The animal kingdom isBiologyThe world ofEukaryote, including general free movementOrganic matterSynthetic)carbohydrateandproteinAll living things for food.As the highest level of animal classification, the animal kingdom has found 35 phyla, 70 classes, about 350 orders and more than 1.5 million species.Distributed in all oceans and lands on the earth, including mountains, grasslands, deserts, forests, farmland, waters and polar habitats, it has become an integral part of the natural environment.
Animals are a major group of living things, collectively called the Animal kingdom.They can react to the environment and move to prey on other creatures.
It is generally believed that the earliest animals appeared 450 million to 500 million years ago.SponiferaIt appears earlier and is quite different from other species.Sponge has different kinds of cells, but the cells do not differentiate into tissues with different functions.Through continuous evolution, animals have also experienced a process from single cell to multi cell, from aquatic to terrestrial, from simple to complex.
As of 2005, humans have known 1.2 million kinds of animals in the world, of which more than 900000 are insects, crustaceans and spiders.
Animals areecosystemAn integral part ofconsumer。Their remains will bemicroorganismIt decomposes into inorganic substances and enters the cycle again.Animal behavior also shapesbiosphereForm of.
classification
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Grade and nomenclature
Yunnan insect foraging and habitat landscape
There are many kinds of creatures on the earth. There are 1.2 million to 1.5 million kinds of animals that have been described,ZoologistTaxonomy is to distinguish them according to their morphological, physiological, ecological and developmental characteristics, and reflect their kinship;"Species" or "species" is the basic unit of taxonomy. It is an objective entity, because the individuals within a species not only have similar morphology, physiology andecologyCharacteristics, and intraspecific individuals can mate and reproduce, while interspecificReproductive isolationThat is, interspecific individuals cannot mate, or although they can mate, they cannot produce fertile offspring.Zoologists can divide them into different classification levels according to the similarity between species, namely, kingdom, phylumOutline（class）、order（order）、section（family）、genus(genus) and species (species).Among them, the greater the degree of similarity, the more closely related the species, the smaller the classification level, for example, combining similar species into genera, combining similar genera into families, combining similar families into orders, and so on.There is no absolute classification standard for the classification level above species, which can change with the deepening of human understanding of animals, so it is an artificial classification category.Sometimes, the total (super -) and sub (sub -) grades are added above and below the original classification grade to represent the classification category above or below the original classification gradeAmoebaTake an example to illustrate its classification status:
In order to unify the naming of species,LinnaiThe binominal nomenclature was established to give each species a scientific name.The scientific name is in Latin orLatinizationIt is composed of genus name and species name.The generic name comes first, most of them aresingularnominativeNouns, with the first letter capitalized, followed by species names, are mostly adjectives, and the first letter is not capitalized.The name of the nominee should also be attached to the species name with the first letter also capitalized. For example, the formal writing of the large amoeba should be Amoeba proteus Pallas.If the intraspecific individuals have morphological differences due to geographical isolationReproductive isolation, then formedsubspecies, for subspeciesTrinominal methodNaming means writing the name of subspecies after the name of genus and species, and the first letter is not capitalized.
