The diesel locomotive takes the internal combustion engine as the driving forcetransmissionDrive wheelA rotating locomotive.According to the classification of fuel types of internal combustion engines on locomotives, the vast majority of diesel locomotives used in China's railways are equipped withDiesel engine。Fuel (diesel) is burned in the cylinder to convert heat energy into dieselcrankshaftOutputmechanical energy, but not fordirect drive The driving wheel is converted into a suitableLocomotive tractionMechanical energy required by characteristics, and thenRunning gearDrive the locomotive wheel to rotate on the track.
Diesel locomotives are most widely used.In China, the concept of diesel locomotive is customarily referred to as diesel locomotive.A transmission device that is as important as the engine and conforms to the traction characteristics shall be installed between the internal combustion engine and the driving wheel in the diesel locomotive.There are three types of drives:mechanical driveDevicesHydraulic transmission deviceAnd electric drive.The diesel locomotive equipped with electric transmission device is called electric transmission diesel locomotive, and so on.[1]
At the beginning of the 20th century, foreign countries began to explore the trial production of diesel locomotives.The first diesel locomotive in the world was put into operation in 1913. It can be said thatSwedenThe railway of Merersta South Manlan is the earliest.This diesel locomotive uses a 75 horsepower six cylinder diesel engineDirect connectionGenerator, driveDC motor。The transmission mode adopted by diesel locomotives at the initial stage isElectric drive。[3]In 1924,Soviet UnionMake a diesel locomotive with electric drive and deliver it to the railway.In the same year, for GermanyDiesel engineAnd emptycompressorMatch, use the exhaust heat of diesel engine to heat compressed air instead of steamsteam locomotiveIt is converted into an air driven diesel locomotive.In 1925, the United States will build a 220 kilowattDiesel electric locomotivePut into operationShunting operation。In the 1930s, diesel locomotives entered the trial phase. In the late 1930s, some passenger diesel locomotives on the trunk line were coupled by a single locomotive with a power of 900~1000 kW.the Second World WarLater, becauseDiesel engineThe performance and manufacturing technology of diesel locomotives have been improved rapidly. Most diesel locomotives are equipped with exhaust gas turbocharging systems, whose power is about 50% higher than that before the war. They are equipped with DC electric drive andHydraulic transmission deviceThe development of diesel locomotives has been accelerated. By the 1950s, the number of diesel locomotives had increased rapidly.High power in 1960sSilicon rectifierIt has been successfully developed and applied to locomotive manufacturing, and a 2940 kW diesel locomotive with AC DC electric drive has emerged.In the 1970s, the power of single diesel locomotive reached 4410 kW.With the development of electronic technology,Federal GermanyIn 1971, a 1840kW AC DC AC electric drive diesel locomotive was trial produced, which is used for diesel locomotive andElectric locomotiveOftechnological development It provides a new way.The subsequent development of diesel locomotives is reflected in the improvement of locomotive reliabilityDurabilityandEconomyNew progress has been made in pollution prevention and noise reduction.
China began to manufacture diesel locomotives in 1958, and three types of locomotives, including Dongfeng, were first put into mass production.After 1969, 15 new models including Dongfeng 4 were produced in batches. Compared with the first generation diesel locomotiveDiesel enginethermal efficiencyAnd the efficiency of transmission device have been significantly improved;In addition, resistance braking orHydraulic brakingAnd hydraulic reversing, locomotive system protection andfault diagnosisDisplay and microcomputer control functions;AdoptedLoad-bearing car body, hydrostatic drive and other new technologies;The performance of the locomotive has been greatly improved in terms of reliability and service life.Dongfeng 11Passenger locomotiveThe speed reached 160 km/h.While producing diesel locomotives, China has alsoRomaniaFrance, the United States, Germany and other countries have imported different quantities of diesel locomotives. With the acceleration of high-speed and heavy haul railway, they are further researching, designing and developing diesel locomotives to adapt to them.[2]
The reason why diesel locomotives can rise suddenly from behind is that they have the advantages of ease of use, flexibility, quick starting and less basic investmentoil priceIt is cheap and economical: the transportation efficiency is high, especially suitable for some lines with less busy transportation and few trains, as well as small shunting operations.somepattern of road distributionSmall scaledeveloping countrySeveral diesel locomotives purchased from abroad can be put into operation immediatelytransportation problem . It can achieve "immediate effect".Therefore, the vast majority of developing countries have adopted the policy of internal combustion traction, so as to achieve a large number of diesel locomotives.[4]
Classification and structure
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（1） It can be divided into:
1. Mainline locomotive
Mainline locomotives are mainly used forRailroad LinesGet on the traction passenger and freight trains.for exampleND5，east wind4B, Dongfeng 4D, Dongfeng 11, etc.
