Feng Menglong (1574-1646), with the words "You Long", "Er You" and "Zi You", was named as "Long Ziyou", "Mao Yuan Wai Shi", "Mo Han Zhai Master", "Gu Qu San Ren", "Ping Ping Pavilion Master", etc., and also as "Gusu Ci Nu", "Green Sky Hall Master", "Ke Yi Ju", "Wu Yi Ju", "Mao Yuan Ye Shi", "Xiang Yue Ju Master", "Zhan Zhan Wai Shi"。In the Ming Dynasty, he was a native of Changzhou County (today's Suzhou City, Jiangsu Province), Suzhou Prefecture.Chinese litterateur, thinker and dramatist in the Ming Dynasty.One of "Wu Xiasan Feng".[42]
Feng Menglong was a schoolboy in Suzhou, Wuxi, Wucheng, Macheng and other places when he was young.After the examination, he was frustrated, worried and angry, returned to his hometown, once went to the brothel tavern, and made a living by selling literature.In 1630, he became a student of tribute, and the next year, he was taught Dantu County.In 1634, Feng Menglong was appointed as the county magistrate of Shouning, and made great achievements in promoting the people's interests and eliminating disadvantages.In 1638, he resigned and returned home.In 1644, after the "Jiashen Change", King Fu of the Southern Ming Dynasty stood on his own in Nanjing. Feng Menglong published "The Great Strategy of Zhongxing" and placed his hopes on Zhongxing in the Ming Dynasty.In the spring of 1646, he returned from Taizhou, Zhejiang Province to Suzhou in the midst of war. He died in anger on the way, and was said to have been killed by Qing soldiers.[20][37][38][40]
Influenced by Wang Shouren and Li Zhi, Feng Menglong emphasized sincere emotion and opposed hypocritical ethics.It advocates replacing "religion" with "emotional education" and attaching importance to the educational role of literature.His family has many books, including San Suiping Demon Biography, Think Tank, Guangxiao Mansion, Spring and Autumn Guide, Ancient and Modern Tan Gai, and Mohan Zhai Fixed Version Legend.Feng Menglong spent his whole life collecting, sorting out, compiling and publishing popular literature, and has revised and published more than ten kinds of novels, operas and folk songs.In the Ming Dynasty, the early and highly successful imitative scripts include Yu Shi Ming Yan, Xing Shi Heng Yan, and Ji Shi Tong Yan, which are called "San Yan" for short.[39][43]He made unique contributions to Chinese literature with his creation, collection, sorting and editing of popular literature such as novels, operas, folk songs and jokes.[1]
In the second year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (1574), Feng Menglong was born in Suzhou, NanzhiliWuxian CountyFrom Changzhou (now Suzhou, Jiangsu)FengmenOne Belt.[36]
Feng Menglong was born in a famous Neo Confucianism scholar. He received a good cultural education when he was young, and he loved classics.He was fond of reading when he was young. Like many scholars in feudal society in his childhood and youth, he mainly focused on reading the classics to meet the imperial examination.He was a high school scholar in his youth, but he didn't pass the exam for a long time.[2]
Focus on compiling books
Related pictures
In the 24th year of Wanli (1596), Feng Menglong took the opportunity to contact with the lower class people in the city to extensively collect folk literature works such as folk songs, ballads, riddles, and folk stories.He once went to Wushan with his friend Dong Yaozhou to organize the "Poetry Club", his brotherFeng MengguiHe is also a member of the Poetry Society.[2]
In the 33rd year of Wanli (1605), the Tongchi Yinong Hangzhi'er, compiled by Feng Menglong, was published.[3]
In the 35th year of Wanli (1607), Feng Menglong published《Extensive Chronicles》Revision.《Extensive Chronicles》Edited by Dong Yaozhou, it has a preface to the 35th year of Wanli.The title of "Volume 23" is "Edited by Dong Si and Zhang in Longxi, and set by Wu Chu and Feng Menglong".[3]
In the 37th year of Wanli (1609), Feng Menglong separated from Hou Huiqing, a famous prostitute.The "Tongchi Ernong Folk Song" was published about the same year.[3]
In the 42nd year of Wanli (1614), Feng Menglong compiled "Children's Idiots in Sannong · Laughing House".[3]
In the 47th year of Wanli (1619), Feng Menglong went to Macheng to make an appointment with Tian Gongzi and assigned his editor《Linjing refers to the month》, compiled at the same time《Ancient and modern laughter》Thirty six volumes.[3]
In the spring of the 48th year of Wanli (1620), Feng Menglong wrote his own "Ancient and Modern Laughter".In September, the "Lin Jing Zhi Yue" was published, and soon the "San Suiping Demon Biography of the Northern Song Dynasty" was added to 40 chapters, which were published by Tianxuzhai and engraved with 40 volumes of "Ancient and Modern Novels".[3]
In the first year of the apocalypse (1621), Feng Menglong renewed the old preface and changed its name to Xinping Demon Biography because Xu Zhai was destroyed by fire the day before yesterday;His Ancient and Modern Novels were revised by Yan Qingtang, corrected and supplemented, and renamed Yu Shiming Yan.Later, Mei Zhigui reviewed the Ancient and Modern Laughter, which was revised and published by Ye Kunchi's Nengyuanju, and changed its name to Ancient and Modern Tan Gai.[3]
In the fourth year of the apocalypse (1624), the forty volumes of the "Cautions to the World" compiled by Feng Menglong were issued by Jianshantang.At the end of the year, Qian Qianyi, a social friend, wrote the "New Jiayi Wall and Yuan San's Minor Revision of Kuaiji Women's Poems", and Feng Menglong wrote three poems, which were later included《A Brief Account of Love History》。[3]
On February 16 of the fifth year of the apocalypse (1625), Feng Menglong wrote a preface to Wang Jide's Qulv.In September, the Spring and Autumn Hengku was published by Ye Kunchi, who lived far away. Li Changgeng wrote a preface for him.[3]
In the sixth year of the apocalypse (1626), Feng Menglong went to Xiushui, Zhejiang (now Jiaxing), to compile twenty-seven volumes of "Think Tank". Zhang Mingbi in Jintan and Shen Ququ in Changzhou wrote a preface for him.In September of the same year, Feng Menglong edited 80 volumes of Taiping Guangji Banknotes, and Li Changgeng wrote a preface for him.[3]
In the seventh year of the apocalypse (1627), Feng Menglong compiled a collection of free songs called "Taixia Xinzuo".During the Mid Autumn Festival, Feng Menglong's 40 volume preface to Awakening Episodes was published.[3]
