Biathlon is one of the snow sports and one of the official events of the Winter Olympics.The combination of cross-country skiing and shooting requires athletes to have the ability to turn from dynamic to static as well as from static to static.[1]
Winter biathlon originated fromNorway, related to people's hunting activities in winter, it is a skiing and shooting competition.Biathlon was listed as a performing event at the 1924, 1928, 1936 and 1948 Winter Olympics. In 1958, the first World Modern Biathlon Championship was held. In 1960, it was listed as a Winter Olympics event and named as Modern Biathlon.The first time women athletes participated in the World Championships was in 1984, and when women's events entered the Winter Olympics1992 Albertville Winter Olympics。Among them, the men's 15km group starting race and 12.5km group starting race made their debut at the 2006 Olympic Games in Turin.[2]
The highest organization of biathlon in winter isInternational Biathlon League(IBU), founded in 1993, headquartered in Austria.
On February 3, 2021, the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympic Games will launch two winter events, including the men's events: 10 km short distance, 20 km individual, 12.5 km chase, 15 km collective departure, and 4 × 7.5 km relay.Women's events: 7.5 km short distance, 15 km individual, 10 km chase, 12.5 km collective departure, 4 × 6 km relay.Mixed project: mixed relay (women's 2 × 6km+men's 2 × 7.5km）[12]。
Winter biathlon has a long history and originated in ScandinaviaNavia, evolved from skiing and hunting in ancient times.In some stone sculptures made more than 4000 years ago in Norway, the Netherlands, Sweden and other Nordic countries, there are scenes of two people pedaling on snowboards and holding sticks to hunt animals in the snow.In the Middle Ages, military training was gradually included.
In 1767, the Norwegian Border Guard patrol guarding the border between Norway and Sweden held the first skiing and shooting competition.It is stipulated that after the whole process of skiing, when you use a rifle to shoot a target 40 to 50 steps away, the winner will get a prize worth 20 kroner. It is recorded that this is the first biathlon in winter in the world.
In 1861, Norway established the world's first ski shooting club.
In 1912, the Norwegian army held a ski shooting competition in Oslo called "For War".Later, it was gradually developed in European and American countries and became a sports event.
In 1958, the first World Biathlon Championship was held.
In 1960, it was officially listed as an event in the Eighth Winter Olympic Games and was named Biathlon.Only 20 km cross-country skiing plus 4 shots is a competition event.
In 1968, a 4 × 7.5 km relay was added to the 10th Winter Olympic Games.
In 1980, the 13th Winter Olympic Games added another 10 km cross-country skiing and two shooting events.[3]
In 1992, at the 16th Winter Olympic Games held in France, women's biathlon was listed as an official event for the first time.
In 1993, the International Olympic Committee officially approved the establishment of the International Biathlon League.
In 2002, the men's 10km and women's 7.5km chase events were added to the Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City, the United States.
In 2006, at the Winter Olympic Games in Turin, Italy, the men's 15 km and 12.5 km collective starting competitions made their debut at the Olympic Games.[4]
In 2014, at the Sochi Winter Olympics, the modern biathlon added a hybrid relay race, making it the first winter Olympic event.[5]
Rules
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Project Settings
According to the regulations of the International Biathlon League, the biathlon in winter includes adult men, women and young men and women.The adult men's event consists of six events: 20 km individual event, 12.5 km chase event, 10 km short distance event, 15 km collective start event, 4 × 7.5 km relay event and team event.The adult women's events include 15 km individual, 10 km chase, 7.5 km short distance, 12.5 km collective starting, 4 × 7.5 km relay and team.There are also women's 2 × 6km+men's 2 × 7.5km hybrid relay races.The individual, chase, short distance, relay and mixed events of men and women are the Winter Olympics events.[7]
Project Rules
The biathlon in winter is a combination of cross-country skiing and shooting. Small caliber rifles are specially used on the athletes' backs. During the competition, athletes should wear skis, hold ski poles, carry guns, and ski along the marked slide in the right direction and order to complete the scheduled whole journey.Shoot once for each gliding distance, and the first one who reaches the end will win.In the competition, cross-country skiing adopts freestyle. In vertical shooting, the player must stop first and put the snow stick on the ground before shooting. In horizontal shooting, the player needs to support his elbow on the ground to shoot.In individual events and short distance events, players can choose the target position.In the chase race and group starting race, the player who arrives at the shooting point first enters target 1, the second one enters target 2, and so on.
