Le Chatelier, Henri Louis, from October 8, 1850 to September 17, 1936, was a French chemist.He has studied the burning and setting of cement, pottery andGlasswareAnnealing, manufacturing of abrasives and development of fuels, glass and explosives.It can also be seen from his research that he is particularly interested in the relationship between science and industry, and how to get the highest yield from chemical reactions.Le Chatelier also inventedThermocoupleAnd opticsPyrometerThe pyrometer can successfully measure the high temperature above 3000 ℃.Besides, he was rightacetyleneThe study of qi led him to inventOxyacetylene flameGeneratorSo far, it has also been used for cutting and welding metal.[1]
Le Chatelier was born in a chemical family in Paris on October 8, 1850.His grandfather and father were both engaged in careers and enterprises related to chemistry. At that time, many famous French chemists wereother people's homesOur guests.Therefore, he was nurtured by chemists since childhood. In middle school, he was particularly fond of chemical experiments. Whenever he was free, he went to the cement factory laboratory set up by his grandfather to do chemical experiments.Le Chatelier's Academic ReasonsFranco-Prussian War And drop out of school.After the war, he decided to specialize in mining and metallurgical engineering (his father was the director of mines in France, so this decision can be considered very natural).
In 1875, he graduated from Paris University of Technology with outstanding achievements. In 1887, he received a doctor's degree, and then he obtained the position of professor of general chemistry in higher mining schools.In 1907, he also served as the Minister of Mines of Francethe First World WarDuring this period, he served as the Minister of French Armed Forces and retired in 1919.
Le Chatelier died in Iser on September 17, 1936.
invention
Announce
edit
Le Chatelier was very interested in the chemical principles of cement, ceramics and glass, and also studied the physical and chemical principles of flame to prevent mine explosions.This led him to study heat and heat measurement.In 1877, he proposed to useThermocoupleMeasure high temperature.This is made up of twoWireIt is composed of platinum andPlatinum rhodium alloyBoth ends are connected with wires.When one end is heated,ImmediateOne faintelectric currentThrough the wire, the current intensity is proportional to the temperature.He also invented a method to measure high temperature based on the principle that heat body can emit lightOptical pyrometer。
The application of Le Chatelier's principle can make certain industriesProduction processOfConversion rateIt can reach or approach the theoretical value, and at the same time, it can avoid some ineffective schemes (such as the scheme of blast furnace heightening), which are widely used.
This principle can be expressed as: "Equilibrium stateAfter a certain factor of is changed, the balance state will move in the direction of offsetting the effect of the change of the original factor. "In other words, if a system in equilibrium is placed in an environment with increased pressure, the system will try to reduce its volume and reach equilibrium again.For this reason, the pressure will not increase as much as it should.For example, if the system is placed in an environment that will normally increase the temperature, the system will undergo some changes and absorb some additional heat.Therefore, the temperature rise will not be as large as expected.This is a famousLaw of mass actionIt is a very general statement, and it is also very consistent withGibbsThe principle of chemical thermodynamics (in fact, this statement is so general that it can even be used to explain human behavior with interest).
Le Chatelier principle can predict the direction of chemical reaction under specific changing conditions, so it is helpful tochemical industryThe rational arrangement and guidance of chemists to minimize waste and produce the desired products.for exampleHarperBased on this principle, he designed his reaction to produce ammonia from atmospheric nitrogen, which is a major invention related to war and peace, and also an invention that Le Chatelier himself had anticipated almost 20 years earlier than Harper.Le Chatelier was one of the Europeans who discovered Gibbs and was the first to translate Gibbs's works intoFrenchPeople.Like Luz Bohm, he devoted himself to studying the meaning of phase rule through experiments.He was almost eighty-six years old when he died. He was highly respected and had many children and grandchildren.
evaluate
Announce
edit
Le Chatelier is not only an outstanding chemist, but also an outstandingpatriot。Whenthe First World WarWhen it happens,FrenchIn a critical situation, he bravely took up the post of Minister of Armed Forces to fight for the defense of the motherland.
