Labour productivity refers toworkerCreated in a certain period of timeLabor achievementsCorresponding laborConsumptionRatio of.The level of labor productivity can be expressed by the number of certain products produced by the same labor in a unit time. The more products produced in a unit time, the higher the labor productivity;It can also be usedProduction unitProduct consumptionWorking hoursProductionUnit productThe less labor time required, the higher labor productivity.
Specific laborproductionuse valueThe ability or efficiency of.The level of labor productivity can be expressed by the number of certain products produced by the same labor in a unit time. The more products produced in a unit time, the higher the labor productivity. On the contrary, the lower the labor productivity;It can also be expressed by the labor time consumed to produce the unit product:Socially necessary labor timeThe less, the higher the labor productivity, on the contrary, the lower.
Labor productivity can be divided into: (1)Individual labor productivity。Including personal labor productivity and enterprise labor productivity.The former is based on individual worker'sLabor costTo calculate;The latter is calculated according to the labor cost of individual enterprises.（2）social labor productivity。It is calculated in the whole societyUnit productAverage social necessity consumedLabor volume。Social labor productivity is the fundamental measure of advanced and backward production in the whole society.
The individual labor productivity is higher than the social labor productivity, and the individual labor volume of producing goods is lower than the social necessary labor volume;On the contrary, it is higher than the social necessary labor.Labor productivity is directly proportional to the amount of products produced per unit time, that is, the higher the labor productivity, the more products produced per unit time;The labor volume contained in the same unit product is inversely proportional, that is, the lower the labor productivity, the greater the labor volume contained in the unit product.[1]
Conditionally
Labor productivity can be divided into:
(1) The social productivity of labor means thatproductivityDetermined by the degree of development ofproductivity。
(2) The natural productivity of labor refers to the productivity of labornatural conditionDetermined productivity.
Marx said: "In agriculture（Mining industryThe problem is not only the social productivity of labor, but also the natural productivity of labor determined by the natural conditions of labor.Due to different natural productivity of labor, the same amount of labor will produce more or less products oruse value。This difference, in the commodityProduction conditionsWill formDifferential income, onPrivate ownership of landThe following will formDifferential rent。[1]
Products producedcalorimeter Actual output of products and standard physical output, production workload and productsValue（total output value, net output value, etc.).
influence factor
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The state of labor productivity is determined bySocial productionForceDevelopment levelDetermined.Specifically, the level of labor productivity mainly depends on the various economies andTechnical factors：
① Average proficiency of workers.The higher the average proficiency of workers, the higher the labor productivity.The average proficiency of workers not only refers to the actual operating skills of labor, but also includes the acceptance of newProduction technologyMeans to adapt to the new process flow.
② The development degree of science and technology.The more development of science and technology, the more widely its achievements are applied to production, the more it can promote the improvement of labor productivity.
④Means of productionIts scale and efficiency play a decisive role in labor productivity.It mainly refers to the effective use of labor toolsPower fuelEtc.
The level of labor productivity is the result of the combined effect of the above factors.
(Reference:Political Economy）
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Explanation of theory
Labor productivity involves two factors, namely, sectoral labor productivity and sectoral labor allocation structure. Its growth can be broken down into the following three parts.（1）Pure productivity effect(pure productivity effect)。This effect means that the output or input in the base period isWeightIndustrial labor productivitygrowth rate, that is, the increase rate of industrial labor productivity is calculated according to the output or input weight in the base periodweighted average。The reason why it is called "pure productivity effect" is that it measures the increase of labor productivity in various industries when the share of output or input is unchangedaverage value。
（2）Baumol effect (Baumol effect)。This effect indicates that labor in various industries during the investigation periodproductivityThe effect of interaction between and changes in industry weights on overall labor productivity.The reason why it is called "Baumer effect" is that BaumerTheory of unbalanced growthThe relationship between output and productivity - output growth and labor productivity growthpositive correlation。
（3）Denison effect (Denison effect)。This effect represents the productivity changes caused by factor flows or input weight differences during the review period, that is, the impact of labor redistribution among different industries on labor productivity.The reason why it is called "Denison effect" is that Denison believes that the transfer of labor from low productivity sectors to high productivity sectors will also improve overall labor productivity.
The above ideas can be usedmathematical formula To represent.Xt for t periodgross domestic product；St representsLabor input, then the labor productivity is: At=Xt/St.The labor productivity considering the labor allocation structure is: At=∑ i Ait ω it, where ω it represents the proportion of labor input in the ith industry in the total labor.