In the second year of Chongzhen's reign (1629), "A Brief Account of Love History" was finally compiled.[2-3]
Official life
In the third year of Chongzhen (1630), Feng Menglong entered the Imperial College as a tribute student, and then began his official life.Then he took Suigong as the Dantu (today's Zhenjiang) to teach.In the same year, with the Dantu who lived in his hometown at that timeRuan DachengGo to Beigu Tower and Ganlu Temple.Feng Menglong once persuaded Shi Jingyun, the county magistrate, to implement the false promotion for the people when he was in charge of Dantu training.During his tenure as an apprentice, he also edited the Four Books to Indicate the Moon.[2]
In 1634 (the seventh year of Chongzhen's reign), Feng Menglong was promoted to the post of magistrate of Shouning County, Fujian Province from the position of Dantu.6、 In July, Feng Menglong went to Changshu Patrol Office toQi BiaojiaFarewell and complete the revision of "Think Tank Supplement".[2]
In the 11th year of Chongzhen (1638), Feng Menglong returned to Suzhou when his term of office as the magistrate of Shouning County expired.After returning to Suzhou, Feng Menglong's life was basically stable until the demise of the Ming Dynasty.[4]
Rushing to resist the Qing Dynasty
In the seventeenth year of Chongzhen (1644), Li Zicheng invaded Beijing, and Emperor Chongzhen committed suicide, followed by Qing soldiers entering the pass.Feng Menglong collected, compiled and engraved thirteen volumes of Jiashen Chronicle in Suzhou as "Feng Menglong, a reckless minister of the July 1st Old Man", hoping that the Hongguang Imperial Court of the Southern Ming Dynasty would make great efforts to govern.[2-3]Feng Menglong also wrote "The Great Strategy of Zhongxing", about the King of Tang DynastyZhu YujianSupervise Fuzhou affairs.[2-3]
In the winter of the first year of Shunzhi in the Qing Dynasty (1644), Qi Biaojia resigned his office and returned to Shanyin. Feng Menglong sent him to Songling, where he wrote a "new book"《Chronicles of New Nations》Preferential gifts and instructionsShen ZijinWe should pay close attention to the work of publishing the Thesaurus.
In the spring of the second year of Shunzhi (1645), Feng Menglong said goodbye to Shen Zijin from Suzhou to Songling (Wujiang), and then went to Wuxing (Tiaoxi), Zhejiang, and Tiantai (Shiliang, Tianmu Jian), Hangzhou (Wulin) for anti Qing and restoration activities.[2-3]
In the spring of the third year of Shunzhi (1646), Feng Menglong died at the age of 73.[2-3][5-6][36]
Main impacts
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Politics
Attach importance to national defense
Feng Menglong
After Feng Menglong took the post of Shouning magistrate, the biggest difficulty was that "the people have no surplus debt and the treasury has no surplus wealth".During the Jiajing period, Japanese pirates also invaded Shouning County three times.In this case, Feng Menglong applied for financial subsidies from his superiors and mobilized officials to do some practical things together by taking the lead in donating salaries.[22]Feng Menglong first built the city wall, erected four towers, set up a drum, and set up an official in the gate tower of the county.Thus, the problem that had not been solved for 72 years since the Japanese pirates destroyed the city in the 41st year of Jiajing (1562) was solved.[22]After learning about the tiger wounding incident, Feng Menglong investigated with the people and paid a visit to see the magic of "trap".Feng Menglong decided to "donate salaries to build a number of tools, set up a place where tigers often travel, give two sheep to each, order residents to keep watch, and get one tiger and three gold medals." Finally, he solved the tiger problem in Shouning.[22]
After eliminating the tiger infestation, Feng Menglong set about solving the Japanese invasion.After further inspection of the whole county, it is found that the southeast of Shouning County isFu'anandNingde County, Zhejiang to the northJingning、TaishunandQingyuan, "building Outuo of two provinces", "the gateway of five worlds".The south of Shouning is the sea.Feng Menglong clearly pointed out the key points of the four passes in Shouning Daizhi.After field survey, he proposed: "The spear is the first thing to guard the pass, and the crossbow is the second. Although the bow and arrow can't be caught, it's the most important to store more nitrate sulfone."[22]Feng Menglong learned in detail that the soldiers of Shouning County "actually have 100", and they can only serve as Yamen Runners and business travelers, and their treatment cannot be guaranteed.In this regard, Feng Menglong strengthened daily military training and achieved certain results.[22]
Attach importance to education
Feng Menglong found that although Shouning County originally had schools, there were few students.The school has collapsed for a long time.So Feng Menglong discussed with the teaching and instructing officials, used the twenty-eight special funds allocated by his superiors to study, and allocated more than twenty funds from the county finance, which was very tight, to move forward and expand the original school hall, "to integrate the hall and rebuild the school".When there was a lack of suitable trees for beams and columns, Feng Menglong "donated salaries" to hire people to cut down trees and transport them to the county seat.[22]After the completion of the school, Feng Menglong reprinted the Four Books Pointing to the Moon, which he compiled when he was a teacher in Zhenjiang, as a teaching material, and "set up a monthly class" and "explained it personally", which made "the scholar Xinxin has a progressive ambition."[22]
change existing habits and customs
Feng Menglong saw that "Fujian customs value boys over girls, so does Shouning, and women are drowned".He decided to "impose a strict ban and donate salaries to reward adopters", so as to "calm down this trend".He wrote the "Notice on Forbidding Drowning Women" himself, posted it everywhere, and carved stones and steles.Feng Menglong found that the local feudal superstition hindered production and confused people. He tried to reform, but the effect was not good.He said realistically: "Since I have forbidden and donated salaries to apply medicine, people know a little about medical treatment, but this trend in the countryside cannot be completely changed."[22]
