST) The engineering team won the "May Day Labor Award of Central State Organs" issued by the Federation of Trade Unions of Central State Organs."Large field multicolor sky survey" and "Research on the reconstruction and structure of the solar atmospheric magnetic field" won the third prize of Beijing Science and Technology Award;"Key technology of satellite ground integration wide area high-precision location service" won the second prize of National Science and Technology Progress Award (the fifth unit);Yunnan Observatory won the first prize of Yunnan Provincial Natural Science Award for "observation and research of binary exoplanets and low mass objects";The scientific research achievements of Xinjiang Observatory have won one second prize and two third prizes of the 13th Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Natural Science Excellent Academic Paper Award;Researcher Wang Yanan of Nanjing Tianguang Institute won the award of 2014“Science and Technology Progress Award of He Liang He Li Foundation”；National Astronomical ObservatoryHerschel Space Observatory SPIRE equipment team obtainsRoyal Astronomical Society2014 Group Achievement Award.
In 2014, the 30 meter giant optical/infrared astronomical telescope (TMT) international cooperation project made important progress, and the National Astronomical Observatory and several international partners formed the TMT International Astronomical Observatory Co., Ltd. (TIO LLC).Actively promote square kilometersRadio telescope array(SKA) project, participated in the new edition of the SKA Scientific White Paper organized by the international SKA organization.East Asia Core Astronomical Observatory Alliance(EACOA) work continued. In December 2014, the "First East Asia Astronomical Observatory (EAO) Board of Directors" officially established an EAO organization, and China, as a member of the EAO, officially participated in taking over the scientific operation and management of James Clerk Maxwell Telescope (JCMT).The Sino French "Origin" Joint Laboratory normally supported the exchange of scientific research visits and held bilateral academic seminars, which were listed as one of the "50th anniversary celebrations of the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and France".The South American Astronomical Research Center of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the China Chile Astronomical Joint Research Center ran smoothly and successfully held the fourth China Chile Bilateral Astronomical Science Seminar.The Sino Arab Cooperative 40 meter Telescope (CART) project was officially approved by the Argentine Ministry of Science and Technology Innovation, and the Sino Arab Cooperative Laser Ranging Observation (SLR) project was successfully carried out.We have successfully held many institutional bilateral and multilateral international conferences, and received 12 support from various foreign expert programs of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, two of which received support from international outstanding scholars (former Einstein Lecture Professor) programs.There are five international cooperation projects under research and newly added.Paid Foreign Telescope Program (TAP) successfully completed the sixth and seventh observation plans, and two new telescopes were added.The visits of scientific researchers and foreign experts have been carried out steadily.The Director of NASA and officials from many countries and regions visited the United States and signed several international cooperation agreements.
Yunnan Astronomical Society and Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Astronomical Society are affiliated to Yunnan Astronomical Observatory and Xinjiang Astronomical Observatory respectively.
The National Astronomical Observatory has founded the international core English academic journal Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics (RAA) with independent intellectual property rights, as well as the Chinese core journal Journal of the National Astronomical Observatory《Astronomical research and technology》And modern popular science journals《National Astronomy of China》[2]。
Subordinates
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Xinglong Observation StationIt is located in the mountains of Xinglong County, Hebei Province, 940 meters above sea level, 117 ° 30 'east longitude, 40 ° 24' north latitude.The instrument has a diameter of 2.16mReflecting telescope, an infrared telescope with a diameter of 1.26m, a Schmidt telescope with a diameter of 90 cm and a diameter of 60 cm with an objective lens and a corrector lens, a reflector with a diameter of 60 cm, etc.The station is mainly engaged in observation and research of various topics in stellar physics, galactic physics, etc.
Shahe Observation StationLocated in Shahe Town, Changping County, the northern suburb of Beijing, with an altitude of 40 meters, 116 ° 20 'east longitude and 40 ° 06' north latitude, the main instruments arePhotoelectric altimeter、Photoelectric transit、Optical tracking theodoliteSatellite laser rangefinder, dual frequency Doppler velocimeter and atomic clock.The station focuses on time work, earth rotation andSputnik MovementObservation and research of.
Miyun Observation StationIt is located on the north bank of Miyun Reservoir in Beijing, 150 meters above sea level, 116 ° 45 'east longitude, 40 ° 33' north latitude. It is equipped with a meter wave synthetic aperture radio telescope consisting of 28 parabolic antennas with a diameter of 9 meters. It is mainly engaged in the observation and research of cosmic radio and radio technology.
Huairou Observation StationLocated on an island on the north bank of Huairou Reservoir in Beijing, it is 116 ° 30 'east longitude and 40 ° 20' north latitude. Its main equipment is the solar magnetic field telescope and multi-channel solar telescope, mainly engaged in the measurement and research of the solar magnetic field and velocity field.
Tianjin Observation Stationused to bePurple mountain observatoryThe International Latitude Station under its jurisdiction is later under the jurisdiction of the Beijing Astronomical Observatory.The station is located near Caozhuang in the western suburb of Tianjin, with east longitude of 117 ° 03 ′ and north latitude of 39 ° 08 ′.Instrument has vacuumPhotographic zenith tube, zenith, etc., mainly engaged in latitude observation and polar motion research.
