Research on the science of prevention and treatment of livestock diseases
open3 entries with the same name
ResearchpreventionAnd curing livestock diseasesscience。The health care and disease prevention of domestic animals, companion animals (such as dogs, cats, etc.), economic wild animals, experimental animals, ornamental animals, economic insects (such as bees, silkworms, etc.) and fish all belong to the scope of veterinary medicine.
Chinese name
veterinary medicine
Foreign name
veterinary medicine
Type
Research on prevention and treatment of livestock diseases
Discipline History
Since wild animals were domesticated into domestic animals
Veterinary medicine is the science that studies the prevention and treatment of livestock diseases.Domestic animals, companion animals (such as dogs and cats), economic wild animalsexperimental animalThe health care and disease prevention of ornamental animals, economic insects (such as bees, silkworms, etc.) and fish belong to the scope of veterinary medicine.
With the development of medical and health undertakings, the scope of veterinary medicine has now expanded to coverZoonosis, public health, environmental protection, human disease models, experimental animals, food production, pharmaceutical industry and other fields, and has formed many new frontier disciplines, which have played an increasingly important role in agricultural production and the development of biology and human medicine.
Discipline History
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The treatment of domestic animal diseases may start from the early stage when wild animals were domesticated into domestic animals, and the history of Chinese veterinary technology is particularly long.Horse disease prevention, livestock maintenance, castration, etc. can all be traced back to the Yin and Shang dynasties;From the Western Zhou Dynasty to the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, there were full-time veterinarians;After the Qin and Han Dynasties, not onlyVeterinary medicineWith the rapid development of animal disease prevention and control technology, veterinary books have also emerged in large numbers and gradually formed a system;By the Tang Dynasty, veterinary technology had begun to spread abroad.
veterinary medicine
In the West, the early record of the development of veterinarians is 2100 BC, and the ancient code of Babylon stipulates the obligations and rewards of cattle doctors and donkey doctors;In 1900 BC, Egyptians had recorded treatment on papyrusAnimal diseasesPrescription;In ancient India, veterinary medicine and human medicine were equally prosperous. In the Vedic era from 1500 BC to 1200 BC, some classics recorded animal diseases and their treatments in verse.
In the era of slavery, veterinarians tended to develop due to the surge in demand for military horses during the war.There were horse doctors in ancient Greece;Veterinary technology in the army of the late Roman Empire had reached a high level, and had compiled books on horse diseases on the basis of ancient Greek veterinary literature.
In the Middle Ages, veterinary medicine tended to decline, and horses were often diagnosed and treated by blacksmiths who forged iron hooves.The word "veterinarian" in English refers to both the blacksmith and the veterinarian, which may be why.Since then, due to the development of capitalism in Western Europe, the expansion of trade in livestock and breeding stock, and the many wars between European countries, a large number of livestock died of rinderpest and other epidemics, which made people realize that apprentice veterinary training can no longer meet the needs of reality, thus creating a modern veterinary higher education system.
In 1761, France opened the world's first higher veterinary school in Lyon. By 1800, about 20 veterinary schools had been established in 12 European countries.The first veterinary school in ChinaBeiyang Horse Medical SchoolIt was founded in 1904.
Since the 20th century, most countries in the world have established veterinary schools and institutions, and the level of veterinary research, education and diagnosis and treatment has continued to improve.At present, countries with relatively developed veterinary science include the United States, Germany, Britain, Denmark, Japan and the Soviet Union.
Discipline system
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The theoretical basis of veterinary science and medicine are interlinked. They learn from each other and develop together.The main basic theories and applied disciplines of veterinary science include animal anatomy, animal histology and embryology, animal physiologist and animal pathology, veterinary pharmacology, veterinary microbiology and animal infectious disease, animal parasitology and parasitology, animal internal science, animal surgery, animal production science, etc.