Feng Menglong also had his own views on population issues.He believes that "life of two men and two women" will inevitably lead to a large population expansion, which will make it impossible to raise them. Therefore, "if life is not one man and one woman, there will never be any increase or decrease, and it can last forever. If two men and two women are born, they will double every birth, and increase every day. Why should they be raised?" He can be regarded as the first scholar to break through the traditional concept of "more children and more grandchildren are the blessing" in ancient times.Both Funing Prefecture Annals and Shouning County Annals listed him in the Biography of Honest Officials, saying that he "kept his politics simple and his punishment clear, respected literature first, treated people with kindness, and treated scholars with courtesy".[19]
Be considerate of the people
In 1634, the seventh year of Chongzhen in the Ming Dynasty, Feng Menglong was selected to serve as county magistrate in Shouning, Fujian.At that time, Shouning was in a remote location, with blocked traffic, poor economy and backward culture.Feng Menglong built the city wall, set up the company, and took the lead in donating salaries and raising funds to build some necessary facilities.As the magistrate of the county, he implemented his life ideal: to be a wise official and benefit the people.[19]He tried his best to reduce the burden of the people, solve the food and clothing problem of the people, prevent the people from taking risks because they had no way out, reduce the occurrence of cases and simplify the trial procedures of cases, so as to achieve the goal of no litigation.[12]His political platform is to encourage people to cultivate, settle lawsuits and stop drowning girls, encourage people to cultivate, and urge them not to easily sue and drown baby girls.[19]He also eliminated banditry, resisted Japanese pirates, advocated culture and education, and fully demonstrated his image of loving the people, being pragmatic and honest.[12]
Feng Menglong dares to reveal his family background and make a list of the government's tax grace, cash and grain exchanges, and income and expenditure management.In his "Shouning Daizhi", he listed in detail all kinds of taxes and expenses cut by the court after the 20th year of Wanli (1592), totaling 65 items;It lists seven items that the imperial court reduced or exempted the taxes and corvees of the people after the first year of Taichang.Other information about the increase and decrease of the militia's grain rates, the expenditure on project construction, and grain storage and transportation are also recorded very clearly.He also asked for orders for the people, hoping that "the people who have long lived" would understand "the hardships of living for the people", "take pity on what happens", and reduce taxes.The common people had no money to buy medicine, so he "donated salaries to apply medicine".[24]
Point out the current problems
After the demise of the Ming Dynasty, Feng Menglong ran against the Qing Dynasty and published Jiashen Chronicle and Zhongxing Weilue to explain his views on current politics.In addition, he also wrote to Emperor Hongguang that he should follow the ancient system of coinage to promote advantages and eliminate disadvantages.[19]
literature
Literary theory
Feng Menglong dared to break through the traditional ideas in thought.He put forward: "The mundane but knowing the truth is the model of emotion, and who knows the truth is the dimension of reason?" (The History of Love, Volume I, General Review) emphasized sincere emotion and opposed hypocritical ethics.Feng Menglong attached great importance to the sincere emotion and great enlightenment contained in popular literature.He believes that popular literature is "the voice of folk temperament" and "the natural literature between heaven and earth", which is the expression of true feelings.In "Narrating a Folk Song", he proposed the literary proposition of "using the true feelings of men and women to send fake medicine of famous religion", which shows the characteristics of the times of breaking through the shackles of etiquette and seeking the liberation of personality.He attached great importance to the edification of popular literature. In the Preface to Ancient and Modern Novels, he believed that "the daily recitation of the Book of Filial Piety and the Analects of Confucius may not be as quick and deep", and popular novels can make "cowardly people brave, lecherous people chaste, weak people blunt, and dull people perspire".These opinions are a powerful blow to the argument of disdaining popular literature.[6]
Based on Feng Menglong's novel creation, his literary ideas mainly include the following three points.First, Feng Menglong advocated "true feelings" in literature.He valued emotion, thought that emotion was the most valuable thing to communicate between people, and even proposed to set up a "emotion education" to replace other religions.He once boasted that "Zi is just like other tunes, and has no literary talent. However, there is a word that is outstanding, that is, truth".(Review of Youhuai), also said in the "Singing Folk Songs" that folk songs "use the true feelings of men and women to send fake medicine of famous teachings".In the novel, he said in the Preface to the World Alarm that the novel should be "true and reasonable, that is, false and reasonable".In his comments on his novels, we can often see that "farewell is as sad as true", "words are really moving", "tone is realistic", "true" and so on.The truth of feeling, truth of things and truth of reason are repeatedly mentioned by Feng Menglong in various literary forms. They are the general goals he pursues and have high theoretical value.Second, although he is not opposed to classical Chinese novels, his Love History has collected many classical Chinese works, but he emphasizes the popularity of literary works. Only works that are easy to understand can have a strong artistic appeal. Only works that are popular can be appreciated by ordinary people in Luli.Third, Feng Menglong advocates that literature has the role of