inland country(landlocked state) NocoastlineThe country aroundneighbouring countryEnclosed by land territorycountry, also known as the land locked country, such as:Mongolia。Double landlocked countries refer to landlocked countries surrounded by other landlocked countries.island countryIt is a relative concept of a landlocked country, which means that a country is adjacent to each otheroceanThe whole country is completely located on the island.
Land locked countries are also called "land locked countries" and "countries without coasts".A country that is surrounded by the territory of a neighbouring country and therefore has no coast.In 1982《United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea》It is stipulated that, on an equal basis with the coastal stateInnocent passageThe right to freedom of the high seas, the right to the peaceful use of the international seabed area, the right to fairly share the fees or material objects paid by coastal States for the development of the continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles, and some other maritime rights.In order to realize the above maritime rights, we have the right to enter and exit the sea, and to this end, we enjoy the freedom of transit through the national territory between our country and the sea with all means of transport.Ships flying the inland flag shall enjoy the same treatment as other foreign ships in the seaports.There are about 30 such countries[1]。
Landlocked countries andCoastal country、island countryIn contrast, the geographical conditions are relatively closed, the traffic and external contact are inconvenient, and there are many difficulties and particularity in social and economic development.
For a landlocked country, nonecoastlineTraditionally, it is considered as a disadvantage, because in addition to making the country unable to use marine resources such as fishery, the most important thing is that such a country cannot develop maritime transport.Such shortcomings in the past sea power era represent that the country is difficult to gain advantages in overseas exploration and colonization, while in modern times it lacks space to develop maritime trade, which affects the country's international trade capacity.
Economics
Nepal
Although the landlocked countries are very different in history, political system, natural resources and other aspects, they have much in common in social economy. Most of them are mainly engaged in animal husbandry or industry and mining. Most of them are relatively backward in social and economic development. About 70% of the countries are listed as the least developed countries.The reason is mainly related to unfavorable geographical conditions.From the perspective of natural conditions, many landlocked countries are located in mountains, with plateau and mountainous terrain (such asNepal、Bhutan、Lesotho、SwazilandAs it is far away from the sea, deep in the inland, arid climate, agricultural development is greatly restricted, and most of it is based on the backward nomadic production mode.Some are rich in mineral resources, but due to geographical isolation, backward transportation and technology, they can only export minerals and primary products;In terms of geographical location, landlocked countries have no access to the sea and ports, traffic is limited, and they are far away from the world market.There is no sea port or port, so the import and export goods must pass through another country, sometimes several countries, and the cost must be greatly increased.In order to maintain a certain amount of inventory at the port, or to prevent the possible interruption of transit transport, additional storage costs must be borne, which will inevitably lead to an increase in product prices, thus greatly weakening the competitiveness of products in the international market.At the same time, due to the high import costs and currency outflowBalance of international payments。
In addition, the lack of access to the sea is likely to cause legal and political problems.Landlocked countries must negotiate and perform a wide range of procedures to achieve the purpose of exporting goods. At the same time, they must pay transit taxes and the consequences of technical accidents, natural disasters, labor disputes, political turmoil and even international conflicts.In the current era of market economy development and the historical trend of participating in the international economic cycle, geographical conditions have increasingly restricted the socio-economic development of landlocked countries.Compared with coastal countries and island countries, the socio-economic development level of landlocked countries is generally low, the proportion of agricultural population is high, industry and commerce are backward, and due to the lack of ports as the center or support of socio-economic growth,Urbanization levelIt is also low.Some of the least developed landlocked countries are difficult to solve the extremely underdeveloped problems caused by being far away from the international market, and are vulnerable to natural disasters. Their economies are very fragile and their political situation is unstable, such asAfghanistanLocated in the eastern part of the Iranian plateau, the steep Hindu Kush Mountains run across the whole country. The climate is dry and the economy is dominated by agriculture and animal husbandry. The political situation has been unstable, and wars have occurred from time to time, resulting in poverty in the country.
There are also a few landlocked countries that have made remarkable achievements in their economic development according to their natural conditions and national conditions.E.g. EuropeanSwitzerland, make use of domestic tourism resources, vigorously develop tourism, and according to the shortage of domestic mineral and energy resources and the inconvenience of importing raw materials, vigorously develop clocks and watches, precision instrument manufacturing, pharmaceutical industry, and automation that consume raw materials, have less energy, and are easy to export products, so as to become a very economically developed country;LuxembourgWe will make use of our own iron ore, abundant energy and convenient land transportation conditions to vigorously develop the steel industry and become a world famous "country of steel";Liechtenstein、San MarinoAustria, based on its small area and poor resources, has made use of its national conditions to develop stamp production and tourism, making it an important pillar of the national economy.[2]
Equity development
Announce
edit
In 1921, the Declaration on Recognition of the Right of Non coastal Countries to Fly the Flag recognized that ships registered in the territory of non coastal countries can fly the flag, and Germany should giveCzechoslovakiaThe convenience of using Hamburg and the port of Steddin (now Bolanshchevin).Formulated by the First United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea in 1958《international watersThe Convention recognizes the right of landlocked countries to free access to the sea, and requires countries located between landlocked countries and the sea to reach agreements with landlocked countries to give landlocked countries freedom of transit, and to provide ships flying the flag of landlocked countries with access to and use of seaports.
