Scissors difference

[jiǎn dāo chā ]

Economic terminology

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The scissors difference refers to industry and agriculture Product exchange When, Price of industrial products Above value, Price of agricultural products The difference between the value and the value. It is named because it is in the shape of scissors opening. It indicates industry and agriculture Product value Of Unequal exchange 。

If Price deviation The difference in value is getting bigger and bigger, called widening the scissors difference; Conversely, it is called reducing the scissors difference.

Chinese name: Scissors difference
Foreign name: price scissors

Price of agricultural products: It is called "scissors difference"
Rise: rise in price
Define time: 1923

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Introduction to terms

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In the process of industrialization, the price gap between industrial products and agricultural products tends to expand day by day. Its specific manifestations are as follows: Price rise When, although Price of agricultural products It also rises at the same time, but its rise is often lower than Price of industrial products The amount of increase. When the general price falls, although the price of industrial products also falls at the same time, the extent of its decline is often lower than that of agricultural products. If the price changes of industrial and agricultural products in a certain period (such as one year) are used Statistical chart Then, the price of industrial products is Upward trend The price of agricultural products is on the downward trend, and the two are like open scissors, so it is called the "scissors difference" of industrial and agricultural product prices.

Cause

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After a series of policies to stimulate grain production, China has stabilized farmers' enthusiasm for grain production from the production link, and these policies have produced positive effects. But then Chinese grain The pricing system of State regulation In combination with market supply and demand, the adjustment of grain prices did not adapt to industrial products such as agricultural materials, and the increase of grain prices lagged behind that of industrial products such as agricultural materials. With the development of rural economy, agriculture production factors Caused by the marketization of Rural labor force , land and other resources flow more Comparative advantage Industry, service industry, etc. The interviewed experts summarized that the incomplete marketization of the food price formation mechanism is related to agricultural materials, labor and other factors Price formation mechanism The contradiction between the relative marketization of grain production in China is the leading factor in the emergence and development of the "new price scissors" phenomenon.

According to the survey of Harbin Municipal Government Northeast China unhusked rice Weak market After the autumn harvest of 2007, the purchase price of the rice market continued to decline. In the autumn of 2007, the national protection price for the purchase of rice was 0.75 yuan/kg, but it was far lower than the average purchase price of 1 yuan/kg in 2006, reaching a low point in recent years. In the same period, seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, agricultural films, diesel oil, etc Price of means of production Average compared with the previous year Increase More than 20%, and some varieties increased by more than 50%.

The scissors gap between the benefits of farmers' going out to work and planting grain has gradually expanded. National Bureau of Statistics Hebei According to the investigation data of the investigation team Labor resources Tension influence, Hebei Province Construction field Labor cost The price rose 10.4% on the basis of 7.3% in 2006, the highest increase since 1998. However, the grain price was still at a low level during the same period natural disaster 、 market risk Compared with other factors, farmers' income from part-time work is significantly higher than that from grain planting.

Historical origin

The word "scissors difference" originated in the 1920s Soviet Russia 。 This word was first seen in Trotsky's speech at the 8th National Congress of the Russian Communist Party (1919). Later, Lenin raised this issue in the debate about trade unions and Trotsky mentioned it in his New Directions. Stalin From 1927 to 1929, he also made many theoretical discussions on the existing situation at that time, but Stalin came to the conclusion that“ Agricultural collectivization It is necessary ". From the perspective of historical development, it is capitalism The product of the system. Advanced Production technology When exchanging industrial and agricultural products with farmers who are technologically backward, 20% of industrial capitalists raise the price of industrial products, lower the price of agricultural products, and exploit farmers by using the scissors difference. In colonial and semi colonial countries, the scissors gap also reflects Imperialism Economic plunder.

The scissors difference is developed country One of the important means of exchange in international trade. It means that developed countries use monopoly status to control developing country On the one hand, it depresses primary products Of World market price On the other hand, it also increases the production of Industrial finished products Of world market Price of. If this phenomenon is illustrated, it looks like an open pair of scissors. Developed countries can win high profits through this means of exchange.