enlightenment, and advocates combining the content of social enlightenment with the form that is easy to understand.In his Preface to the Alarming World, he cited the example of the influence of the characters in the novel on the children's listening to the story of the Three Kingdoms in Li Lane: Li Zhong'er created his fingers instead of crying out pain or being strange.Said: "I listened to the Three Kingdoms Annals from Xuanmiao Temple. Guan Yunchang scraped his bones to cure poison, and talked and laughed with ease. Why do I feel pain?" This example vividly illustrates the great influence of popular novels, which is not what can be achieved by such books as the Classic of Filial Piety and the Analects of Confucius.So Feng Menglong hopes to use these popular works to achieve the goal of enlightenment."Three words" is his practice. He explains the name of "three words": the wise can guide the foolish;Those who are proficient can adapt to the customs;Constant means learning and never getting tired of it. It can be passed on for a long time.Three quarters of different names have their own meanings.(Preface to Xingshi Hengyan) It clearly indicates that the purpose of this set of books is to "guide fools", "adapt to customs" and "never tire of learning and pass on for a long time".[6][9]
literature
Feng Menglong made outstanding contributions to literary creation and played an important role in the history of literature.Feng Menglong's poetry collection has disappeared, and his thirty works have been handed down, leaving a batch of immortal treasures for the treasure house of Chinese culture.Among them, the most popular and influential one is "Sanyan", namely, "Yu Shi Ming Yan" (initial name《Holographic ancient and modern novels》）, "Alerting to the World" and "Awakening to the World".[6]
"Alarming the World"
The "Three Words" compiled by Feng Menglong representsMihuaben of Ming DynastyIt is the treasure house of ancient Chinese vernacular short stories.These three collections of novels were compiled and published in the Tianqi period of the Ming Dynasty.Each collection of short stories in the "Three Characters" has 40 pieces, a total of 120 pieces, of which there are about 70 or 80 imitations of the Ming Dynasty.The content of the "Three Words" is very complicated, which mostly involves the economic activities of the citizen class and shows the friendship between small producers;There are also some works advocating feudal ethics and immortalization;Among them, love and marriage account for a large proportion.In short, the imitated scripts in the Ming Dynasty mostly reflected the feelings and moral concepts of the citizen class, with the color of civic literature.It shows the social style of the budding period of capitalism and has distinctive characteristics of the times.In addition to the "three words", Feng Menglong also has a series of "trilogy" novels: "Think Tank", "Ancient and Modern Tan Gai"《love story》。The purpose of Think Tank is to "educate", the purpose of Ancient and Modern Tan Gai is to "cure corruption", and the purpose of Love History is to "teach love", all of which express Feng Menglong's concern for the world.The Think Tank is one of the stories with the most socio political characteristics and practical value.In addition, Feng Menglong also participated in proofreading and fine engraving《The Complete Story of the Marsh》, Commentary《Taiping Guangji banknote》《Taixia New Play》There are also New Chronicles of Nations, Supplement to San Suiping's Demon Biography, Ancient and Modern Romance of Martyrs, Guangxiao Mansion, and Mohan Zhai's Fixed Version Legend, as well as many books on interpretation of scriptures, history, collection of customs, and compilation of records, such as the book on the Spring and Autumn Annals, The Linjing Guide to the Moon, and so on.[1]
artistic characteristics
In terms of artistic expression, the excellent works in the "Three Words" not only attach importance to the integrity of the story, plot twists and details, but also mobilize a variety of means of expression to portray the character.This marks the formation of the national style and characteristics of Chinese short stories in vernacular."Sanyan" is the literature of an era. Its publication not only saved many old stories of the Song and Yuan Dynasties from oblivion, but also promoted the development and prosperity of short vernacular novels with far-reaching influence.[6]"Sanyan" has made great progress compared with the script of the Song and Yuan Dynasties.Like the storybooks of the Song and Yuan Dynasties, it has a tortuous plot, but its length is longer, the theme is more concentrated, the description of human manners is richer, and the inner description is more exquisite.However, "Sanyan" also has many shortcomings in art.The contradictions and conflicts in the novel are generally not as direct and sharp as those in the script. The classical Chinese language has increased. Although it is more refined and smooth, it is not as bright and vivid as the script.[7]
Performance content
The "Three Words" mainly shows the following contents: (1) Through moving love stories, it describes the desire of oppressed women to pursue a happy life, and attacks the oppression of the feudal system on women.（2） The description of the internal struggle of the feudal ruling class shows the people's angry condemnation of the feudal rulers' evil.（3） Sing praises of friendship and reprimands treachery.The emergence of such works in large numbers shows the darkness of politics and the bad social atmosphere at that time;It also reflects the prosperity of urban industry and commerce and the growth of the citizen class after the middle period.[7]
Overview of Ancient and Modern Tan
The works included in "Sanyan" have a wide range of subjects and complex contents.Some denounced the ugliness of feudal bureaucrats, praised the virtue of upright officials, praised friendship and love, and reprimanded treachery and treachery.More importantly, there are many works describing the life of people in the marketplace.The "three words" not only represent the new ideas in the budding period of capitalism, but also retain the old negative, corrupt and vulgar consciousness.This intertwined phenomenon of progress and backwardness is the basic feature of emerging urban folk literature.