The Convention on Transit Trade of Landlocked Countries signed under the auspices of the United Nations in 1965 recognized the right of access to the sea of landlocked countries.According to the Convention, all countries should allow landlocked countries to transit freely on a mutual basis, but the transit country has the right to ensure that the exercise of this right does not harm its legitimate interests.The transit country shall not impose duties or taxes on the transit transportation of landlocked countries, shall simplify the declaration procedures, facilitate transportation, avoid delay, and establish free zones at the ports of entry or exit.However, the Contracting States may restrict the transit of persons and goods for reasons such as safety and health.
Prepared by the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea in 1982《United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea》It stipulates that landlocked countries shall have the right of access to and from the sea;To this end, landlocked countries should enjoy freedom of transit through the territory of transit countries by all means of transport;However, the conditions and ways of exercising the freedom of transit should be stipulated by bilateral or regional agreements between landlocked countries and relevant transit countries.Transit transport shall not be subject to the payment of any customs duties, taxes or other fees, except fees levied for the provision of specific services for transport.The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea also stipulates that ships flying inland flags shall enjoy the same treatment as other foreign ships in seaports.In addition, landlocked countries should have the right to participate in the development of coastal States in the same regionexclusive economic zoneThe conditions and modalities of such participation should be stipulated by the relevant countries through bilateral or regional agreements.The so-called surplus refers to the part of the recoverable biological resources that exceeds the fishing capacity of the coastal state.
Historical disputes
Announce
edit
Inland countries have some common problems and needs, the most important of which is how to access the ocean and how to use the ocean and ocean resources.
The question of whether a non coastal country can have its own maritime flag and whether ships flying its flag can enjoy freedom of navigation at sea dates back tothe First World WarIt has already caused controversy.
The same situation also occurred in the formerYugoslaviaIndependentSloveniaAndBosnia and HerzegovinaTwo countries, of which Slovenia has reservedKoppelThe Adriatic coastline, less than 50 kilometers long, near Koper, is still the country's neighborCroatiaAreas of ongoing dispute.CroatianDalmatiaThe 600km long coastline of the region originally separated Bosnia and Herzegovina, a neighbouring country, from the Adriatic Sea and became a landlocked country. However, after the agreement, the country provided a small area of only 20km to the neighbouring country to solve this problem.
Ethiopia
Northeastern AfricanEthiopiaIs in a completely opposite state.The country was originally a landlocked country, and passedFrench Somaliland OfDjibouti PortGet the right to go to sea.In 1952, Ethiopia annexed the neighboring Italian colonyEritrea, formed a federation and merged it into a province ten years later, resulting in a 30 year independent civil war.Since the loss of Eritrea's coastline will turn Ethiopia into a landlocked country, the country is extremely opposed to the struggle for independence in this region.In 1993EritreaIndependent nation building. At present (2019), Ethiopia is a neighbor relying on support for the emerging northeast with unclear political statusSomaliland(Somaliland) It is possible to use the port facilities obtained by the provisional government to solve its own land sealing dilemma.
poland
1919Paris Peace ConferenceDetermine to establish independentpolandAs a nation-state, in order to have an outlet to the sea, the League of NationsEast PrussiaandWest Prussia A strip between them is divided into Polish territory, called "Polish Corridor", but most of the residents in this area aregermanic people。This decision was opposed by Germany and became one of the triggers for Germany's invasion of Poland in 1939.
Russia
16th centuryRussiaAlthough it had one of the longest coastlines in the western world at that time, it could be called a partially landlocked country in essence.Because all seaports in the country are adjacent toarctic oceanShore has been frozen for most of the year, which is difficult to use. This has also become the main motivation for Russia to actively expand its aggression around, so as to seekthe Baltic、Black SeaWith the Pacific coast, it is an ice free port with practical value.
As of 2016, there were 44 landlocked countries in the world, including two dual landlocked countries.The world's largest landlocked country is located across Asia and EuropeKazakhstan。
The coastline of such countries accounts for less than 5% of the length of the national boundary, similar to the landlocked countries without coastline at all.
Liechtenstein、UzbekistanUzbekistan borders Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan on the Caspian Sea, so it can reach the Azov Sea and the Black Sea through the Volga Don River Canal.During the period from German unification (1871) to the end of World War I (1918), there were no dual landlocked countries in the world.At that time, Uzbekistan was part of the Russian Empire, while Liechtenstein was connected withAustro Hungarian EmpireBordering.