Mainly used forShunting yardIt can also be used for train marshalling, disassembly, shunting in stations and depots, or short distance small operation tractionIndustrial and mining enterprisesInternally, responsible for on-site transportation.Shunting locomotives include Dongfeng 2, Dongfeng 7 and Dongfanghong 1.
Internal combustion multiple units refer to those withInternal combustion engine power unitThe motor cars (there are two motor cars, which are distributed at both ends of the train, and the head shape and carriages are designed in a matching way) and passenger cars are generally suitable for suburban or adjacent areasIntercityShort distance passenger transport, such as the Harmonious Great Wall EMU.
（2） It can be divided into:
The mechanically driven diesel locomotive is only applicable to small power diesel locomotives specially used for industry and mining.
Diesel locomotivePower device, also known as compression ignition internal combustion engine.Main structural features include steamNumber of cylindersCylinder arrangement, cylinder diameterPiston stroke, pressurization or not, etc.For modern locomotivesDiesel engineBoth are equipped with exhaust gas turbochargers to use diesel engine exhaust gas to drive the turbinecompressor, transfer the air with increased pressureIntercoolerFeed after coolingDiesel engine intake pipeTherefore, the power and thermal efficiency of the diesel engine are greatly improved.Diesel engine worksFour strokeandTwo-strokeIn both ways, the thermal efficiency of four stroke engines with the same speed is generally higher than that of two stroke engines, so most of them use four stroke engines.From the rotating speed, it can be divided into high-speed machineMedium speed machineAnd low-speed machine.In order to meet the needs of various powers, products with the same cylinder diameter and various cylinder numbers of pistons are produced.For smaller power, 6-cylinder, 8-cylinder in-line or 8-cylinder V-type is used; for larger power, 12, 16, 18 and 20 cylinder V-type is used, of which 12 and 16 cylinders are most commonly used.
transmission
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To makeDiesel engineThe power transmitted to the moving shaft can meet theLocomotive tractionMedia device set between the two as required.Torque speed characteristics andLocomotive traction—Speed characteristicIt's totally different. You can't use a diesel enginedirect drive Locomotive wheel: the diesel engine has a minimum speed below which it cannot work, so the diesel engine cannot start the locomotive;The power of diesel engine is basically proportional to the speedMaximum speedIt can only be reached aftermaximum powerThe speed of the locomotive often changes, so that the power of the diesel engine can not be fully utilized;If the diesel engine cannot be reversed, the locomotive cannot be reversed.Therefore, diesel locomotives must be equipped with transmission devices to meet locomotive traction requirements.
Hydraulic transmission box、Axle gearbox, cardan shaft, etc.Hydraulic torque converter(also known asTorque converter）It is the most important transmission component of the hydraulic transmission locomotivePump wheel, TurbineGuide rollerform.Pump wheel and diesel enginecrankshaftThe pump impeller blades drive the working fluid to obtain energy, andturbine blade The flow in the channel transfers energy to the turbine blade, which isTurbine shaftoutputmechanical energyThe power of the diesel engine is transmitted to the driving wheel of the locomotive through the cardan shaft and axle gearbox;After the working fluid flows out of the turbine blade, it returns to the pump wheel again under the guidance of the guide wheel blade.The hydraulic transmission locomotive (Figure 2) is simple and reliable to operate, and is especially suitable for windy and rainy areas.
There are three types of electric drive: (a)DCPower transmission device.Traction generatorAnd motors areDC motorThe engine drives the DC traction generator to directly supply DC power to each traction DC motor to drive the locomotive wheel.(b) AC-DC electric drive device.Engine driven three-phase ACSynchronous generator, issuedThree phase alternating currentIt is converted into DC through high-power semiconductor rectifier to supply DCTraction motorDrive the locomotive wheel.(c) Change straightalternating currentPower transmission device.The engine drives the three-phase synchronous AC traction generator, and the generated AC power passes throughrectifierTo the DC intermediate circuit, the constantDC voltageadoptinverterAdjust itamplitudeAnd frequency, and then reverse DC into three-phase frequency conversionVoltage regulationAC voltageAnd supply three-phase asynchronous traction motor to drive locomotive driving wheel.Electric drive locomotives are most widely used.