Communication characteristics
From the perspective of publishing science, these books compiled by Feng Menglong have a common important feature, that is, they focus on practicality.His works recording historical events at that time were highly newsworthy;His tutoring materials explaining the scriptures were welcomed by the scholars who studied the imperial examination;His storybooks, long stories, novels, plays, folk songs, jokes, etc., which are intended for the public to read, have a larger readership, bringing huge profits to booksellers.This makes Feng Menglong's editing work have certain characteristics of the publishing industry under the modern market economy.In the book Think Tank, these characteristics are also fully reflected.[1][6][8]
Later influence
"San Yan" not only caused a sensation at that time, but also has still been loved by the vast majority of people inside and outside China, becoming a rare classic in literary history.Feng Menglong's novels are the first Chinese literary works translated into foreign languages.Published in Paris in 1735《Complete Chronicles of the Chinese Empire》Translated two novels by Feng Menglong in Chinese and English《Zhuangzi Xiugupencheng Avenue》And《Lv Dalang Returns Gold, Bones and Meat》。After the 19th century, more than 50 novels in "Three character" were translated into English and 24 into French.In addition, there are many translations of German, Russian, Italian, Spanish and other languages.
traditional opera
As a dramatist, Feng Menglong's main activities are to revise the legend, revise the lyrics and put forward ideas in the creation of operas.
The legendary works created by Feng Menglong have only been handed down to the world as "The Story of Two Men" and "The Foot of All Things". Although they can abide by the music rules, and are suitable for performance, they lack practical significance.The reason why Feng Menglong attached importance to the revision and revision of music scores was that he saw a serious phenomenon in the legendary works of that time, "people turn patterns, family paintings gourd, legends are not strange, and loose sets of complete sets" ("Qu Lv Xu").In order to correct this malpractice and revitalize it, he advocated revising the lyrics and formulating music rules, with a view to "finishing the music so as to wait for the true talents of the present age" ("Preface to Music Rules").At the same time, it puts forward "three methods of Ci", emphasizing that tone, rhyme and Ci should not be neglected.In Feng Menglong's opinion, an excellent play should be new in its true meaning, strict in its rhyme, clear in its diction, brilliant in its literary grace, and good at its beauty on the desk.Feng Menglong was just driven by this idea to engage in the work of changing legends.[10]
There are dozens of works revised by Feng Menglong. Now there are 17 kinds of works that can be examined, many of which are famous, such asTang XianzuOf《The Peony Pavilion》《Handan Dream》、Yuan JinOf《The Story of the West Chamber》、Li YuOf《A handful of snow》《Human Animal Pass》《Reunion forever》《Zhan Huakui》, and the Banner of Loyalty.In the process of revision, Feng Menglong emphasized that the goal was true and natural, reasonable, highlighted the center and opposed the branches.The revised "Jingzhong Banner" is based on generosity, highlighting Yue Fei's loyalty to the monarch, patriotism and the love of the soldiers and people for him.He also pays attention to the multidimensional portrayal of the character to make it vivid and distinct.In order to better play the role of "legendary battle axe".In his revised "Restaurant", he once gave various characters different personality characteristics, "although women and women are ugly, they are also self satisfied" ("Restaurant Preface").
