Guandong Prefecture (Russian: Квантунскаяобластж; Japanese: Kendong Prefecture/かんとしゅゅゅゅ, Kant ōō sh か) isJinzhou PeninsulaIn the south, aLeased land, including Lushunkou Port (Port Arthur) andDalian Port(Darlini Port).This place was forced toleaseTo Russia and Japan."Kanto" means located inShanhaiguanEast, and JapanGuandongirrelevant.
The leased land in Kanto Prefecture was located on August 16, 1899.Russia andQing governmentSigning《Luda Land Lease Treaty》The leased area of Luda is 3200 square kilometers. Since the area to the east of Shanhaiguan was called Guandong at that time, the leased area of Luda was called "Guandong Prefecture".The first officer was Lieutenant General Dubasov of the Russian Navy, who also served as the commander of the Kanto Army and the Pacific Navy.
During the Qing DynastyLiaodong PeninsulaThere is a small fishing village called "Qingniwa" at the southernmost end of.In 1882, the Qing DynastyBeiyang Fleet At the southern end of Liaodong PeninsulaLushunkouBuild a naval base, known as the first military port in East Asia.[1]1894Sino Japanese WarDuring this period, Japan invaded and occupied Liaodong PeninsulaMilitary rule。[2]China was defeated by Japan in the Sino Japanese War and was signed in April 1895《Treaty of Shimonoseki》, cedeTaiwanandLiaodongTo Japan.However, only a few weeks later, Germany, France and Russia forced Japan to return Liaodong to China in order to“Triple Intervention ”。Finally, Japan asked the Qing government for 30 million taels of silver and returned it to the Liaodong Peninsula of China[1]
In 1896, the Qing army took over againJinzhouAnd Lushun.[2]
Russian occupation period
In December 1897, on the pretext of "returning the Liao Dynasty", Russia sent its navy into Lushunkou Port as a forward position in northern China, Korea and the Sea of Japan, and renamed itPort Arthur。On March 27, 1898, Russia and the Qing government of China signed《Luda Land Lease Treaty》, formally forced the Qing government to lease Dalian Bay and Lushun Port for 25 years;The northern boundary of the leased land is pushed northward to Adam Bay on the west bank of the peninsula (today'sPulandian Bay）North bank, east to Piziwo (today's)Pulan StoreareaPikou Street, a pizi means weasel), and the Qing government set aside a neutral zone in the north of the boundary that would not be leased to foreign countries.
According to the provisions of Luda Land Lease Treaty, Jinzhou City was managed by the Qing government.Tsarist RussiaAfter occupying DalianLvshunandDalian Bayset upPolice Department, military rule.
After the signing of Luda Land Lease Treaty, Russia established a military and political colonial regime in Lushunkou - the Ministry of Military Affairs. The commander of Russia's Pacific Fleet and Lieutenant General Dubasov served as the first minister of the Ministry of Military Affairs.The Ministry of Military Affairs exercises judicial control through the Police Department of Lushun Civil Administration District.Lvshun's administrative affairs are handled by Major General of the ArmyVolkovhave jurisdiction over.In August 1898, the Russian emperor appointed a major generalSu BaojiqiHe succeeded Dubasov as the commander of the Russian army in the leased area and gave him the administrative power at the state level.The government of the leased land acceptsGovernor AmurGrojekovJurisdiction.
In August 1899, the Tsar issued the "Interim Rules for the Rule of Kanto Prefecture", which unilaterally named Luda's leased land "Kanto Prefecture" and set up the Kanto Prefecture Hall at Lushunkou.The Kanto Prefecture Department has a state governor, in addition to a state army deputy commander, a state army conference, a state staff department and a military law conference in the military, and a civil affairs department, a foreign affairs department, a finance department and other departments and bureaus in the local administration.The first head of the Kanto Prefecture Department is RussiaPacific FleetCommander and Lieutenant General Alexeyev.The power of the head of the Kanto Prefecture Department in civil affairs is equivalent to the highest civil affairs head of the border Caucasus;The power in the army is equivalent to that of the commander of the frontier military region;The power in the navy is equivalent to that of the fleet and port commanders.The head of the Kanto Prefecture Department also has the right to directly contact the Russian envoys in Beijing and Tokyo, the acting envoys in Seoul and military officers.