If Rit=Ait/At represents the relative quantity of the ith industry and the overall labor productivity, and g (A) represents the growth rate of labor productivity in the second period, then:
labour productivity
If it is small smoothingtime series, then sit ≈ mit=Xit/Xt.K represents the base period, so:
labour productivity
The first item on the right side of the above formula always fixes the labor proportion of each industry as the base period (mik), and only measures the degree of changes in labor productivity due to changes in labor productivity of each industry (g (Ait)), so it isPure productivity effect；SectionBinomial measureChanges in industry labor share (mit mik) and labor productivity (g (Ait))InteractionThe contribution to labor productivity is therefore the silent effect;The third item does not consider the changes in labor productivity in various industries (g (Ait)), but only considers the impact of changes in labor allocation structure in various industries (△ ω it) on labor productivity, so it is the Denison effect.It can be concluded that:
labour productivity
Judgment 1: AnyEconomiesThe growth of labor productivity is realized by the change of sectoral labor productivity, the change of sectoral labor allocation structure and the interaction of the above two changes. The analysis of labor productivity must be carried out from these three aspects.
Judgment 2: Fordeveloping countryIn terms of labor productivity, there is a large difference between different sectors or industries. Therefore, changes in the labor allocation structure between sectors or industries will play an important role in labor productivity as well as the improvement of labor productivity in various industries.
Judgment 4: Developing countries passLabor structureTo improve labor productivity, we needLabor supplyIt needs to be relatively complete and effectivelabour marketIn order to makeSurplus laborSuccessfully transferred to the high productivity department.
The level of labor productivity can also be promoted by workers within a certain period of timeMeans of productionIs represented by the relative quantity of.It is proportional to the amount of means of production promoted by a certain amount of labor, and is necessary to promote a certain amount of means of productionLabor volumeInversely.Marx said: "The improvement of labor productivity lies in:labor spent in productionThe share of,Past laborBut the result is that the total amount of labor included in the commodity decreases, so the reduced live labor is greater than the increased past labor "（《Complete Works of Marx and Engels》Vol. 25, p. 290).The improvement of labor productivity means the saving of living labor.Therefore, in the commodityProduction conditionsThe labor productivity is the same as the use of production in unit timeValueIn direct proportion toUnit productIs inversely proportional to its value.
How to improve labor productivity
Mr. Drucker, the American management master, has three views on improving labor productivity:
(1) Clearly define the task: this point is easy to understand.Every activity and project has a goal, which can solve the problem of "what to do".
(2) Focus on the defined task: Literally, it means "complete the task with concentration and consistency".
The extended understanding is that in the process of resource input output, work can be divided into effective work and ineffective work."Focus" refers to increasing the proportion of effective work.Then everyone should pay attention to their own tasks. Those who screw only focus on screwing, and those who screw on the wheels focus on the wheels.suchAssembly line productionOperation modeThere is a theoretical basis for the emergence of.Japan is very concernedOperation timeThe purpose of the research is to increase the proportion of effective work.The purpose of the research on the arrangement of machines is the same regardless of the operation.It can be seen that the focus task has its research breadth and depth.
(3) Correct and reasonable evaluation task: this view is very important.
If the scale of the evaluation task is not properly selected, it cannot indicate the correctsense of worthThe result is that the enthusiasm of the people who complete the task fades away, misleading the cognitive concept of the group.Many enterprises have the same common problem (output quality).Enterprises have output indicators, of coursequality index。The production pressure is equal in productionLarge timeIf there are two shifts of production, the output index of one shift is completed but the quality index is not completed;The output index of the other shift was not completed but the quality index was completed.This is the standard of the evaluation task.Most of the enterprises I have seen think that the work effect of the shift to complete the output index is better than that of the other shift.So thisevaluation criterionThe impact can be imagined.Only correct and reasonable evaluation standards can have a good guiding role, stimulate the internal motivation of the group, and thus improve the work effect and efficiency.