As for the melody, Feng Menglong always modifies it according to the score to facilitate singing.The reason why he wants to revise Tang Xianzu's Peony Pavilion is that this masterpiece with infinite talent is just "a book on the desk, not a book on the spot" (A Brief Introduction to Romantic Dreams). Feng Menglong's revised Peony Pavilion is different from Tang Xianzu's original work in meaning, but it does make it easy to sing with Kunqiang.《Spring Fragrance Makes School》《Garden Fantasy》《Picking up paintings is called painting》EtcKunqu OperaThere are places where Feng Menglong has adopted the script.Feng Menglong's work of revising the legend played a positive role in correcting the desk bias of creation away from the stage and prospering the opera in the late Ming Dynasty.[10]
Feng Menglong also has many excellent theories on the art of opera performance.In the Preface to the Two Men, he proposed that the "singer" must recognize the gong shang of the tone, the clear and turbid tone, and cannot "make the voice random", "the lip, tongue, tooth and throat are indistinguishable".In the eyebrow review of the revised legend, the actors are always "reminded" that where is the "spiritual knot", the play should be done adequately;It is not advisable to omit any song when it is being performed.It is required that actors should carefully understand the characters' thoughts, feelings, temperament and demeanor, as well as their artistic environment, performance expression and personality.This shows that Feng Menglong is deliberately exploring the laws of performing arts, and has made some theoretical conclusions.[10]
Historical evaluation
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the Ming dynasty
Ling Mengchu(Ming Dynasty novelist): "There are many elegant sayings such as Yu Shi by the Longzi You family."[8]
Contemporary
Xi Jinping"Feng Menglong went to his post for half a year. At that time, I felt that a county magistrate with great talent in the feudal era had to work hard. Are we Communists not as good as an official in the feudal era?"[24]
Huang Shouqi(Former professor and vice president of Fujian Normal University): "Three words" have been spread all over the world, and ten thousand oral sex is called "eye recognition".For four years, Mr. Shouning is not only a writer.[24]
Bu Xianqun(Director of the Institute of History of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences): "As a talented scholar, Feng Menglong did not see any change in his loyalty to the country, his love for the people, or his selfish desire to pursue profits for himself in the turbulent years.This is a spirit of responsibility. It is this spirit of responsibility of self-cultivation, governance and world peace that supports Feng Menglong to maintain the peace of the people in the northeast of Fujian.What is an intellectual?What are the parents of one party?Feng Menglong set up a monument for us. "[24]
Lu Shulun（Fudan UniversityProfessor of Chinese Department): "(Feng Menglong is an outstanding popular writer and dramatist with the characteristics of the times."[15]
Nie Fusheng: "Feng Menglong's comments are unorthodox, and he is a proud and distinguished figure."[16]
Miao Yonghe (a famous scholar): "Feng Menglong is the pride of Chinese literature. It is worth studying that he has established his own unique theoretical system of literature and art."[11]
Cummings(Professor of the School of Literature, Beijing Normal University): "Bojiaqiu has opened up a new era, but Feng Menglong has not ushered in a new world. Therefore, Sanyan has not achieved the remarkable world status of the Decameron. Is this the fault of history, Feng Menglong's own fault, or the former determines the latter?"[15]
Duan Baolin(Professor of the Chinese Department of Peking University): "Feng Menglong is a pioneer in the modernization of Chinese literature and a great writer with epoch-making significance."[8]
Sun Lihua(Researcher of the Institute of Literature of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences): "Feng Menglong is one of the many literary wizards in the Ming Dynasty. His collection of vernacular short stories," Yu Shi Ming Yan "," Xi Shi Tong Yan ", and" Xing Shi Heng Yan ", collectively called" San Yan ", has written all kinds of things in the world and fascinated scholars for generations.He showed his talent early and was ambitious. Like a burning fire, he was unwilling to bear the restrictions of etiquette and law.His life is full of ups and downs, including rebellion and introspection;There are occasions to have fun, and there are also occasions to comply.After years of hope, struggle and ups and downs, he finally returned to the path of traditional literati, maintained the national economy and the people's livelihood, and cared about the people all over the world. "[19]
Yan Weiwen(Tenor Singer): "Feng Menglong was a litterateur and thinker in the Ming Dynasty. When he was 60 years old, he traveled across mountains and rivers from Suzhou to Shouning, a remote and poor county in Fujian Province, to serve as county magistrate. During his tenure, he reduced taxes on corvee, reformed the administration of officials, eliminated malpractices, eliminated evils for the people, and benefited the people. Before taking office, Feng Menglong had completed the famous Legend of the WorldLiterary works such as "Alerting to the World" and "Awakening to the World" are also successful. Why do you want to cross the mountains and become a county magistrate in remote areas in the 60s of your life?In today's words, he wants to realize the value of life, which, in his opinion, is the "three immortalities" of life pursued by the ancients - moral, meritorious, and vocal.He has already made a statement by writing books, and he also wants to realize the ideal of "serving the official and benefiting the party", so as to truly establish morality and make contributions to the people[29]
Anecdotes and allusions
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Misjudged by talent
In order to subsidize the family, Feng Menglong kept writing and trying to make a living by writing manuscripts for booksellers, setting up libraries and teaching apprentices.He is free and easy, wild and uninhibited, and versatile. He is omniscient in drinking and card games. He not only wrote a teaching assistant book, "Lin Jing Zhi Yue", to guide the vast number of examinees, but also compiled a popular ballad, "Hang Zhi Er", which has spread in the market. Even card games have special writings.At that time, there was a new card game called "Horse Hanging", which was said to be the later mahjong. Feng Menglong analyzed and summarized it as carefully as he did with the imperial examination, and wrote a "Horse Hanging Tag Classic".[19]