The caliber of the shooting gun used by athletes participating in the biathlon in winter shall not be greater than 8mm, and automatic rifles and optical scopes are not allowed.When skiing, bullets cannot be loaded in the gun chamber. Only after entering the shooting position can the cartridge clip be loaded on the rifle.
Individual competition
In this event, during the competition, the athletes set out individually, carrying guns and 20 bullets, and fired 5 rounds for each target.The men's race is 20 kilometers and the women's race is 15 kilometers. The athletes will start individually with an interval of 30 seconds. The men will shoot once every 4 kilometers and the women will shoot once every 3 kilometers. There will be a total of 4 shots in the middle, with 5 bullets fired each time. The shooting posture and order are the first lap of horizontal shooting after gliding, the second lap of vertical shooting after gliding, the third lap of horizontal shooting after gliding, and the fourth lap of vertical shooting after gliding,Taxi to the end in the fifth lap.If a bullet fails to hit (miss), a minute will be added to the final result. The winner will be the player who spends the least time after reaching the finish line, and the final time includes taxiing time and shooting game penalty time.
short distance
Similar to the individual race, the short distance race players also use a single start with an interval of 30 seconds. In the race, women need to race 7.5 kilometers (3 laps, 2.5 kilometers per lap), and men need to race 10 kilometers (3 laps, 3.3 kilometers per lap).The players need to stop and shoot twice. The shooting posture and order are horizontal shot and vertical shot. In individual competitions, 5 bullets are fired each time.If a contestant misses the target, he will be fined for taxiing a 150 meter circle. The winner will be the contestant who spends the least time after reaching the end, and the final time includes the taxiing time and the penalty taxiing time.
Chase race
The top 60 players in the short distance race will be qualified to participate in the chase race.In the chase race, the starting interval of the players is determined according to their performance in the short distance race. The champion of the short distance race starts first, and the other players start later. The starting interval is the time when they fall behind the first place in the short distance race.In the chase race, women will race 10 kilometers (5 laps, 2 kilometers per lap), and men will race 12.5 kilometers (5 laps, 2.5 kilometers per lap).All the contestants must shoot four times, five bullets each time, in the position and order of lying shot, standing shot, lying shot and standing shot.If the player misses the target, he/she will be fined for taxiing for 150 meters. The winner will be the player who takes the least time after reaching the end, and the final time includes the taxiing time and the time of taxiing with penalty.
relay race
Each team of the relay race consists of four people, with a total sliding distance of 30 kilometers.The 7.5km per person (6km for women) taxiing can be divided into three sections: the first lap is horizontal shooting, the second lap is vertical shooting, the third lap is taxiing to the end point, and touch any part of the partner's body with your hand in the relay area.When a relay starts, it usually takes a collective start. If conditions are not met, it can start in groups.Carry a gun and 16 bullets, including 10 bullets in two positions and 6 reserve bullets.5 shots per position;If there are any remaining targets, you can use 3 reserve rounds to continue shooting.When using reserve bullets, you must fire one shot at a time until the remaining targets are hit.If the remaining targets are still missed after using the spare bullets, the number of taxiing laps (150 meters per lap) will be added according to the number of remaining targets.If there are two remaining targets, a penalty of two laps will be added.Calculate the result. The time when the last member of the relay team reaches the finish line is the total result of the relay team.