Developments

Soviet Union After the country embarked on the track of peace building in early 1921, in order to accelerate the accumulation of industrialization funds, the country artificially suppressed Purchase price of agricultural products So that some farmers' income can be used in industrial and agricultural products Exchange process Transferred to government supported development industrial sector At that time, people called this part of income lost by agriculture and farmers "tribute tax" or "excess tax". In the first half of 1923, the industrial and commercial sectors of the government raised the price of industrial products again, making the agricultural products that had been forced to be lower by the government relatively price level It is greatly reduced. By October 1923, compared with 1913, farmers needed 2.8 times the original agricultural products to exchange for the same amount of industrial products. This behavior of the Soviet government first caused dissatisfaction among farmers, who resisted by not buying or buying as few industrial products as possible, which led to Industrial products market In the depression, many factories could not pay wages, which caused workers' dissatisfaction. Against this background, the Central Committee of the Soviet Communist Party held a meeting of the Political Bureau and a plenary session of the Central Committee in September. Meeting at Stalin Under the auspices of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (CPC), for the first time, the excess tax on agricultural inflow into industry was officially called "scissors gap", and a scissors gap committee was set up under the Central Committee to study and adjust the scissors gap. Since then, the term "scissors difference" has spread.

The concept of "scissors difference" in the Soviet Union was introduced to China in the 1930s. After the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949, industrial and agricultural production suffered different degrees of damage in the war, recovered at different speeds, and the shortage of funds and human resources needed to recover and develop industry, which made industrial and agricultural products Price comparison During the Anti Japanese War and War of Liberation It has expanded a lot in the past ten years. In 1950, workers and peasants Product price comparison Compared with 1930-1936 before the Anti Japanese War, it expanded by 34.4%, and farmers suffered a lot in exchange. Therefore, many people use the word "scissors difference" to describe the current situation of the expansion of the price comparison of industrial and agricultural products. But at this time, the "scissors difference" used by China is different from the concept of "scissors difference" in the Soviet Union. It does not refer to the policy performance that the government accumulates industrialization funds by artificially expanding the price comparison of industrial and agricultural products, but refers to the unreasonable state of the price comparison of industrial and agricultural products. For example, the "scissors gap" of industrial and agricultural products, which was specially discussed at the Second National Price Conference in April 1951, came from the above concept. Later scholars also study the problem of "scissors difference" from this concept.

Reduction method

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① Strive to develop agricultural production , keep improving Agricultural labor productivity , reduce costs Value As a result, the proportion gap of the exchange value of industrial and agricultural products has gradually narrowed and is closer to the equivalent exchange. This is the fundamental way to narrow the price difference.

② Via Price leverage To adjust industry and agriculture product price 。 When the price of agricultural products is much lower than its value, it should gradually increase the purchasing price ； When the price of industrial products (especially agricultural industrial products) is much higher than the value, the sales price should be reduced as far as possible to gradually reduce the exchange price difference of industrial and agricultural products. However, to raise the purchase price of agricultural and sideline products industrial product The price of, overall balance , so as not to cause Take turns to raise prices 。 At the same time, the adjustment of the prices of industrial and agricultural products must take into account the market commodities Supply and Social purchasing power The balance between the supply of rural industrial products and farmers purchasing power Balance between. Not only does it require Commodity supply The total amount and social purchasing power should be balanced, and the supply of major commodities should be as suitable as possible for the needs of consumers, especially farmers.

③ Pass through office Agricultural industrial and commercial complex , and take Processing of agricultural products The return of part of the profits to agriculture will increase farmers' income. In addition, let go Price of agricultural products , actively carry out the negotiation business of agricultural products, and continue to open up country fair trade It is also an important aspect of reducing the exchange price difference of industrial and agricultural products.