Chinese traditional veterinary medicine (generally called Chinese veterinary medicine) has a unique system. Its basic theory and traditional Chinese medicine come down in one continuous line, and it is the experience summary of Chinese people in the struggle against livestock diseases in past dynasties.
Since the 20th century, especiallythe Second World WarSince then, veterinary science has developed rapidly, and has successively established small animal veterinary medicine, poultry disease, veterinary epidemiology, animal nutrition and nutrition metabolism disease research, anesthesiology, experimental surgery and microsurgery, veterinary toxicology and livestock poisoning, veterinary mycology, veterinary virology, veterinary immunology, zoonosis, veterinary public healthNew disciplines such as preventive veterinary medicine and wildlife disease.
Subject content
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veterinary medicine
The task of modern veterinary medicine is not only to ensure the development of animal husbandry, but also to reduce the harm of zoonotic diseases, improve the sanitary quality of animal foods (meat, eggs, milk and aquatic products, etc.) and improve environmental sanitation, so as to directly serve human health.
The clinical diagnosis and treatment work of veterinarians mostly focuses on valuable individual livestock or breeding animals, as well as some accompanying animals, ornamental animals, etc. The general livestock focus on the whole group prevention and treatment.
The rapid development of factory intensive poultry and pig farming has increased the responsibilities of veterinarians for the selection of breeding sites, the design of livestock houses, the preparation of feed additives, the formulation and implementation of environmental health management immunization procedures, disease diagnosis and immune level monitoring, so as to improve the health level of livestock and prevent mass diseases, including infectious diseases, parasitic diseasesWith the occurrence of poisoning diseases and nutritional metabolic diseases, hundreds of such diseases have been found.Among them, infectious diseases are the most serious but many have been eliminated.
By 1986, there were 18 kinds of livestock infectious diseases in Denmark, 13 kinds in the United States and Japan, 10 kinds in the United Kingdom, 7 kinds in Australia, and 6 kinds in the Soviet Union and the Federal Republic of Germany.The rinderpest that killed hundreds of thousands or even millions of cattle every year in China was eliminated in 1956.
But at the same time, many new diseases have occurred, and the most harmful ones are virusesSexually transmitted diseases(e.gSwine vesicular disease）Toxic diseases, nutritional and metabolic diseases, etc., caused by serious pollution of pesticides, fertilizers and industrial wastes.Some of them still have no effective prevention and treatment methods, and some of them (such as metabolic diseases andNutritional deficiency）It is related to the one-sided pursuit of high yield.All of these put forward new topics for veterinary workers.
In order to prevent the occurrence of nutritional metabolic diseases at an early stage, the current veterinary work should not only observe whether the herd has clinical symptoms, but also determine whether it can achieve the expected production indicators under certain conditions and whether the metabolism in the body is in balance. As usual, the metabolic profile of high-yield cattle should be tested through blood chemical analysis,To predict recessive or subclinical cases of nutritional metabolic diseases.
Disease diagnosis and treatment
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In many European and American countries, because dogs and cats are regarded as pets, it is fashionable to feed them. The diagnosis and treatment of dogs, cats and other animal diseases has become an important business for veterinarians in these countries, which also promotes the development of small animal medicine;The number of ornamental animals, including wild animals raised in zoos and birds raised at home, has also increased significantly in recent decades;A variety of wild animals with high economic value, such as foxes, minks, sika deer, musk deer, are increasingly being artificially raised. Their diseases are not only diverse, but also have complex pathogens, which also requires veterinary workers to carry out a lot of research work.
In addition, the cultivation of experimental animals puts forward more stringent requirements for veterinary work. Some test animals also need to use sterile animals or animals without specific pathogens, so as to draw accurate conclusions in research and tests on immune mechanism, metabolic mechanism and pharmacology.Experimental zoology has become a new branch of veterinary science.