Feng Menglong wrote a book called "Ye Zi's New Battle Manual", which introduced his playing skills. At that time, local young people flocked to it.Because some people are addicted to it, so they are heavily in debt, which makes the parents of young people very angry, and they believe that Feng Menglong has corrupted the local customs.They angrily attacked and denounced Feng Menglong, and went to the government to sue him.Feng Menglong thought hard about how to get rid of the disadvantage, and finally came up with the idea that there are teachers and students with himXiong Tingbi。So Feng Menglong traveled thousands of miles to Jiangxia, Xiong Tingbi's residence after he was laid off, and came to beg the teacher for help.Xiong Tingbi, however, did not show any emotion. He just entertained Feng Menglong to drink tea and eat, and did not mention how to solve the dispute for him during the chat.Although he didn't know what to do, Feng Menglong didn't dare to ask. He accepted the hospitality obediently.The food served was extremely crude. Feng Menglong gritted his teeth and barely ate a few mouthfuls. He put down his chopsticks and claimed that he was full.Xiong Tingbi did not show any emotion, but ate with relish.After the meal, he still did not give Feng Menglong a clear answer, but asked Feng Menglong to send a letter to one of his friends when he returned, and then showed the gesture of seeing off the guests.The strangest thing was that the present he gave Feng Menglong at his parting was a heavy winter melon.Feng Menglong left in a muddle headed way. When he was halfway there, he couldn't hold the wax gourd, so he left it on the roadside.He got on the boat dejectedly, thinking that he had made a vain trip this time.Unexpectedly, when he arrived at Xiong Tingbi's friend's house and handed in a letter, the man gave Feng Menglong warm hospitality and respect, and also sent him silver.When Feng Menglong returned home, he found out that Xiong Tingbi had written a letter to the local magistrate to intercede for himself, so the magistrate quickly withdrew the lawsuit against him.It turned out that Xiong Tingbi sympathized with Feng Menglong from the very beginning, but he felt that Feng Menglong was ignorant of the world and did not put his mind on the right path. He felt that he should be taught some lessons, so he put on a simple diet and deliberately sent a big winter melon to punish him. After defeating his morale, he would help to rescue him.It can be seen that even in the eyes of the teacher who cherishes his talent, Feng Menglong is also an image mistaken by talent.[19]
love story
When Feng Menglong was young, he had a life of "carefree and beautiful, playing in fireworks".There are more than 10 brothel women who left their names in his works: Hou Huiqing, Feng Aisheng, Bai Xiaofan... Hou Huiqing, a famous prostitute in Suzhou, is his favorite in his life.The two are congenial and have a close heart and hope to stay together for life.However, Feng Menglong's family was poor and had no ability to redeem his lover.In hopeless waiting, Hou Huiqing was finally bought by a businessman.Feng Menglong's expectation of a happy life in the future came to nothing. He wrote many sad poems, expressing the pain and despair of parting with his lover.In the preface of a poem, Feng Menglong wrote: "Every year there is Duan Er (the second day of the fifth month in the lunar calendar), and Duan Er has no Huiqing. Last year and today, we had a painful separation, and from now on, we will never have such a sad day of separation again!" It was recorded that Feng Menglong wrote 30 "Poems of Resentment" after losing his beloved, with the total name of "Yu Tao Collection".This collection has been lost today, but one of the poems in "The Poems of Resentment and Departure" has been preserved: "The mania of poetry and drunkenness has always ceased, and the door is always hidden in sickness day and day. The most sad place in life is that the Yuanyangzhong family wants to summon souls." It can be seen from it that Feng Menglong was seriously ill after being lovelorn, closed his door to visitors, and devoted himself to writing love poems.He never went to the brothel again.[19]
Skillful antithetical couplet
A group of dandy boys played dice to gamble on the drinking order and competed with Feng Menglong. They could not compete with Feng Dagong in terms of skill, alcohol consumption and cultural connotation of the drinking order.Feng Menglong was prepared for a very difficult drinking order to be punished. Unexpectedly, Feng Menglong, who was quick witted, quickly accepted the order and drafted a receiving order on behalf of the group to make them punished.[5][30]
When referring to Feng Menglong's Li nationality in books such as Research on Feng Menglong, most of them believed that his family was in Fengmen, Suzhou. Some clearly pointed out that he lived in Fengmen or near Fengxi, belonging to Feng family in Fengxi.[36]
Death dispute
In order to fight against the Qing Dynasty and restore the Ming Dynasty, Feng Menglong, who was in his declining years, traveled to Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Fujian to plot against the Qing Dynasty. He once went to Shouning again, and perhaps the rest of his life ended in Shouning.Whether he returned to his hometown after the defeat and died of illness or was killed by the Qing army or drifted across the sea to Japan is still controversial in the academic world.[32]
brief explanationIn the spring of the third year of Shunzhi in the Qing Dynasty (1646), Feng Menglong died because of the anxiety and anger of fighting against the Qing Dynasty。On the basis of Shen Zijin's "Renewal of the New Genealogy of Southern Ci" and Wang Ting's poem "Retreat Feng Youlong", recent people found that he died in the spring and summer of the third year of Shunzhi's reign in the Qing Dynasty (1646). They said that "after a period of anti Qing activities in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces, he returned to his home in the hands of the Qing army", or "he hurried back to his hometown in Changzhou in the midst of war","Died of illness due to anxiety".[33]
Feng Menglong's Friend in WujiangShen ZijinIn "The Continuation of Revising the Complete Score of Southern Ci", it was written that in the Spring of the Year of Yiyouchun, Feng Menglong visited Tiaoxi, Wulin, and crossed Wujiang to say goodbye to Shen Zijin. He drank wine, talked about bed overnight, and supervised Shen Zijin to make a ten sentence agreement.However, the deadline was not met.A year later, when Shen Zijin settled in the mountain, he got the news of Feng Menglong's death from his friend.[31]
