The internal cause is thatSocial psychologistFritz Heider In his attribution theory, he proposed one of the causes of behavior.Hyde believes that there are two main reasons for the occurrence of behavior: one is the internal factors of the actor, including ability, motivation, interest, hobbies, willingness and effort;Second, factors other than actors, such as working environment.Hyde believes that ordinary people look for reasons mainly from internal and external causes.
The internal cause is thatSocial psychologistFritz Hydeattribution theoryOne of the reasons for the behavior mentioned in.Hyde believes that there are two main reasons for the occurrence of behavior: one is the internal factors of the actor, including ability, motivation, interest, hobbies, willingness and effort;Second, factors other than actors, such as working environment.Hyde believes that when ordinary people look for reasons, they mainly start with internal and external causes.[1]
Hyde's attribution theory consists of internal and external causes.He believes that ordinary people mainly search for reasons from internal and external causes.Assess which causes are at work.If he believes that a certain behavior is caused by the internal cause of the actor, he will therefore conclude that similar behavior will occur, and may even infer other characteristics of the actor;On the contrary, if he believes that this behavior is caused by external factors, he will not infer the internal characteristics of the actor, nor can he be sure whether similar behavior will happen again.It can be seen that the relationship between behavior attribution and behavior prediction is very close.Hyde believes that internal factors play an important role in predicting ordinary people's behavior.[1]
Supplement to attribution theory
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1、 Wiener's attribution theory
In 1972, Wiener's attribution theory in Hyde and Atkinson'sAchievement Motivation TheoryOn the basis of this, the author puts forward his own attribution theory.Wiener basically agreed with the attribution theory, which includes internal and external causes. On this basis, he proposed a new dimension, that is, he divided causes into temporary and stable.[1]
Wiener believes that ordinary people may have four reasons for successful behavior: first, due to stable external environmental factors, such as very low task difficulty;Second, due to temporary external reasons, such as opportunities;Third, due to stable internal factors, for example, when someone has formed strong personal ability, then his success in a specific field is predictable;Fourth, it is attributed to the internal causes of instability, such as efforts.When someone has made full preparation and review before an exam, he may get a good score, but if he stops working hard or reviewing carefully, his score may not be what it will be.[1]
"Internal external" and "temporary stability" are very important in attribution.They will lead to different results. "Temporarily stable "plays a very important role in predicting behavior. Similarly," temporarily stable "dimension is also effective in explaining failure.When failure is attributed to stable internal or external causes, it may be predicted that failure will still occur later;When the failure is attributed to temporary internal or external causes, it is difficult to say what happens afterwards.[1]
2、 Kelly's Three Degree Attribution Theory
H. Kelly's three degree attribution theory, also known as the multi clue theory, or the multi clue analysis theory, or the public variable attribution theory, is based on the absorption of Hyde's covariant principle.He believes that most people attribute under uncertain conditions.People accumulate information from a variety of events, and use the "covariant principle" to solve the problem of uncertainty.[1]
Kelly believes that when people try to explain someone's behavior, they may use three forms of attribution: attribution to the actor, attribution to objective stimuli (events or others to which the actor responds), and attribution to the situation or relationship in which the actor is located.For example, if someone goes to an exhibition to see a newly displayed oil painting for several consecutive days, there may be three reasons for this behavior: (1) he likes the painting;(2) Oil painting is of great appreciation value;(3) He has nothing to do these days.In order to determine which interpretation is more consistent with the actual situation, Kelly pointed out that observers need to use three kinds of information: differentiated information, consistent information, and consistent information.[1]
Distinctive information refers to whether an actor responds only to a specific stimulus object or to many different stimulus objects with the same response.High discrimination means that the actor only responds to specific stimuli;Low differentiation means that the actors have the same response to many different objects.[1]
Consistency information refers to whether the behavior of an actor is consistent with that of others.
Consistency information refers to whether the actor consistently produces the same response to the current stimulus.If the actors consistently produce the same response, the consistency is high;On the contrary, the consistency is low.
The accuracy of attribution can be guaranteed only by analyzing and investigating the three aspects comprehensively.[1]
3、 Attribution bias
（1） Basic attribution deviation
Basic attribution deviationIt means that people prefer to make internal attribution to the behavior of the actor, that is, to attribute the behavior to the individual characteristics of the actor.[1]
Observers' attributions of their own behaviors may lead to self serving attribution bias.Self interest attribution bias, also known as egoistic attribution bias, self reinforcement attribution bias, self defense attribution bias, etc., refers to people's tendency to attribute the positive results (success) of their own behavior to personal factors, while the negative results (failure) to environmental factors.[1]
A deviation corresponding to the self serving attribution deviation is "self depletion", that is, a way of attributing the negative behavior results to the actor.[1]
（3） Ignore consistency information
Kelly's three degree attribution theory points out that people need three types of information in attribution: consistent information, differentiated information, and consistent information.But in real life, consistent information is often ignored.People often only pay attention to the various performances of the actors themselves, but pay little attention to how the people around the actors act.[1]
（4） Underestimating the induction of situations
When the observer has basic attribution bias to others, the situation of overestimating personal factors and underestimating situational factors will also occur in the process of self attribution.[1]
（5） Cultural differences
In different cultural environments, basic attribution bias is common.Just sufferCollectivism cultureObservers are more sensitive to the information of the background environment.However, observers who have been taught to explain individual behavior from personality traits since childhood tend to attribute the cause of events to the actors themselves.[1]