Collective departure
In this competition, women will compete 12.5 kilometers and men will compete 15 kilometers. The collective starting competition will be attended by 30 top players who have won medals in individual competition, short distance competition and chase competition. If there are less than 30 other three medal winners, the champion of this competition in the World Cup will fill in the blanks.In the competition, the competitors should complete 5 laps of gliding, 3 dry meters for men and 2.5 kilometers for women.In the competition, the players need to shoot 4 times with 5 bullets each time.If you miss the target once, you will be fined one more lap of the 150 meter long track.The winner is the player who spends the least time after reaching the finish line, and the final time includes taxiing time and penalty taxiing time.[2]
Penalty rules
No departure
A competitor or team is prohibited from starting for the following reasons:
(1) Violation of the qualification requirements of Clause 1.4 of the IBU Competition Rules.
(2) Does not meet the conditions and qualification requirements required by Clause 1.5 of the IBU Competition Rules.Of
(3) The equipment and clothing advertisements carried during departure do not conform to the IBU's material catalogue.
(4) At the time of departure, due to personal reasons or the team's reasons, the departure number is wrong or there is no departure number.
(5) Weakening or jeopardizing the IBU contractual relationship.
(6) Violated the relevant training, gun calibration, warm-up activities and snowboard testing rules.
In case of any foul in the competition, the starting ban can be implemented, or it can be implemented in the next competition.
1 minute penalty
One minute penalty will be imposed on the following contestants or teams:
(1) In team competitions, the time interval between the first and last members of the same team passing through the specific line at the entrance of the shooting range or the finish line exceeds 15 seconds.
(2) In team competitions, before two shooters completely pass through the waiting area, the feet of one or two non shooters overload the boundary of the waiting area.
(3) When a contestant requests to surpass for the first time, or in a crowded team, a team requests to surpass, do not give way.
(4) In the relay race, the three remaining bullets were not put into the provided container or target before any spare bullet was used.
(5) In the team competition, two shooters did not shoot from adjacent targets.
(6) In team competitions, one shooter starts shooting before another shooter enters the adjacent target.
(7) Made a small mistake of fair competition and sports ethics.
2 minute penalty
The 2-minute penalty will be imposed on the following contestants or teams;
(1) The number of laps penalized for failing to slide immediately after each round of horizontal or vertical shooting due to shooting penalty shall be fined 2 minutes per lap.
(2) In the relay race, group starting race or group starting, in the snow ruts prepared after the starting line, use the ice pedal technology (one leg or two legs side pedal).
(3) In individual race, short distance race, chase race, group starting race and team race, if all 5 rounds of bullets or 8 rounds of bullets in the relay race have not been fired and the target has not been completely hit, the competitor will start skiing, and each round will be fined 2 minutes.
(4) Made a small mistake of fair competition and sports ethics.
Disqualification
Participants or teams will be disqualified in the following cases:
(1) Participated in a competition for which he or she is not eligible.
(2) Violation of Clause 1.4 "Qualifications of Competitors and Teams" of IBU Competition Rules.
(3) Use stimulants to participate in the competition, or because other members of the relay team or team competition use stimulants in the competition.
(4) When required, avoid doping test or blood test.
(5) Accepted the help of other prohibited players as defined in Clause 1.8.2 of the IBU Competition Rules or non participating players of the team.
(6) The use of equipment, rifles or clothing in IBU competitions does not comply with IBU rules, including unauthorized advertising.
(7) Avoid starting and ending inspection.
(8) Take part in the competition with an unmarked snowboard or gun.
(9) It is not allowed to modify equipment, rifles or clothing that has been inspected and marked at the starting point.
(10) Due to my own fault or the team's fault, or deliberately using the departure number or the color of the departure number sequence not specified in the starting sequence of the competition to participate in the competition.
(11) Deviate from the marked ski path, or ski on the wrong ski path, so as to gain time advantage for yourself or the team, or jump online to ski in the wrong order or direction.