Door opening
According to the opinions of many zoologists, the animal kingdom is divided into 42 phyla. In order to reflect the development level and mutual relationship of various phyla animals, some phyla can be combined into larger morphological groups.The 42 families and their classification status are listed as follows:
With the exception of a few (such as sponges), animals have a body that differentiates into separate tissues.These tissues include muscles (which contract and control the movement of the body) and nerve tissues (which transmit and receive signals).Generally, there will also be an internal digestive cavity with one or two openings connected to the epidermis.Animals with these tissues are calledEumetazoan。
All animals have eukaryotic cells, which are encapsulated in a unique extracellular network composed of collagen and elastic glycoprotein.These networks may be calcified to form structures such as crustaceans, bones and needle bones.During development, it will form a more changeable structure, so that cells can move and be reorganized, so that complex structures become possible.In contrast, others such as plants andfungusetc.multicellular organismHave beencell wallThe cells that fix the position develop in a progressive way.In addition,Animal cellThere are also the following types of intercellular junctions: tight junction, gap junction andDesmosome。
origin
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Unicellular animal
The history of animal kingdom is the long process of animal origin, differentiation and evolution.Is aunicellularreachmulticellular , neververtebraFrom low to high, from simple to complex.The earliest single celled protozoa evolved into multicellularinvertebrate, gradually appearedSponifera、Coelenterata、Platyhelminthes, NumataLinear Fauna、Annelida、Mollusca、Arthropoda、Spinous cutaneous movementThings.By having no spineEchinodermaVertebrates have evolved forward, and the earliest vertebrates areCyclostomataIn the process of evolution, Cyclostomea appeared upper and lower jaw, from aquatic to terrestrial.AmphibianIt is the first vertebrate to land.Although amphibians have been able to land, they are still not completely free from the constraints of the water environment, and must spawn in the water to reproduce and spend their childhood.From originalAmphibianContinue to evolveReptiles。reptileIt can lay eggs and hatch on land, completely free from dependence on water, and become a realTerrestrial animal。ReptilesAnd its former animals belong toAllothermTheir bodies will become cold and stiff. At this time, they have to stop their activities and enter a dormant state.thenReptilesAnimals evolved into birds, becomingThermostatic animal, do not have to enter the sleep state, and finally evolve intoViviparityanimalMammalsHuman is the most advanced animal among mammals.
Planktonic bivalve arthropod
reproduction
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Almost all animals have some kind of sexreproduction。ripeindividualIs diploid orpolyploidOf.They have some specialgerm cell, lineMeiosisSo as to produce smaller movablespermOr large, immobile eggs.Sperm and egg will combine to become a fertilized egg and develop into a new individual.
Many animals can also reproduce asexually.This can happen whenParthenogenesis(Mature eggs are produced without mating), or some are produced byFracture reproduction。
The fertilized egg will develop into a small ball at the beginning, which is calledblastula, and reorganize and divide here.In the sponge, the blastocyst will swim to a new position and develop into a new sponge.In most other groups, blastocysts undergo more complex reorganization.The blastocyst will be nested at first to form a digestive cavityGastrulaAnd two othersBlastoderm－EctodermAnd endoderm.In most cases, there will beMesodermIn between.these ones hereBlastodermThen it differentiated into various tissues and organs.
Indirect use by most animalssunlightOfenergyTo grow.Plants use sunlight to convert simple sugars in a process called photosynthesis.At firstcarbon dioxideandwater, viaphotosynthesisAfter that, the energy of sunlight is converted intoglucoseAnd release the chemical energy ofoxygenCome on.These sugars are then used as building materials for plant growth.When animals eat these plants (or other animals that eat plants), the sugar produced by plants will be used by animals.These sugars are either directly used to help animals grow, or decomposed to release stored solar energy for animal activitiesenergy。This process is calledGlycolysis。
Animals living in deep-sea hot springs and cold springs near the seabed do not rely on solar energy.InsteadChemosynthesisOfArchaeaandBacteriaForm itsfood chainThe base of the.
From the perspective of the global animal kingdom, Asia mainly belongs to the Northern Region and the Indo Malay Region.The former is divided into five subregions, namelyArctic subregion, Europe - SebeliYayaDistrict, NortheastChinaSubregion, Central Asia Subregion andmediterranean seaSubregion;The latter is divided into two subregions, namely India-Indochina PeninsulaSubregion and Malaya Subregion.[1]
Arctic subregion
Arctic gull
This subregion is located inarctic oceanCoastal and tundra areas.The climate here is cold, the land has been frozen for a long time, and the animal species are poor, but some individuals are quite large.stayNorth AsiaInhabited along the coastarcticGullThree toed gullAnd other coastal birds, which often live inXiangyang, leeward and offshore, forming the natural Arcticbird marketBecause they feed on fish, they can fly and swim. Most of them have flat mouths, webbed toes and smooth feathers.mainlandtundra And birds with eaglesThunderbirds, geese, etc. They mainly prey on small animals, so they have sharp claws and thick feathers, and are very good at flying. Most of them are migratory birds.
