A general term for certain types of written works and information reports
This entry is missingOverview, add relevant content to make the entry more complete, and it can also be upgraded quickly. Hurry upeditCome on!
The general name of written works and information reports on the research achievements of chemistry and its related fields in theory, experiment and application.The traditional chemical literature is mainly books and periodicals, which are all printed materials.With the development of recording means, many forms of chemical literature have emerged, such as miniaturization, audio-visual and computer readable.
There are many kinds of chemical literature, including books (textbooks, monographs, compilations, manuals, dictionaries, encyclopedias), journals, titles (express reports), abstracts, patent literature, technical reports, dissertations, conference literature, deposited manuscripts, technical standards, product samples, drawings and tables.
Details
Announce
edit
A Brief History Some ancient Chinese works contain extremely rich chemical materials, which are valuable documents for studying the history of chemistry.For example, in Zhou Li · Kaogong Ji, Qi Min Yao Shu, Mengxi Bi Tan, and Tiangong Kaiwu, technological achievements in bronze smelting, liquor making, koji making, paper making and dyeing are recorded.The "Materia Medica" of past dynasties recorded many knowledge of ancient medical chemistry and mineral chemistry, while the "Taoist Collection" series collected the earliest works of alchemy in the world, including the earliest records of gunpowder manufacturing.These works on ancient chemical technology are far more than those in Europe at the same time.However, limited to the conditions of social development, these words mostly stay at the level of philosophical speculation and practical experience records of material changes, and fail to form a systematic science.Therefore, in China, the literature reflecting the achievements of modern chemistry emerged with the introduction of western scientific and technological knowledge.Early publications include New Natural History (1855), Chemical Connotation (1871), Gezhi Collection (1876), Yaquan Magazine (1900), etc., which is the earliest literature introducing western science and technology and chemistry in China.
Chemisches Journal of Germany is recognized as the earliest chemical journal in the world. It was founded in 1778 and renamed as Crell's Chemisches Annalen in 1784.1789 A-50. Annales de Chimie, founded by Lavoisier, is also famous.The oldest chemical abstract is the German Pharmaceutical Abstracts (Pharmaceuticals Zentralblatt), which was later renamed Chemical Abstracts (Chemisches Zentralblatt, 1830-1969).
The most influential early chemical journal in China was the journal Chemistry published in 1934, in which the column "Summary of Chinese Chemistry" (1934) was the earliest chemical abstract in China and the pioneer of Chinese scientific and technological abstract.
In the 200 years from the founding of the German Journal of Chemistry to the present, especially since the beginning of the 20th century, chemical literature has undergone great changes in both quantity and quality.To sum up, there are the following aspects:
① Large quantity, fast growth.At present, more than 12500 chemical papers are published in more than 40000 scientific and technological journals.Of the 1 million patents published every year, about 1/3 are in chemical industry.It can be seen that the chemical literature has jumped to the top of the literature of all disciplines.As far as the chemical literature itself is concerned, the total number of abstracts included in the Chemical Abstract (CA) of the United States in 1984 was 451753, an increase of more than 40 times compared with 11800 in 1907 when it was first published.
② Various types and rapid reporting.Chemical literature has changed from the early days of books and periodicals to the present days of periodicals and books and other forms.According to the statistics of CA in 1984, the percentages of various types of literature in the total number of abstracts are: journals - 71.8, patents - 16.6, conference literature - 5.4, scientific and technological reports - 3.7, dissertations - 1.3, books - 1.2.The speed of literature reporting is also increasing.For example, the average time required to publish papers in the American Journal of Analytical Chemistry was shortened from 9 months in 1958 to 5 months in 1978.The average time difference of abstract publications has also been shortened to three months.At the same time, in order to meet the needs of chemists to understand the current situation of the development of the discipline in a timely manner, a number of fast reporting journals (mainly titles) have emerged, with a time difference of only two weeks.
③ The distribution of literature is both centralized and decentralized.Although the number of journals is increasing year by year, the papers are more concentrated in a few journals that account for a small number of journals.For example, there are 14000 journals selected by CA, but according to the statistics in 1980, 75% of the abstracts of CA in the whole year come from 1674 of them, 50% from 485, and only 10% from the rest 11000 journals.As for the branch disciplines of chemistry, such as analytical chemistry, the concentration phenomenon is more prominent.For example, in terms of atomic absorption analysis, from 1964 to 1965, the American journal Atomic Absorption Communication alone published 45% of all documents.In 1975, 50% of them were published in 8 magazines.In short, there are only more than 500 chemical journals that publish high-quality papers in a centralized manner, namely the so-called "core journals".