One said Feng Menglong was killed in Fujian.Wang Ling, an expert in Feng studies in Fujian, and others, through multiple textual research, put forward conclusive evidence to prove that Feng Menglong died in the front line of the anti Qing regime of the Tang Dynasty king in Fujian.[20]
According to the preface of the three quatrains in the Book of Poems by Yang Zhongmin as a Gift to Mr. Yangxu, written by Feng Menglong, a 72 year old scholar of Wu Clan, who wrote "A Book of Poems by Yang Zhongmin as a Gift to Mr. Yangxu", Gao Hongjun, a scholar, "I have traveled to Taijun occasionally, and I heard that there is a book for the Ying family, and I tried to see it from Yang Ming's Mansion. Because the title is like the left", Feng Menglong promoted that when he was 72 years old, he also traveled to Linhai, which is the seat of Taizhou government,Zhu Yihai, the tenth grandson of the Emperor Taizu of the Ming Dynasty, fled to the south after the death of the Ming Dynasty in the 17th year of Chongzhen.In June, Qian Sule, Zhang Huangyan, a volunteer teacher from eastern Zhejiang, served as the king of Lu to supervise the country and moved from Taizhou to Shaoxing.Almost at the same time, Huang Daozhou, Zheng Zhilong and others in Fujian were also founded in Fuzhou by Zhu Yujian, the uncle of King Lu and the king of the Tang Dynasty. They changed the Yuan Dynasty into a military power and issued an imperial edict to Vietnam.Feng Menglong, out of orthodox ideas, compiled this "Order of the King of Tang" into his last masterpiece, "The Strategy of Central Revival", which was written by Feng Menglong, a 72 year old minister.Because the book preached against Qing Dynasty and restored Ming Dynasty, it could not be published in Jiangnan, which had been occupied by the Qing army.Therefore, at least it can be said that Feng Menglong had not returned to Suzhou before July of the Year of Yiyou.He also speculated that Feng Menglong died in Fujian.[33]
Cao Jiping's book records: It is said that when Feng Menglong went south to Fujian to participate in the Tang Dynasty regime, he passed Putuo and stayed in the Mituo Temple of Putuo. The chefs of the temple saw that he was carrying a green cloth bundle and never left him. They suspected that the refugees must have broken their promise to be jewels. They killed Feng Menglong with evil intent. When they unpacked the cloth, they found that it was a pile of manuscripts.These manuscripts were taken to Japan by a Japanese merchant ship and published, so Feng Menglong's works spread more in Japan.[34]
Main works
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Feng Menglong is diligent in writing more than 50 kinds of works.There are mainly the following categories:
Storybook · Fiction (Short Story)
Yu Shi Ming Yan, Xing Shi Heng Yan, Ji Shi Tong Yan
Storybook and History Lecture (Long Historical Romance)
"Tongchi Lane One, Hanging Branches", "Tongchi Lane Two, Folk Songs", "Oleander Top 1000 Poems"
Notes and sketches
Think Tank, Ancient and Modern Review, Love History《Xiaofu》Yanju Notes
Traditional Opera
A Tale of Two Men《well satisfied》(Written) New Guanyuan, Restaurant Maid, Female Husband, Record of Measuring the River, Jingzhong Banner, Dream of Lei, Snow Shedding Hall, Love of Chu River in the West Tower, Romantic Dream of Three Fellows, Two Pills, Dog Killing, Three Gratitude (Revised)
Sanqu, poetry collection, music score
Wanzhuan Song and poetry collection Seven Music Studio Draft (both lost), Taixia New Play, Most Entertainment, and Mohan Studio Legend Finale
Shouning Daizhi, Zhe Mei Jian, Chu Ci Jie Ping Lin, Pai Jing, Horse Hanging Feet Regulations
Class to be cited
"Spring and Autumn Hengku", "Lin Jing Refers to the Moon", "Spring and Autumn Farewell Book", "Four Books Refers to the Moon", "Spring and Autumn Finals"
In order to commemorate Feng Menglong, Xinxiang Village, Huangdai Town, Xiangcheng District, Suzhou changed its name from "Xinxiang Village" to "Feng Menglong Village" on November 15, 2014.[14]
Commemorative activities
In 1985, the Chinese Popular Literature Society and others jointly held the first national Feng Menglong academic seminar in Ningde, Fujian[26]From the perspective of vertical and horizontal comparison, this paper analyzes what new things Feng Menglong's "Three Words" added to the history of literature, and reaches a consensus.
In 1987, the second National Feng Menglong Academic Seminar was held in Suzhou, affirming the pioneering significance of Fujian's first proposal of "a major breakthrough in Feng Menglong research", and establishing the "Feng Menglong Research Preparatory Committee".[27]
In 1991, the National Academic Seminar on Chinese Popular Literature was held in Suzhou, which included Feng Menglong's study as a key topic of Chinese popular literature research, and formally established the Feng Menglong Research Committee to carry out work as a special academic committee of the Chinese Society of Popular Literature.[27]
In 1992, the National Academic Conference on Chinese Popular Literature was held at Peking University. The papers of "Seventy Years of Feng Xue Research" were read out at the conference and selected into the conference collection, which was officially published by Peking University Press.
On January 26, 2016, the "2016 Fujian Feng Menglong Culture Summit Forum", the 2016 academic annual conference of Fujian social sciences, co sponsored by the Chinese Popular Literature Society, Peking University Traditional Culture Development Foundation, the Fujian Social Science Federation, Fujian Jiangxia University, and Fujian Popular Literature and Art Research Association, was held in Fujian Jiangxia University.[21]
On October 16, 2017, the Education, Science, Culture, Health and Sports Committee of the CPPCC Fujian Provincial Committee held a symposium on "Promoting Feng Menglong's Cultural Heritage and Development".[23]
On May 23, 2018, the Fujian Provincial CPPCC held the "Collection of Feng Menglong Culture Summit Forum Papers" and the "Feng Menglong Research and Media Communication Seminar" in Fuzhou.[25]
Artistic image
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June 30, 2017, directed bypeakDirected and scriptedLang YunThe large-scale ancient costume film "Feng Menglong's Legend" was released, focusing on the touching deeds of Feng Menglong who served as an official and benefited the party.Feng Menglong is a national first-class actorYan Weiwenplay the role.[28]