There are white bears, seals, walruses, seals and other animals in the northern coastal areas, which are similar to those in the continental tundrareindeer, arctic fox, vole, snow sheep, etc.The former lives in the coastal area, and because of the lack of continuous tundra vegetation, it is more likely to preysea animalAnd fish, such as seals and fishPolar bearThe staple food of.The latter live intundra , so they mostly feed on tundra plants or some small animals, such as in the tundra beltVoleAt most, they live under snow covers.Reindeer aretundra The largest animal mainly feeds on plants and also eatsbird's eggsAnd rats.reindeerThere are two layers of wool, the inner layer is dense, soft and thick wool, which has a good heat preservation effect, and the outer layer is thick and longNeedlehairThe reindeer can live in the coldest zone because it is impervious to wind and rain, and there is a thick fat layer under the fur. It is a large cold zone animal distributed north of 50 ° N.Because it is seasonal difficult to find foodreindeerWeight loss in winter and significant weight gain in summer.reindeerNorth south movement, and foraging and avoiding summergadflyEtc.Arctic foxIt is a carnivore, but also omnivorous. Its fur is grayish brown in summer and white in winter. Autumn is its "dressing period". Therefore, it hunts arctic fox andferretThe season of.In addition,tundra Animals also have the ability to scrape snow, in order to find the frozen hard snowBerry, shrub leaves and tundra plants. They must be good at digging up snow on the ground, such asreindeerNamely, it has broad hooves and winter born claws of hoofed rats,ThunderbirdsThe claws will grow longer in winter.Bear hunger and coldIt is a common characteristic of animals in the Arctic subregion.
Siberia
squirrel
Occupation of this subregion exceptHeilongjiangThe entire North Asia coniferous forest belt andKazakh hillsIn the north, it is connected with Europe to the west, so it is called Europe Siberia region.Due to the good vegetation and a lot of animal food in this area, the number of animal species is significantly increased compared with the tundra area, such as nuts (pine nuts, etc.), berries, grass, etc., namely squirrelsLeopard rat、VoleAnd these small animals become other animals, such asBrown bear, wolverineLynx, sable, red fox, etc.Elk is in the coniferous forestMacrofaunaIts coat color is brown in winter and dark brown in summer,HairIt is thick and long, like pine needles. Forest and water are important conditions for elk to survive. It mainly feeds on twigs, buds, leaves and some juicy bark of various trees (such as birch, poplar, etc.).Elks are tall and have long legs, so that they can eat the branches and leaves on the trees.It has been protected by hunting laws everywhere.Animals in coniferous forests, many of which have the ability to climb trees (such as sableLynx, bears, squirrels) and hibernating under snow covers (such as bears, squirrels).Sable, red foxLynx, squirrels, etc., all have precious fur, which is often called "soft gold".There are more than 200 kinds of birds in the coniferous forestThunderbirds、WoodpeckerIs the most.Due to the deforestation and the northward movement of farming areas, some animals in the south（Smelly cat、WeaselEtc.) also intrude into the area.
Northeast China Asia
This subregion includes eastern China, North KoreaJapanAnd parts of the Far East of the Soviet Union. The main natural landscape here is the East Asian broad-leaved deciduous forest zone, which is adjacent to the north of the regionSub frigid zoneConiferous forest area, stretching into the southSubtropicalForest area, so this area has become a transitional area between the whole north area and India Malay area. At the same time, this area has not been directly affected by the Quaternary glaciers, so it has become a refuge for Tertiary animals and preserved the descendants of Tertiary animals.