④ The contents of the literature are both professional and cross cutting.As chemistry is increasingly moving towards the two directions of "specialization" and "intersection", many monographs with very narrow contents have emerged one after another, such as Photochemical Organic Synthesis, High Performance Liquid Chromatography, and Biochemical Abstracts, Part II: Nuclear Acid, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Abstracts published since the 1970s, which are all powerful proofs.As for Journal of Organic Metal Chemistry (1963) and《Environmental Science and Technology》(1967), etc., is the manifestation of interdisciplinary penetration and integration.
⑤ The professional focus of literature and productive countries are constantly shifting.Since the 1960s, the amount of literature in various branches of chemistry has undergone several major changes.First, the literature on polymer chemistry increased significantly, reaching a peak in 1970.Then came the biochemical literature.In 1975, the number of the two was similar.From 1975 to 1980, the literature of applied chemistry and chemical engineering (including environmental chemistry) caught up again, and the number increased significantly.According to the figures of CA in 1984, biochemistry accounted for 33.1% of the total abstracts published by CA in the whole year, ranking first, while polymer chemistry only accounted for 8.6%. Applied chemistry and chemical industry are still rising, reaching 22.6%.In addition, since the 20th century, the countries that published the most chemical literature have also shifted.The decline of German scientific research power and the rise of the United States, the Soviet Union and Japan are prominent manifestations.According to the percentage of chemical literature in the total abstracts from 1909 to 1984 by CA, from the beginning of the 20th century to the 1930s, German literature ranked first, followed by the United States, France, Britain and other countries.After 1940, the Soviet Union surpassedGermany, ranking second only to the United States.the Second World WarLater, especially after 1960, Japanese literature increased sharply, ranking third only after the United States and the Soviet Union.From 1965 to 1984, the number of chemical literatures published by various countries was in the following order: the United States, the Soviet Union, Japan, the Federal Republic of Germany, the United Kingdom, and France.However, if we compare the growth and decline of the literature of chemical branches, there are differences between countries.For example, the analytical chemistry literature of the Soviet Union had taken the lead as early as the 1930s, retreated to the second place after the Second World War, and again ranked first in the 1960s.This is obviously related to the Soviet Union's efforts to develop heavy industry and chemical industry.
Development Trend Since the 1930s, a large number of handbooks, encyclopedias, abstracts and indexes have been edited and published, which has promoted the development of chemistry.In the early 1960s, after electronic computers were applied to the field of literature work, a new situation appeared, which can be divided into the following aspects:
① The number of abstract index publications has increased dramatically.Since the 1950s, chemical abstract journals have developed rapidly. In addition to chemical abstracts from the United States, Britain and the Federal Republic of Germany, the Soviet Union's Abstract Journal: Chemistry (1953) was published.At the same time, abstracts of many branches of disciplines have also appeared, such as the British Analytical Abstracts (1954) and Gas and Liquid Chromatography Abstracts (1958).In terms of index publications, the newly added ones are Title of Chemical Literature (1960) and Index of Recent Chemical Abstracts and Compounds (1960) of the United States.
② Progress and critical publications were valued.In addition to the original few famous publications such as Chemical Review (1924), many new publications have been published, such as Progress in Inorganic and Radiochemistry (1959), Progress in Physical Organic Chemistry (1963), Annual Review of Physical Chemistry (1950), and Progress in Chromatography (1965).
③ The diversity of the forms of literature provision.In the past 20 years, many retrieval tools have been provided in a variety of forms. In addition to the book form, microfiche and machine readable version (tape) have also been issued at the same time.
④ Establish literature database and data center.At present, several major chemical abstracts organizations in the world have established their own literature databases, and users can query the required literature online through computer terminals.In addition, after 1975, many institutions with the task of storing and retrieving data have emerged. For example, the heat of combination, heat of decomposition and heat of polymerization of substances can be quickly found in the thermal database.China is also building data centers of this nature.
⑤ Automation and standardization of literature work.It can greatly shorten the publishing cycle of current abstract index publications.A variety of machine compiled retrieval tools have emerged, the first of which is the keyword index of Chemical Literature Title and American Chemical Abstracts, which has improved the recall and precision of chemical literature.In addition, departments, regions and even internationalOnline Retrieval The establishment and application of the new method will certainly promote the utilization of chemical literature.
Bibliography
Yuan Hanqing: Collection of Essays on the History of Chinese Chemistry, Sanlian Bookstore, Beijing, 1956.
M.G.Mellon,Chemical Publications,Their Nature and Use,5th ed.,McGraw-Hill,New York,1982.