Since 1898, Russia has begun to build the East Qing Railway branch line from Lushun and Dalian in the south to Harbin in the north, namelyNanman Railway。
In 1899, in what is now DalianKanto Province, also known as Kanto Prefecture.The prefecture yamen consists of the Civil Affairs Department, the Finance Department, the Foreign Affairs Bureau and other governing bodies.Guandong Prefecture of Tsarist Russia consists of five administrative regions, namely Jinzhou, Piziwo, Liangjiadian, Lushun and Island, and three cities, namely Jinzhou, Piziwo and Lushun.In July of the same year, the Tsarist Russia changed the Qingniwa located in the northeast of the naval base of Port Arthur intoDalini Special City(meaning far away), later becameDalian 。
On July 27, 1900, Russia sent troops to raidJinzhouCity,[3]The governor of Jinzhou Department was arrested and exiled, and the isolated city of Jinzhou was swallowed by the whale.
In August 1903, the tsarist Russia set up in LushunFar East Grand Governor's Mansion, moved in May of the next yearFengtian。The present Shengli Bridge in 1904.[4]
Japanese occupation period
Kanto Prefecture
In February 1904,Russo Japanese WarThe Russian army was defeated and surrendered in January 1905.In September of the same year, Russia transferred the lease rights of Lushun and Dalian to Japan.Dalian became a Japanese colony.Japan set up a lease in Kanto PrefectureGuandong Dudu Mansion。[4]
According to 1905 after the Russo Japanese War《Peace of Portsmouth》, Japan replaced Russia to occupy the leased landPort ArthurRenamedLvshunPort,Dalny RenamedDalian。In 1905, Japan also obtained the extraterritorial jurisdiction of the two sides of the 885km long South Manchurian Railway from Changchun to Shenyang, that is, the subsidiary land of the Manchurian Railway.These powers, together with the railway and its branch lines, were transferred to Manchuria Railway.In order to manage this newly occupied area, the Guandong Governor's Office and the Manchurian Railway garrison, later known as the Guandong Army, were set upManchukuo”A tool for nation building.
Controlled by Japan in 1932Puppet ManchukuoAfter its establishment, Japan leased Kanto Prefecture to the puppet Manchukuo.In 1937, Japan and the puppet Manchukuo reached a new lease agreement, handing over the administrative power of the Manchurian railway affiliated areas to the puppet Manchukuo, but still keeping the Kanto Prefecture nominally independent from the puppet Manchukuo until Japan surrendered at the end of World War II in 1945.[5]
Soviet occupation period
August 1945Soviet ArmyTake over and become Lushun, which was established by the Soviet Union to occupy ManchuriaZhenshou MansionandLvshunThe main port headquarters (i.e. the naval headquarters) was changed to the Soviet naval headquarters.
Return to China
1953StalinAfter death, the following yearKhrushchevHe visited China and promised to return Lushun Military Port to China.In 1955, the Soviet Union handed over Guandong Prefecture to China.Since then, the leased land in Guandong has become history.[3]
administrative division
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During the period of Russia's occupation of Lvda, the leased land in Guandong Prefecture (including the extension part for breach of contract) covered an area of 3200 square kilometers. After Japan's occupation of Dalian, it expanded five islands in Fuxian County and 262 square kilometers of land to the north of Pulandian, with a total area of 3426 square kilometers.In 1906, the Qing government dividedPhoenix HallXiuyan PrefectureZhuanghe Hall, governing GushanheShicheng IslandPatrol Inspection Department, subordinate toFengtian ProvinceEast Side Road。
Tsarist RussiaWhen Guandong Prefecture was initially builtJinzhou、Pizi nest、LvshunThree cities and Jinzhou, PiziwoLiangjia Store, Lushun, and the island.Dalny After its establishment, it was established as a special city directly under the Ministry of Finance of Russia.During the Japanese occupation period, there were five civil affairs bureaus in Dalian, Lvshun, Jinzhou, Piziwo and Pulandian, and two cities in Dalian and Lvshun, which were later changed into two cities and four civil affairs bureaus in April 1938.