(12) In addition to snowboards, snowsticks and their own strength, use propulsion means.
(13) Do not carry the gun during the whole race gliding, or carry the gun with the muzzle up on the line when the gun is not damaged.
(14) On the line, or in the shooting range, seriously hamper another contestant.
(15) Two skis were replaced during the competition.
(16) Repair equipment, accept the help of anyone without permission, or accept the help without permission.
(17) Use any substance to improve the sliding performance during the competition.
(18) Shoot more than 5 bullets in any round of individual, short distance, chase, group starting and team competitions, or shoot more than 8 bullets in relay competitions.
(19) Keep incorrect shooting posture or incorrect shooting target after warning.
(20) Use the second magazine instead of separately loading the missing bullets, replacement bullets or spare bullets that cannot be fired.
(21) Violate any shooting safety rules specified in Article 8.5 of the IBU Competition Rules.
(22) Do not observe the firing order or the firing order of the starting list of the team competition in the competition.
(23) Seriously violate the principle of fair competition and sports ethics.
suspension
If the blood cell volume of blood test exceeds 52% for men and 48% for women, the sports will be stopped immediately for health reasons to participate in various competitions until the blood cell volume is tested again, and the number of men and women will be reduced to less than 52% and 48% respectively.[7]
Modern Biathlon
hardware requirements
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field
The biathlon venue in winter includes facilities area and ski track area.The facility area consists of the starting/ending area, shooting range, penalty circle, relay handover area, etc.It is composed of various flat, uphill, downhill and other natural undulating sections. It is necessary to avoid too long and steep uphill, too difficult downhill and monotonous and too long flat land.The snow surface on the line shall be tamped and pressed mechanically or manually, with a thickness of at least 10 cm.The starting point, shooting range and finishing point shall be set on a flat site and shall be set together as far as possible.The altitude of the whole line shall not be higher than 1800m.The width of the snow track is 5m, and snow trough shall be set.
When executing the competition of the number of penalty taxiing laps, there are two circular or oval ski tracks for penalty near the shooting range, with a perimeter of 150 meters. This line enables athletes on all target positions to ski for an equal distance.At the last section of the relay line before the end, there is a line that can guide athletes into the penalty circle for supplementary punishment.Direction signs and milestones are set along the whole line.[6]
Schematic diagram of modern biathlon site
equipment
Skiing equipment
The length of biathlon skis in winter is unlimited, but the minimum length shall not be less than 4cm of personal height.The highest point of the tail shall not be more than 3cm from the ground, and the weight of each pair shall not be less than 750g.The weight and shape of ski poles are not limited, and the length shall not exceed the individual height.
Shooting equipment
The rifle must be a gun machine pull type shell ejection loading.The barrel diameter is 5.6 mm (0.22 inch).It is not allowed to use a folding butt or install optical equipment and magnetization devices.The weight of rifle trigger shall not be less than 0.5kg.The total weight of the whole gun excluding magazine and bullet shall not be less than 3.5kg.
The target platform of modern winter biathlon shooting range must be flat and solid, and can be covered with mats or similar covers. The distance between the front edge of the target platform and the target plate line parallel to it is 50 meters, and the deviation between the target and the corresponding target position is not more than 2%, nor more than 3% of the target platform.The background of the target must be white, and the number of the target and the corresponding target must be the same.The same shooting system must be used in the whole process of an event competition.The metal target used in biathlon shooting in winter is mainly an electronic target, that is, the electric relay completes target disk reset and state transformation.The target is composed of a color target surface with five target holes.The diameter of the target hole is 115 ± 0.3mm for vertical shooting and 45+0.3mm for horizontal shooting.[6]
Important events
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Winter Biathlon World CupA series of winter events, which are divided into men's group and women's group.The men's team started from the 1977 to 1978 season, and the women's team started from the 1982 to 1983 season. The women's team competition was called the European Champions League before the 1986 to 1987 season, but participation was not limited to Europeans.The normal duration of the World Cup winter biathlon is 9 to 10 weeks.In each event, players and countries will convert their ranking into points, and the winner of the two Winter World Cups will be the one with the highest total points at the end of the season.The Winter Biathlon World Cup is calculated and held every year.