Import and export quarantine
Infectious diseases originating from foreign countries can cause the epidemic of the disease in the country and cause huge economic losses.For example, the bovine pulmonary disease, which was introduced into the United States from the purchase of cattle from abroad in the 1880s, was finally exterminated after slaughtering a large number of sick cattle and cattle in contact with sick cattle;Introduced from Japan by purchasing breeding pigs from abroadSwine atrophic rhinitisandMycoplasma suis pneumoniaAnd spread to pig farms all over the country, with the infection rate of 50~60%.
veterinary medicine
Infectious diseases introduced from abroad are also common in China. For example, in 1919, when cows were purchased from foreign countries, bovine pulmonary disease was brought into Shanghai;In 1963, when importing large white pigs, he brought in atrophic rhinitis of pigs;Others such asInfectious bovine rhinotracheitis, Treponema suis dysentery and other diseases were also introduced from foreign breeding animals.At the same time, domestic animal pathogens may also flow abroad with the export of diseased animals.Therefore, it is one of the important tasks for veterinarians to carry out strict import and export quarantine according to laws and regulations, and investigate the epidemic situation in the origin to eliminate various pathogens.
Veterinary Public Health
The main task of veterinarians in this regard is to implement the food hygiene regulations promulgated by the state, such as conducting hygiene supervision and inspection on all links before and after the production of meat, eggs, milk, fish and other animal foods, so as to prevent spreadingLivestock infectious diseasesPathogens, including zoonoses, harm human health.
Medical simulation test
Veterinary medicine and medicine share the same basic theory and treatment criteria. Many human diseases can be manifested in some animals in a very similar mechanism and form. This disease is called the animal model of human disease and is often used in the study of human diseases.For example, for chicken viral tumor disease andMarek's disease of chickenThese studies can be used for reference in the study of human tumor occurrence.Medical scientists and veterinarians also often study some surgical operations with animal diseases as models.In addition, preventive medicine and comparative medicine have become the disciplines jointly developed by veterinary medicine and medicine, which are of great significance in preventing biological warfare, chemical warfare, atomic warfare and developing aerospace medicine.
Veterinarian and veterinary education
Countries with developed animal husbandry and veterinary undertakings all attach importance to the training of veterinary doctors.The number of qualified veterinarians per 100000 population (1980): 15.9 in the United States, 20.4 in Japan, 30.9 in the Soviet Union, and 43 in Denmark.The higher education system for training veterinarians is relatively long. For example, in the United States, it takes 7 years, that is, 3 years of preparatory education and 4 years of undergraduate education. After graduation, you need to pass the government examination and obtain a veterinary certificate before you can practice medicine.In addition, veterinarians can also be employed by government administrative agencies, education and scientific research departments, veterinary medicine factories or other enterprises to engage in epidemic prevention and quarantine, education, scientific research, production of veterinary biological drugs and chemicals, and veterinary public health.
Employment
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What is the major with the highest employment rate in the UK?According to the United KingdomHESA Survey, MedicalThe employment rate of graduates majoring in Class A is the highest within one year, with dentists and veterinarians ranking first, other medical majors ranking third, and education majors ranking second.The employment rate of medical majors is the highest in the UK, which is just the opposite to that in China. The employment rate of medical graduates in China is the lowest, among which the employment rate of clinical medicine is the lowest in the three stages of higher vocational college, undergraduate and master, and the percentage of unemployment after graduation is more than 20%.The following are the top ten professions with the highest employment rate in the UK:
one
Dentistry and Veterinary Medicine
The employment rate within six months after graduation is 99.4%, including students who continue to study.
two
education
94.8% of new graduates either found a job directly or continued to study after graduation
three
Medical related majors
Including biomedicine and neurology.94% of graduates are employed.
four
law
As in previous years, 91.9% of law students who graduated in 2011 found jobs.