After the establishment of the Republic of China,Fuxian CountyandZhuanghe CountySuccessively subordinatedBeiyang Warlord（Fengtian faction）Government andthe Nanjing National Government。In February 1913,Government of the Republic of ChinachangeJinzhou HallbyJinxian County, changeFuzhouTo restore the countyZhuanghe HallZhuanghe CountyFengtian Province。The following year, the Dongbian Road in Fengtian Province was changed to Li in March 1925Liaoshen Road。In February 1929, Fengtian Province was renamed Liaoning Province, abolishing the road system, and Jinxian County, Fuxian County and Zhuanghe County were all subordinate to Liaoning Province.China failed to exercise sovereignty over the area south of Jinxian County due to Japanese occupation.After the fall of the Northeast in 1931, Fuxian County and Zhuanghe County were respectively under the jurisdiction ofPuppet ManchukuoMukden and Andong provinces, until the fall of the puppet Manchukuo in August 1945.
After Japan invaded and occupied Dalian, its colonial institutions changed frequently.From May 1904 to August 1906the time of the military regime。Jinzhou, DalianFuzhou、Qingniwa, Lushun and other five military administration bureaus andLiaodong garrison headquarters。In May 1905, the garrison headquarters was changed into the Military Station Supervision Department of Manchuria Military Headquarters, and the Military Administration was abolished. In June, the Civil Administration Department of Guandong Prefecture was established, with three civil administration branches in Dalian, Jinzhou and Lushun.Guandong Governor's MansionIt was moved from Liaoyang to Lushun in May 1906.From September 1906 to April 1919Guandong Dudu MansionPeriod.During this period, Japan set up the Guandong Governor's Office in LushunMinistry of Civil AffairsAnd the Department of the Army.The Ministry of Civil Affairs has three civil affairs offices in Dalian, Lushun and Jinzhou.In October 1908, Jinzhou Civil Affairs Bureau was reduced to Civil Affairs Branch.The period from April 1911 to December 1934 was the period of the Kanto Hall, during which the Chinese army part of the former Kanto Governor's Mansion was set upGuandong Army Headquarters(Lushun was initially designed and relocated laterFengtian, and moved to Changchun);The Ministry of Civil Affairs was transformed into the Guandong Department.So far, the Kanto Army Headquarters, the Kanto Department andSouth Manchuria Railway Co., Ltd(Established in August 1906) It became the three major aggressive organizations of Japan to rule Lvda and control Northeast China.After August 1919, Jinzhou, Piziwo and Pulandian Civil Affairs Branches changed several times, and they were all civil affairs supervisors by October 1930.The period from December 1934 to August 1945 was the Kanto Bureau.During this period, the Kanto Prefecture Hall was set up in the Kanto Prefecture Hall, which consists of five civil affairs bureaus of Dalian, Lushun, Jinzhou, Piziwo and Pulandian, and two cities of Dalian and Lushun.Later, in April 1938, it was changed into two cities and four civil affairs offices, and the Dalian Civil Affairs Office was revoked until Japan surrendered in August 1945.[4]
Economics
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In order to support the war of aggression against China, Japan made efforts to build Kanto Prefecture.Japanese companies have improved the industrial foundation here, and the natural port has become a first-class port.Dalian PortAnd its status as a free portNortheast ChinaMain trade ports.The headquarters of Manchuria Railway is located in Dalian. According to the population and area of Japan in 1935, the population of Kanto Prefecture is 1034074, including 168185 Japanese, with an area of 3500 square kilometers, excluding soldiers.