Olympic GamesAt the Winter Olympic Games, there will be 11 events including men's pentathlon, women's pentathlon and mixed pentathlon.It is divided into individual, short distance, relay, chase, group departure and other projects.Men: men's 10km short distance in biathlon in winter;Biathlon Men 20Km Individual;Biathlon Men 4×7.5Km Relay;Biathlon Men 12.5Km Pursuit;Winter Biathlon men's 15km collective departure women: winter Biathlon women's 7.5km short distance;Biathlon Women 15Km Individual;Biathlon Women 4×6Km Relay;Biathlon Women 10Km Pursuit;Biathlon Women 12.5Km Mass Start;Winter Biathlon Hybrid Relay: 2 × 6km for women and 2 × 7.5km for men.[8]
Organization
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International Biathlon League(IBU): It was founded in 1993 and headquartered in Austria. Now it has 61 association members.The International Biathlon League holds the World Championships and the World Cup.The organization's institutions include the Congress, the Executive Committee and the Arbitration Court.[9]
International Union of Modern Pentathlon and Biathlon(International Modern Pentathlon and Biathlon Union, UIPMB): It is jointly composed of the International Modern Pentathlon and Biathlon Union (UIPM) and the International Biathlon Union (IBU). The chairman of the organization is the chairman of the International Modern Pentathlon and Biathlon Union two years before the Summer Olympic Games, and the chairman of the International Biathlon Union two years before the Winter Olympic Games.There are 94 members of the International Modern Pentathlon League. The organization's institutions include the Congress, the Executive Committee, the Continental Federation (Africa, Asia, Europe, North America, South America and Oceania) and the Special Committee.[10]
China Biathlon Association: Founded on April 2, 2015, it is a social group organized by Chinese biathlon enthusiasts.On April 2, 2015, the General Administration of Sport of China held the inaugural meeting of the Chinese Biathlon Association in Beijing.
representative figure
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Frank P. Rotzke: born in Germany on April 19, 1964.As a winter biathlon player, he participated in the Winter Olympics for the first time in 1984 and won the silver medal in the 20km race.In 1988, at the Calgary Winter Olympics, Rosicky won the gold medal in this event, and then won the gold medal in the 10km race three days later.In the three world championships in 1985, 1987 and 1989, Rosicky won five gold medals and five silver medals.
Ennar Biyodarun: Born in Norway on January 27, 1974.In 1998, when Bjodarun participated in the Winter Olympics for the second time, he won the 10km race championship by more than one minute, and helped Norway win the silver medal in the relay race.In the 2002 Salt Lake City Winter Olympics, Bjodarun participated in the 30 km cross-country skiing competition in order to warm up for the winter biathlon, ranking sixth.Two days later, he won the gold medal of 20km in biathlon in winter by 36.1 seconds.Then they won the men's 10km race and 12.5km chase race by 28.9 seconds and 43 seconds respectively.Finally, he helped Norway win the championship of the relay race.Biyodarun won gold medals in all minor events in winter.
Zhang Qing: Born in Kaiyuan City, Liaoning Province in 1980, he joined the Bayi Skiing Team in March 1994, was selected into the National Biathlon Team in 1996, and won two gold medals in the 10km and 20km biathlon in the fourth Asian Winter Games in 1999;In the first summer and winter biathlon championships in 2000, he won two gold medals, namely, 6 km cross-country running shooting and bicycle shooting;Won two gold medals in the first Asian Biathlon Championships in 2004;From 2005 to 2007, one person won 80% of the gold medals in various national competitions with absolute advantage, a total of 22.[11]