Historical evolution
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Astronomical observation and research in Beijing began in the 16th year of the Yuan Dynasty,Guo ShoujingThe Si Tiantai built by Wang Xun and Wang Xun in Dadu (now Beijing) in the Yuan Dynasty was renamed the Observatory in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, and changed to the Central Observatory in the early years of the Republic of China.
In 1958, the Chinese Academy of Sciences began to build the modern Beijing Observatory.Over the past 40 years, the Beijing Observatory of the Chinese Academy of Sciences has successively built five observation bases in Xinglong, Huairou, Miyun, Shahe and Tianjin, equipped with the largest optical telescope in the Far East - 2.16m optical telescope, multi-channel solar magnetic field telescope, meter wave synthetic aperture radio telescope, 1.26m infrared telescope and some small and medium-sized telescopes, and equipped with advanced detectors.In 1991, the observation point in the southern hemisphere was jointly established with the University of San Juan in Argentina.
The observation equipment of the Beijing Observatory is open to domestic and foreign observatories, and it cooperates closely with more than 30 astronomical institutions around the world.
On April 16, 1999, the Chinese Academy of Sciences decided to approve the establishment of the "National Astronomical Observation Center" on the basis of five stations, three stations and one center under the CAS.The "five" are Beijing Observatory, Shanghai ObservatoryPurple mountain observatoryYunnan Observatory and Shaanxi Observatory;The "three stations" are: Urumqi Station, Changchun Renwei Station and Guangzhou Renwei Station;The "One Center" is the Nanjing Astronomical Instrument Center.After the establishment of the "National Astronomical Observation Center", the former Shaanxi Observatory has become the currentNational Time Service CenterGuangzhou Renwei Station was incorporated into Guangzhou Energy Research Institute.
On April 23 of the same year, the National Astronomical Observation Center (with the Beijing Observatory as its headquarters) held its inaugural meeting and inauguration ceremony.On May 19, Ai Guoxiang was appointed Director of the National Astronomical Observation Center.
On April 21, 2001, the Chinese Academy of Sciences officially approved the establishment of the National Astronomical Observatory.The National Astronomical Observatory consists of the headquarters (former Beijing Observatory), Yunnan ObservatoryNanjing Institute of Astronomical Optics Technology、Urumqi Astronomical StationAnd Changchun Satellite Observation Station.[3]
research field
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The Beijing Observatory is an observatory focusing on astrophysical research.It is engaged in the study of stars, the sun, galaxies and cosmology.In recent years, a series of new discoveries have been made in supernovae, quasars, active galactic nuclei and near Earth asteroids,In the basic reference system andGeodynamicsDuring the research, a lot of achievements have been obtained;The projects presided over and participated in won 3 national first prizes, 5 second prizes, 2 special prizes and 19 first prizes of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.
Focusing on the development of astronomy in the 21st century, the Beijing Astronomical Observatory undertakes the construction of the large sky area multi-target optical fiber spectrum telescope (LAMOST), a major national scientific project, and actively pre studies spaceSolar telescopeAnd promoting multinational cooperationradio telescopePlan.After structural adjustment and reform, the Beijing Astronomical Observatory is forging ahead into the 21st century with a vigorous scientific research group composed of a group of outstanding academic leaders and outstanding young people.In ChinaStrategy of rejuvenating the country through science and educationThe implementation of the innovation project will better play its due role.
Astronomical journal
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In the winter of 1974, the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Science and Education Group of the State Council requested Beitai to undertake two major projects: "Research and Compilation of the History of Chinese Astronomy" and "Research on the Arrangement of Ancient Astronomical Records".For the former topic, Beitai sent Zheng Wenguang and others to complete the History of Chinese Astronomy at the end of 1978, the Brief History of Chinese Astronomy in 1979, and the compilation and publication of three works of Astronomical History in July 1981, relying on the joint participation of professionals from the Institute of Natural Science History and personnel from Zitai, Shaanxi and Beijing Planetarium.
For the latter topic, Zhuang Weifeng and Wang Lixing of Beitai, together with Zitai, Nanjing University and other cooperative units, formed the "Astronomical Information Group". Together with the relevant units of 26 provinces, cities and autonomous regions, about 300 people, it took three years to consult about 150000 volumes of history books, including 25 histories, and all local chronicles and other ancient books in the country,A total of more than 10000 astronomical records and a considerable amount of astronomical historical data have been collected. After ten years of careful sorting, the Collection of Ancient Chinese Astronomical Records was completed in 1988, the first volume of the Collection of Chinese Astronomical Historical Data was completed in 1989, and the reference book of local chronicles was completed in 1985《Joint Catalogue of Chinese Local Chronicles》Preparation and publication of.This is an unprecedented project in the history of astronomy.
In addition, the Business Department and some scientific researchers occasionally mimeographed and published the internal journal Astronomical Trends, which specifically published the latest developments in astronomy at home and abroad, activating the academic atmosphere inside and outside Taiwan.In September 1972, the Journal of the Beijing Astronomical Observatory (Chinese version) was officially launchedGuo MoruoThe dean inscribed the title of the journal.[4]