Recently, with the development of various domestic projects in August economic data The announcement of, also shows that the domestic economy is slowly recovering, but Ex factory price index of industrial producers PPI For 18 consecutive months negative It also indicates that structural contradictions still exist in the economy. China Economic Network Contributing Commentator Zhang Jie also said that, CPI The "scissors difference" between PPI and agricultural products is actually reflected in agricultural products, so that farmers can obtain more income in agricultural production and reduce the gap between urban and rural areas Resident income This structural change is beneficial to China's long-term development.^[1]

Related introduction

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The scissors gap in the exchange of industrial and agricultural products in China is formed by history. Before the Opium War, China's national economy Mainly agriculture, handicraft industry It is just a vassal of agriculture. Agricultural products and handicrafts are basically exchanged according to their value. After the Opium War, Imperialism By seizing various privileges of trade with China by force, China became a semi colonial and semi feudal society and a foreign country capitalism The market for dumped goods (mainly industrial consumer goods) and the base for plundering raw materials (mainly agricultural products). Foreign Capitalism and Domestic China exploiting class Make use of their economic and political advantages to constantly increase the sales price of industrial products and reduce Purchase price of agricultural products Exploiting farmers by widening the scissors gap. Anhui only Lu'an 、 Shaanxi Ankang Guangxi Baise Sichuan Dazhu Four Countryside Primary market Of price index From 1936 to 1948, Exchange price comparison of industrial and agricultural products It has expanded by 65%, and the corresponding scissors difference has reached the peak.

Some scholars believe that since the founding of the People's Republic of China, especially from 1953 to 1986, the state's policy of unified purchase and marketing of agricultural products was actually based on the price scissors difference between industrial and agricultural products industrial production Has absorbed a lot of Agricultural surplus , Agricultural economist, author of the book "Price scissors of industrial and agricultural products in China" Yan Ruizhen It is believed that over the past three decades, China's investment in industrialization was mainly obtained through the "scissors gap", which can be said to have established China modernization of industry The preliminary foundation of. According to Yan Ruizhen's calculation results, China's "scissors difference" has experienced changes since 1952 Two stages Before 1978, it gradually expanded. The most serious thing was that by 1978, the "scissors gap" had expanded by 44.65% compared with 1955, reaching 36.4 billion yuan. That is to say, every 100 yuan of output value created by farmers would lose 25.5 yuan free of charge because of the "scissors gap". After 1978, the "scissors gap" had significantly narrowed, and the academic community generally agreed to narrow the "scissors gap" We should fundamentally improve agricultural labor productivity, cost reduction To reduce the value of agricultural products Exchange value At the same time, it is also necessary to liberalize the price of agricultural products, increase farmers' income by opening agricultural industrial and commercial joint ventures, and returning part of the profits from agricultural product processing to agriculture.^[2]

The scissors gap existed before the liberation of our country. In the period after liberation, it not only did not shrink but expanded day by day. It has developed into a major politics between industry and agriculture, between urban and rural areas, and between workers and farmers economic problem 。 If only from agricultural tax Seen from the above, the contribution of farmers to the country is very small Farmers' burden It is not important. For example, in 1982, China's agricultural tax revenue was 2.94 billion yuan, accounting for only that year revenue 2.4%. Agricultural products of the year Price transfer The total amount is 74 billion yuan, Total agricultural output value 278.5 billion yuan, Acquisition of agricultural and sideline products The total amount is 108.3 billion yuan. Then apply the formula of the absolute quantity of the scissors difference: (740 ÷ 2785) × 1083, we can get that in 1982, the country created national income The amount of value transferred from China is 28.8 billion yuan. In 1982, the absolute burden of farmers' scissors difference was 9.8 times of the agricultural taxes of that year, and 23.8% of the national fiscal revenue of 121.23 billion yuan in 1982. The absolute sum of agricultural taxes and scissors difference is 31.74 billion yuan, accounting for 26.2% of the fiscal revenue of the year.

About the implementation of the national Unified purchase and marketing of grain From the beginning to the abolition of the system of unified purchase and marketing, the government did not provide official data on how much money the country obtained from farmers through the scissors difference of industrial and agricultural products. The following list of researchers is based on different Calculation caliber The calculated amount of scissors difference shows that the implicit burden of scissors difference borne by farmers is very heavy.

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