Start with human resources
(1) Economic investment in human resources
(2) Reasonable organization and allocation of personnel
(3) Improve the quality of enterprise staff through education and training
(4) Conduct personnel incentive
(5) Carry out corporate culture construction
significance
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labour productivity
The improvement of labor productivity in differentsocial systemIt has different situations and meanings.
capitalist system
staycapitalismUnder the system, in order to obtain moresurplus value, competing to adopt new technologies to improve labor productivity and reduce theIndividual valueTo obtainExcess surplus value；The result of the pursuit of excess surplus value by various capitalists has promoted the development of capitalist social productivity.However, this development is limited, because the capitalist will only adopt new technology within the limit of increasing surplus value, otherwise he would rather maintain the status quo, or even hinder the application of new technology.At the same time, for capitalists, the improvement of labor productivity iscapital accumulation An important factor for workers will lead to unemployment, which will deepen the capitalistbasic contradictionAnd the periodiceconomic crisisThe social productive forces were destroyed.
socialist system
staysocialist systemNext, due toPublic ownership of means of productionWith the establishment of the WTO, exploitation and oppression have been eliminated, and workers have become the masters of the means of production, which can give full play toProduction enthusiasmandInitiativeThus opening up a broad way for the improvement of labor productivity.For socialism, improving labor productivity is of great significance.LeninHe said: "Labor productivity is, in the final analysis, the most important thing to ensure the victory of the new social system. Capitalism creates labor productivity that is unprecedented under the serf system. Capitalism can be completely defeated, and it will be completely defeated, because socialism can create a much higher labor productivity" (Lenin's Complete Works, Vol. 29, p. 388).Only by constantly improving labor productivity can we fully demonstrate the superiority of the socialist system and constantly improve the peoplematerial cultureliving standard, and for the gradual transition toCommunist societycreatenecessary condition。
determinant
labour productivity
The situation of labor productivity is determined by the development level of social productivity.Specifically, the main factors that determine the level of labor productivity are: ① the average proficiency of workers.The higher the average proficiency of workers, the higher the labor productivity.The average proficiency of workers not only refers to the actual operating technology of labor, but also includes the acceptance of new production technology and adaptation of workers to newtechnological processAbility. ②The development degree of science and technology.The more science and technology develops, the more widely it is appliedProduction process, the higher the labor productivity. ③Organization and management of production process.It mainly includes labor division, cooperation andLabor combination, and the correspondingProcess procedureAnd the economymanagement style。④The scale and efficiency of means of production.It mainly refers to the degree of effective use of labor tools and the degree of utilization of raw materials and power fuels. ⑤Natural conditions.It mainly includes the geological conditions related to social productionresource distribution 、Mineral grade、climatic conditions And soil fertility.
Labor productivity scoreIndividual labor productivityandsocial labor productivity。In terms of individual labor productivityLabor efficiencyThe calculated labor productivity is the individual labor productivity;The labor productivity calculated according to the labor efficiency of individual enterprises is the enterprise labor productivity.The labor productivity calculated by the average labor efficiency of the whole society is the social labor productivity.Social labor productivity is the fundamental measure of advanced and backward production in the whole society.The individual labor productivity is higher than the social labor productivity, and the individual labor volume of producing goods is lower than the social necessary labor volume;On the contrary, it is higher than the social necessary labor.Labor productivity is directly proportional to the amount of products produced per unit time, that is, the higher the labor productivity, the more products produced per unit time;The labor volume contained in the same unit product is inversely proportional, that is, the lower the labor productivity, the greater the labor volume contained in the unit product.
The consumption of labor can be calculated according to the range of different personnel, such as all employeesTotal labor productivityIn terms of production workers, it is the labor productivity of production workers;The quantity of products produced can be determined by the physical product output, standard physical product output, production workload and product value（total output value, net output value, etc.).[2]
Relevant research in China
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Improve China's labor productivity:
Labor productivity is a measure of a countryEconomic development levelAnd productivity development level.From historyVertical comparisonThe reform and opening up has greatly improved China's labor productivityFacilitation, according toWorld BankAccording to the report of, China's labor productivity in 2011 was eight times that of 1980. According to the purchasing power parity, China's actual labor productivity in 2010 was also more than twice that of 1990.
butHorizontal comparisonAs a result, China's labor productivity is not only higher thandeveloped countryIt will be decades behind, even less thanLatin AmericaAnd IndiaThailandandMoroccoEtc.On September 26, Ernst&Young released the "Imperative: Improving China's Productivity" report, which said that Chinese enterprises urgently need to improve productivity to maintain profit growth. Improving productivity is crucial to China's future economic development.The report says that capital driven growth is unsustainable, while productivity improvement will releaseChina's economyThe key to potential.