Apodemus agrarius
There are more animal species in the summer green forest zone than in the coniferous forest zone, and the distribution is relatively uniform. Because the living conditions have obvious seasonal changes, the life of animals also has obvious seasonal changes.The species of animals in summer is much more abundant than that in winter, and the seasonal variation of their number is very significant. Many animals, especially birds, leave here in winter, and some animalshibernation(such as batshedgehog, badger, bear, etc.).BasicfaunayesRodentOfChipmunk, Apodemus agrariusNortheast rabbitEtc,CarnivoreTiger, leopard, foxMarten、black bear, civet, etc,UngulatesOfSika deer, 麅wild boarBirds include mandarin ducks and golden pheasants with bright feathers.The civet, also known as raccoon dog, isCanidaeSmall animals, only distributed in Asia, roughly northSiberiaTo the north, to Vietnam in the south, to Korea and Japan in the east, and to the westCaspian Sea, and most live in the grass marsh and sparse forest areas near the Jianghu. There are also northern civetshibernationHabits.Tigers are also mainly distributed in Asia, covering a wide rangeSiberiaAnd some islands in the northeast of China, even in the tropics.According to research, the tiger was originally born in northern Asia, and then gradually moved southward because of chasing more wild food.There are eight known tigerssubspecies, i.eNortheast Tiger、Southern China tiger, Korean tigerCaucasusTiger, Indian tiger, Sunda tiger, Sumen tiger andBalinese tiger。stayCarnivoreThe tiger is the strongest among beasts. Its fur pattern is suitable for hiding in the forest and grassGrasslandMountain streams and streams are important living conditions for tigers.Leopard is also a widely distributed animal, which can be found almost all over Asia and Africa, indicating its strong adaptability.
Animals in the high mountains of Central Asia canQinghai Tibet PlateauIt is represented by its neighboring mountain animals. Due to the high and cold terrain, there are few animal species, mainly including wild yaks and mountainsTibetAntelope, Asian wild sheep, Tibetan brown bear, fox, snow leopard (bobcat), etc.
Mediterranean subregion
This area includes the area around the Mediterranean Sea. The animal kingdom is transitional, and the representative animals areAsia MinorAnd the Alps of the Caucasus, such as the Moflon sheep, the rock antelope, the goat, the deer, the bear, and the bobcat.
India Malay fauna
This area includesIndian subcontinentSri Lanka, Indochina Peninsula, southern China andMalay IslandsThe southern foot of the Himalayas is the western part of the northern boundary of the region, while the eastern part of the northern boundary is not clear, which is a broad transitional zone, but roughly consistent with the northern boundary of the subtropical forest.WesternThar DesertIt is a transitional zone between the Mediterranean animal subregion and the Mediterranean animal subregion.
Most animals in this area belong to tropical forest type.Tropical forest is the most suitable living environment for animals, soPopulation structureUp, asPlant communitySimilarly, the composition of animal species is particularly complex, and the ways of adaptation are also diverse.High temperature and humidity throughout the year are beneficial toAllothermLife, therefore,ReptilesAmphibians, amphibians and insects have been developed to the greatest extent here. They are not only rich in species and individuals, but also much larger than other regions. Some snakes can be more than 9 meters long.Because plants grow all the year round, plant food is rich and diverse all the year round, and trees bloom and bear fruit all the year round, so the species of arboreal climbing life and fruit eating animals are particularly prosperous, such asPrimatesAnimalsSquirrelidaeAnimals and fruit eating bats are mostly concentrated incrown of a treeThere are relatively few types of activities on the ground and underground.Because of the dense trees,LianaandEpiphyteThey are numerous, forming extremely dense canopy density, and the forest is dark,herbUndeveloped, which is unfavorable to the life of large herbivores.The lack of herbivores also affected the development of large beasts.And grasslandDesert animalIn comparison, tropical forestsUngulatesAnimals have poor clustering, and they usually live alone or in pairs.Because of the tropicsForest plantThere is no significant seasonal change, so many biological phenomena are not obviousSeasonalityChange. Animals are active and breeding all year round. NohibernationOr hibernation, seasonal migration is also rareSeasonal variationNot much.However, the diurnal phase is obvious in tropical forest animals, with more nocturnal species than diurnal species.
chimpanzee
The basic fauna in this area includes the gibbon, bat ape, orangutan and tarsus (cobra) of apes;Insectivorous tree shrews;Long nosed elephant;Carnivorous Malay bears and Sunda tigers;Hoofed tapirs (Malay tapirs), one horned rhinoceros (IndiaJava）, double horned rhinoceros（Sumatra）；Squirrels, flying squirrels and mice of rodents;All kinds of parrots and peacocks of birds;Any of various reptile snakes (such as pythons).Asian elephantalso calledIndian elephant, in the Indian PeninsulaIndochina Peninsula, Sri Lanka, Sumatra andKalimantan Island It is the largest animal on the land with the African elephant.In addition, on theSulawesiThere are a few on the islandMarsupial（Marsupial）, which is close to Australian animals.
