Written onEmperor Wen of the Sui Dynastyelderly and virtuousThe first year (601).Five volumes in total, 11500 words.Fen 193 Rhyme:Flat voice54 rhymes, 51 rhymes for Shangsheng, 56 rhymes for Qusheng, and 32 rhymes for Rusheng.It was designated as official rhyme in the early Tang Dynasty.AddendumMany.The original book of Qieyun has been lost, and the phonetic system it reflects is due to《Song rhyming dictionary》It will be handed down completely after being updated.There are two most complete editions in existence, one is Tang DynastyCopybookWang Renxu《To publish fallacies to fill gaps and rhyme》, one isNorthern Song DynastyEdited by Chen Pengnian et al《The Song Dynasty rebuilt Guangyun》。The original version of Qieyun has been lost. The National Library of Paris, France has three kinds of fragments of Qieyun from Dunhuang Tang Dynasty, which are the most ancientLu FayanCompile the closest version of Qieyun.
The original book of Qieyun has been lost for a long time,modern timesThere are also books in successionRemnant copyUnearthed, it can communicate with《Song rhyming dictionary》Affirmative evidence.The whole bookRhymeIt is divided into 193 rhymes;The rhyme is divided into four parts: flat, upward, downward and inward.The words with the same rhymeSound category、Waiting for callSort.thereforeHomophoneAll are grouped together.Each sound is preceded by a circle (called rhyme button), and the first word is followed byAntitangentPhonetic notation.Each word has a meaning.
Synchonic phonology
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Scholars generally agree that Qieyun reflects thatchineseVoice of.This phrasePhonologyThe integrity of the system was also preserved in the later《Song rhyming dictionary》, even《Alliteration》Wait for the book.Therefore, the voice system recovered from the last two is called“Synchonic sound”, asAncient ChineseOn behalf of.But how to understand this "Qieyun sound"?Some scholars believe that it is a place at that time, such asLuoyangIt is generally believed that Qieyun represents the pronunciation used by the literati in Jinling and Luoxia (today's Luoyang) in the late Southern and Northern Dynasties.However, some scholars believe that Lu Fayan is from Hebei and Yan Zhitui is from Shandong.Lu Fayan《Syncopation preface》He also said: "Xiao Yanduo decided to make more careful selection and cut, except for cutting, easing and slowing, because of the right and wrong of the north and south, and the ancient and modern congestion." If it is only to record the actual voice, why should itDiscussion and decisionWhat about?Because of the deduction of "Qieyun sound", it is at least a compromise between the northern and southern phonology (the so-called southern and northern phonology should mainly refer to the official sounds of Jinling and Luoxia at that time, which originated from the old Luoyang phonology, rather than the southern and northern Chinese dialects).
Many rhymes in northern dialects have been indistinguishable since the era of Qieyun.Taking Yuyu as an example, in the preface of Qieyun, it is said that "Zhizhi Yuyu is not rhymed." It means that "Zhizhi and Zhiyu" and "Yuyu" do not belong to the same rhyme, but have different pronunciations.Yan Zhitui also gave an example in the Yan Family Instructions: "Northern people regard the common people as garrisons, Ru as Confucianism, and Zi as their sister.".This means that the northerners at that time had no distinction between fish and Yu.[1]
(3) Zhi Checheng, Zhuang Chuchongsheng, Zhang ChangchuanCalligraphy ZenCombined into t ʂ, t ʂ, t ʰ and t ʂ;
(4) The combination of the three words of "shadow, Yu," "doubt," "bright mother" and the few digits of "Japanese mother"Zero consonant。
Note: In ancient Chinese, "merge" and "merge" are two different characters, not the relationship between simple simplified characters and traditional characters;In addition, the initial consonant of "merger" is a clear, unaspirated sound [p], that is, the initial consonant is a bang, while the initial consonant of "merger" is a voiced sound [b], that is, the initial consonant is a union.
Rhyme: first, second and fourth classPreposition, the closing mouth has a U sound;The third class opening has an i sound, and the closing mouth has an iu sound.
【2】 Jiang and Dang merged into one rhyme department
【3】 Zhen and Shen Zhao merge into one rhyme part
【4】 Shan and Xian photography merged into one rhyme part
【5】 Encounter photography, effect photography, fruit photography and flow photography are merged into a rhyme part.
【6】 Differentiation and merger of Zhihe, Xixie and Pseudophotography
【7】 The important changes of rhyme ending: the salty and deep m rhyme ending changes into n rhyme ending;The plosive ending p, t and k of entering rhyme disappear,Entering tone characterIt turns into yin rhyme.
Qieyun standardizesRhyme bookThe style of revision has been in use from Sui and Tang dynasties to modern times.And its induced phonetic system《Tang rhyme》, Guangyun《Alliteration》Such supplements, which come down in one continuous line, have always been officially recognized as orthodox.
Several hundred years after Qieyun was written, its pronunciation was similar to that of Wu. Many rhymes in Qieyun were in the middle of Tang DynastyHuilinThe Guanzhong phonology of the period began to merge in large numbers, so that some people in the late Tang Dynasty publicly accused the "Qieyun" phonology of Wu.[2]