The Chinese Academy of Sciences has issued several reports that China's labor productivity is only 1/12 of that of the United States and 1/11 of that of Japan.
The lagging situation of China's labor productivity not only deeply reflects the current situation of China's economic development, that is, the reality of China's economyQuality of developmentLevel is far from surfacedata displayAs high as that, there is actually a big bubble factor, and because of the problems derived from it, China hasEconomic fundamentalsProducedsignificant impact China's economy since the end of 2010SustainabilityThe slowdown of land growth is one of its outstanding characteristics.
The low level of labor productivity may be extremely detrimental to China, which hasCheap laborAdequate and lowadded valueindustrial production Prosperity has lost its stage advantages in promoting inefficient and large-scale economic growth, but there is no more competitive labor force andHigh value-added industryContinuous promotioneconomic stability Efficient growth.
Future age in Chinapopulation of working agesWill be significantly reduced, and with the rise of China's inflation level,Labor priceIn recent years, it has also been rising, so China will have to face the reduction of the working age population andLabor costThe double negative results of the increase will lead to the long-term wandering of the economy at a low level.The key to improving labor productivity lies in labor, that isHuman factorIt is the key to improving labor productivity.
In the past, the mistake was to pay too much attention to quantity growth and neglect quality improvement, and to overuse cheap labor and rely ongovernment investment promoteEconomic scaleGrowth neglects labor productivity skills andKnowledge levelAs a result, although the economy has achieved superficial prosperity and development, it has not achieved the improvement of labor productivity simultaneously.When various contradictions and problems converge into onecritical pointIn the future, economic development will inevitably encounter difficulties, and there will be a slowdown in growth. Without effective reform, the economy will fall into low growth for a long time, or even stagnate.
Chinaeconomic growthThe slowdown is the result of a combination of various factors, but there is no doubt that low labor productivity is one of its core factors.The underlying problem behind China's low labor productivity and possible adverse consequences is that China's economy has not been fully and thoroughly implementedmarket economyUnder the interference of power, there is a structural distortion pattern. On the one hand, it is the prosperous scene of rapid economic growth. On the other hand, it is the bubbles and inefficiencies hidden under the prosperity, including low labor productivity and high value-added industriesnational economyThe pillar of the government, the proliferation of expansionary government investment, and so on.
The free nature of the market economy and the intervention of power is one of the basic contradictions facing the current Chinese economy.Power's intervention in the economy mainly depends onAdministrative resourcesDominatedeconomic meansComprehensive application of, such as finance, taxfinancial policyBut the more vicious form of power intervention is that government officialsadministrative decreeDirect interventioneconomical operation Specific links, such as throughPower rent-seekingThis makes the government's bidding behavior vague and weak.
In addition to the lofty belief of serving the country and the cause, there are two kinds of leading officialsMode of thinkingThe first is that everything revolves around political achievements and is driven by promoting economic developmentPersonal development；The second is power rent-seeking.The thinking of political achievements determines that they put the growth of economic quantity at the top position of local development and do everything possibleproject introduced from abroadTo attract investment, do everything possible to gather funds and increase investment. In a word, it is to serve as an official, promote growth and open the door to personal promotion.
Under the thinking of political achievements, they will tend to develop short-term projects and projects with immediate results, such asestateLow added valueprocessing industryAnd heavy industries such as chemical industry and coal industry.These industries despise the improvement of labor productivity, and do not attach importance to the improvement of labor skills. At the same time, because officials are too focused on projects that can be seen, they have long-term significance andStrategic valueThe education, science and technology ofLayout factorsNeither can make a positive and effective contribution to improving labor productivity.
It's all in powerMarket operationKey links in the process, and due to the undemocratic production mechanism, insufficient internal checks and balancesexternal supervisionThe lack of factors makes it difficult for them to be effectively restricted and absolute, so the damage to the market economy and the improvement of labor productivity are often fatal.Under the power rent-seeking thinking, it can be used toDevelopment educationImportant funds for scientific and technological undertakings have been misappropriated.
Only by means of reform, can we work to change the situation of power dominance and excessive intervention in the economy and give full play to itmarket mechanismThe dominant role in the economic operation can solve the problem of low labor productivity in China.At the same time, from the power generation mechanism, internalCheck and balance mechanismAnd externalMonitoring mechanismIt is also a necessary condition for the reform mentioned above to be carried out thoroughly.[3]
