participle

[fēn cí]

Words with the characteristics of both verbs and adjectives

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A participle has a verb and adjective A word characterized by both, especially an English verbal adjective ending in - ing or - ed, - d, - t, - en or - n, which has the function of an adjective and at the same time displays various verbal characteristics, such as tense voice , adverbial Modifier Performance and performance with object. The participle is divided into Present participle and past participle Two, one Non finite verb Form. The main difference between the present participle and the past participle is that the present participle means "active and continuous", and the past participle means "passive and complete"（ intransitive verb 's past participle does not mean passive, only complete). A participle can have its own adverbial, object or Logical subject Etc.

Chinese name: participle
Foreign name: participle
Features: It is characterized by both verbs and adjectives

Structure: The present participle doing, the past participle done
Represent: Go, Finish, Passive
Grammar: Non finite verb form

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Types of participles

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tense and voice	subject- verb form	Passive
General formula	doing	done
Completions	having done	having been done

Adverbial

Participles can be used as adverbials in sentences to express time, conditions, reasons, results, concessions, ways, accompaniments, etc.

When a participle (phrase) is used as an adverbial, its Logical subject It should be consistent with the subject in the sentence When Present participle The action indicated occurs in Predicate verb The former tense uses the perfect form of the present participle. When the action expressed and the predicate action occur at the same time, the general form of the present participle is used. For completion or passive relationship past participle 。

(1) The students went out of the classroom, laughing and talking.

(2) Past participle Accompanied by his friend, he went to the railway station. Given better attention, the plants could grow better.

"While (when, once, until, if, thought, etc Subordinate conjunction ）+Participle "structure

Present participle or Past participle as adverbial Sometimes, while, when, once, alternate, until, if, etc. can be added before the participle Subordinate conjunction 。

When leaving the airport, she waved again and again to us. While waiting for the train, I had a long talk with my sister about her work……

Once recovered , he threw himself into his work and made every effort to do it well.

Although working very hard, he failed to pass the final exam. If translated word by word, the passage will be difficult to understand.

Attributive

When a participle is used as an attribute, it has the nature of an adjective. A single participle is usually placed in front of the noun being modified, and the participle phrase is used as the attribute and placed in the Modifier Behind. The present participle means active and progressive, transitive verb The past participle of, intransitive verb The past participle of "Li" as an attribute only means completion.

We will go on with our experiment as soon as we get the added fund.
This is really an exhausting day to all of us!
We can see the part of the moon lighted by sunlight.
After a night spent in excitement and sleeplessness, I forced myself to take a long walk along the beach the next day.
More and more developing countries established strategic partnership with developed countries

As object complement

Now the participle is seen, watch, hear, observe, notice, feel, find, glimpse , glance, etc Sensory verb And look at, listen to, etc Phrasal verb as well as Causative verb After have, it is formed with a noun or pronoun Complex object , for Object complement There are three forms of Verb prototype , present participle and past participle.

The original form of the verb means active and complete, the present participle means active or ongoing, and the past participle means passive or complete.

adj

Participle composition Predicative It is usually used as an adjective. The present participle indicates the nature and characteristics of the subject; The past participle indicates the feeling or state of the subject, which is mostly a person.

Example: The situation is encouraging .

The theory sounds quite convincing .

Present participle

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Predicative

He was very amusing.
That book was rather boring.

Verbal Present participle Can be done Predicative ：

exciting , interesting, encouraging, disappointing , confusing, touching , puzzling.

Attributive

The present participle above can be used as an attribute to modify a noun:

That must have been a terrifying experience.
I found him a charming person.

Now participle phrases can also be put behind nouns to modify nouns, which is equivalent to a fixing solution ：

There are a few boys swimming in the river.
There is a car waiting outside.

Adverbial

Present participle Phrases can represent a simultaneous secondary or accompanying action:

Following Tom, we started to climb the mountain.
Opening the drawer, he took out a box.
Taking a key out of his pocket, he opened the door.

Now participle phrases can also express reasons, which is equivalent to a Adverbial clause of cause ：

Not knowing her address, we couldn’t get in touch with her.
Being unemployed, he hasn’t got much money.

Now participle phrase can also express time, which is equivalent to a adverbial clause of time ：

Hearing the news, they all jumped with joy.
Returning home, he began to do his homework.
Jim hurt his arm while playing tennis.
Be careful when crossing the road.
Having found a hotel, we looked for somewhere to have dinner.
Having finished her work, she went home.

To make amends for guests

The present participle can be used as the complement of the object after some verbs:

For example, see, hear, catch, find, keep, have, etc

I see him passing my house every day.
I caught him stealing things in that shop.
I smelt something burning.
She kept him working all day.

past participle

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adj

We were so bored that we couldn’t help yawning.
She felt confused, and even frightened.
They were very pleased with the girl.
I’m satisfied with your answer.
He is not interested in research.

Attributive

She has a pleased look on her face.
The teacher gave us a satisfied smile.
cooked food
a written report
fried eggs
boiled water
frozen food
armed forces
required courses
fallen leaves
finished products
a forced smile
the risen sun
new arrived visitors
What’s the language spoken in that country?
They're problems left by the history
The play put on by the teachers was a big success.
Is there anybody injured ?
Do you know the number of books ordered ?

Adverbial

Seen from the hill, the city looks magnificent.
Given good health, I hope to finish the work this year.
They came in, followed by some children.
Depressed , he went to see his elder sister.
When treated with kindness, he was very amiable.

To make amends for guests

past participle It can also be used as the complement of the object, followed by some verbs

I will have the clothes washed tomorrow.
When they get back home, they found the room robbed.

Consolidation exercise

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（） 1. __________ with the best students, I still have a long way to go.

A. Having compared B. To compare C. Compared D. Compare

（） 2. The music of the film _________ by him sounds so ___________ .

A. playing, exciting B. played, excited C. playing, excited D. played, exciting

（） 3. __________ against the coming hurricane, they didn't dare leave home.

A. Warned B. Having warned C. To warn D. Warn

（） 4. In __________ countries, you can’t always make yourself _______ by speaking English.

A. English-speaking, understand B. English- spoken , understand

C. English -speaking, understood D. English-spoken, understood

（）5. After _____________ the old man, the doctor suggested that he ___________ a bad cold.

A. examining, should catch B. examined, had caught

C. examining, had caught D. examined, catch

（） 6. _____________ , Tom jumped into the river and had a good time in it.

A. Be a good swimmer B. Being a good swimmer

C. Having been good swimmer D. To be a good swimmer

（） 7. ________ how to read the new words, I often look them up in the dictionary.

A. Having not known B. Not to know C. Don’t know D. Not knowing

（） 8. As his parent, you shouldn’t have your child ___________ such a book.

A. read B. to read C. reading D. be reading

（） 9. He returned from abroad ______________ that his mother had been badly ill.

A. heard B. having been heard C. having phoned D. having been phoned

answer:

1. C； 2. D； 3. A； 4. C； 5. C； 6. B； 7. D； 8. A； 9. D

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