Running gear of car body
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Including frame, car body, bogie and other basic parts.
①FrameIt is the backbone of the locomotive and is installedPower machineThe foundation of car body and spring device.The frame is a rectangular steel structure, composed of center beamSide member、Corbel, beam, etcDiesel engine, transmission device, auxiliary device and vehicle body (includingDrivers ' Room）The lower part is supported by two bogies and connected with the frame. Couplers and buffer devices are installed at the middle and lower parts of the front and rear ends of the frame center beam.The frame bears the maximum load and transmits the traction force to make the train run. Therefore, the frame must have sufficient strength and stiffness.
② The car body is the shell on the upper part of the frame to protect the people andmachinery equipmentIt will not be attacked by wind, sand, rain and snow and can prevent cold.According to its bearingLoad case, divided into integral load-bearing and non integral load-bearing car bodies;According to its shape, it can be divided into hood type and shed type car bodies.
③ The bogie belongs to the locomotiveRunning gear, also called trolley.fromframework, side bearingAxle box、Wheel set, axle gear box (includingTraction motor）, SpringShock absorber、Equalizing beam, and the connecting device with the frameFoundation braking deviceAnd other major components.Its function is to carry the weight of the frame and its upper devices, transmit the traction force, and help the locomotive to run in balance and pass the curve smoothly.Generally, diesel locomotives are bogies with two two or three axles.
Auxiliary device
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To ensureDiesel engine, transmission device, running gear, braking device, control and adjustment equipment, etc.Main equipment includes:fuel system ——Equipment and pipeline system to ensure fuel supply for diesel engine;Cooling system——Guarantee diesel engine andHydraulic transmission deviceCooling equipment and pipeline system that can work normally;Oil pipeline system - equipment and pipeline system for normal lubrication of diesel engine;Air filter——Devices for filtering dirt in the air;Compressed air system——For trainsAir braking device、SandboxAir whistle and other equipment compressed air system;Auxiliary electrical equipment——Battery pack, DCAuxiliary generator, diesel engine starter motor, etc.
Braking equipment
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Diesel locomotives are equipped with one setAir brakeandHand brake。In addition, mostElectric driveAdditional locomotivesResistance brakingThe hydraulic transmission locomotive is equipped with hydraulic braking device.
control equipment
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The equipment that controls the speed, driving direction and parking of the locomotive.Mainly including locomotive speed controller, reversing controller, automaticcontrol valveAnd auxiliaryBrake valve。Monitoring table andWarning signalDevices include: air, water, oil, etcPressure gauge, main partsthermometer，ammeter、voltmeterAudible and display warning signals such as overtemperature, overpressure or insufficient pressure at main parts.In order to ensure safety and facilitate operation, diesel locomotives are also equipped withLocomotive signalandAutomatic shutdown device。
Traction buffer device
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Traction buffer device is an important part of locomotive. Its function is to connect or separate locomotive and vehicle.Transfer in operationTractive forceorimpact force, slow down and attenuate train operationBraking forceShock and vibration caused by inconsistency.Therefore, it has the functions of connection, traction and buffering.
working principle
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When fuel is burned in the cylinder, the generated high-temperature and high-pressure gas expands in the cylinder, pushing the piston to move back and forth,connecting roddrivecrankshaftRotate outwardWorkThe heat energy of the fuel is converted into mechanical work.Diesel engineThe power sent is transmitted to the transmission device, and the output speed and torque adapted to the locomotive operating conditions are sent to eachAxle gearboxDrive the driving wheel. The traction force around the wheel generated by the driving wheel is transmitted to the framecouplerIt is used to drag or push the vehicle by changing it into hook traction.
history
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The first diesel locomotive in America
At the beginning of the 20th century, the appearance of internal combustion engine provided people with new locomotivesimpetus。In 1925,American RailwaysThe first car in historyDiesel enginevehiclePut into operation。The efficiency and cleanliness of diesel locomotives greatly exceed those of heavy onessteam locomotive, and unlikeElectric locomotiveUnder such restrictions, the United States, Britain, Canada and other countries have all realized the transformation of diesel locomotives within 10 years.The diesel locomotive became the master of the railway.