five
Agronomy and related majors
The major is very practical, and 91.3% of graduates are employed within six months
90.9% of fresh graduates find jobs or continue their studies
seven
Language (Second Foreign Language Major)
"Second language" job seekers are very popular, as evidenced by the 90.3% employment rate
eight
Historical and Philosophical Studies
Surprisingly, the employment rate of 90.1% even exceeded that of engineering, construction, computer and other sciences
nine
Mathematics Science
The employment rate of 89.9% shows that there is a clear demand for mathematicians from all walks of life
ten
Physical Science
Employment or further education rate 89.9%
Current situation and prospect
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Modern veterinary medicine has a history of 80 years in China.It has developed rapidly in the past 30 years.By 1986, there were 48 colleges and universities, 181 technical secondary schools, and more than 40000 graduates with college degree or above in animal husbandry and veterinary.Animal husbandry and veterinary stations have been established throughout the country to carry out prevention and treatment of livestock diseases.At present, there are more than 40 veterinary research institutions at all levels, and the main research achievements are: developed and improved dozens of effective epidemic (bacteria) vaccines, providing effective means for the prevention and control of infectious diseases;The application of enzyme labeled antibody technology, radioimmunoassay and other advanced technologies in the diagnosis of infectious diseases has been successful;The anti equine infectious anemia virus and antiBrucellaMonoclonal antibodyHybridoma cellStrains;The species, faunal distribution and epidemiology of important parasites of domestic animals and poultry in China were investigatedpork measles、Echinococcosis granulosus、ToxoplasmosisThe prevention and control measures for zoonosis such as trichinellosis are proposed;Hidden to cowsMastitis, foot rot disease, white muscle disease, subclinical ketosis, ruminal acidosis, abomasum displacement, buffalo hemoglobinuria, acute colitis in horses and other non infectious diseases have made some progress;More than 160 kinds of livestock and poultry poisoning diseases were identified, and prevention measures were proposed for some poisoning diseases.By 1986, China had produced 89 kinds of veterinary biological drugs, with an annual output of more than 4 billion ml.Veterinary medicine factories across the country produce more than 120 kinds of veterinary chemicals, antibiotics, vitamins, trace element preparations, feed additives and Chinese herbal medicines.In terms of epidemic prevention, China has eliminated rinderpest, swine fever, bovine pulmonary diseaseanthrax、tuberculosisAnd cattleschistosomiasisAnd so on.At the same time, Chinese traditional veterinary medicine has continued to develop on the basis of thousands of years of history, and has successively collated and excavated the "Yuan Heng Horse Healing Collection"Simu An Ji CollectionMore than 10 kinds of ancient veterinary books, including Living Beasts and Mercy Boats, have compiledInternal Medicine of Chinese Veterinary Medicine, diagnosis and treatment, acupuncture and moxibustion, includingVeterinary acupuncture anesthesiaThe research and application achievements of have had a wide impact in the world.
At present, veterinary science is moving to a higher level with the new achievements of many related disciplines being more applied to the research of livestock diseases.Application of genetic engineering technology in developmentfoot-and-mouth diseaseThe initial success of vaccines against rabies, diarrhea of young animals and other diseases will pave the way for the development of subunit vaccine or synthetic peptide vaccine against epidemic diseases.applicationCell engineering technologyThe monoclonal antibody produced will make veterinary diagnosis more accurate and rapid.Electronic computers and lasers have begun to be used in veterinary medicine.Disease control of wild animals and ornamental animals is a field to be explored.With the increase of air transportation of livestock and poultry, the impact of air transportation on the physiology and pathology of livestock will be studied.At the same time, international cooperation in monitoring and prevention of epidemic diseases will be further strengthened.In line with the above development, paying more attention to veterinary education and scientific research has become a common trend in many countries.
Among the first level disciplines, there are 17 universities with the authorization of "first level doctor" nationwide, and 14 participated in the evaluation this time;Some universities with "doctoral level II" authorization and master's authorization participated in the evaluation;A total of 23 colleges and universities participated in the evaluation.Note: The following same scores are arranged in the order of school code.[2]
