A republic in which the state representative office or head of state is elected and has a certain term of officeOrganizational form of political power。Republics can adapt to different types of countries, but in countries with different class attributes, they have differentClass nature。ancient Greek、Ancient Romeetc.Slave stateBoth have practiced republicanism;Feudal systemAlthoughmonarchyDominant, but somecity stateasItalyVenice and Genoa in the region also adopted republicanism.The bourgeois democratic republic was founded in the 16th century and was generally implemented in the 18th century, andParliamentary system、Universal suffrageConnected.
From the perspective of the history of republicanism, Polibia put forward the idea ofMixed regimeThought, modern thinkerMontesquieuThe thought of separation of three powers also played an important role in the establishment of the republic.[2]
modernbourgeois classThe state generally adopts a republican form of government.There are two forms of bourgeois republicanism, which are classified according to the different relations among the president, parliament and government.The first form isParliamentary cabinet systemThe second form isPresidential system。The parliamentary cabinet system takes the parliament as the power center, and the parliament is the highest in the countryAuthorityThe government is created by and accountable to Parliament.The presidential system takes the president as the head of state andHead of Government，Administrative departmentandLegislative branchSeparate from each other.[3]
The institutional arrangement of parliamentary republicanism is characterized by the fact that the head of state, the president, is elected, either directly or by parliament, and generally has no real power;The head of government, the prime minister, has real power and holds the key positionsexecutive power, usually by the parliamentMajority partyOr the leader of the majority coalition;The parliament elects the government, and the parliament can launchVote of no confidenceIf the government is not trusted, it will fall. At the same time, the head of government can alsoDissolve Parliament, re-election, and the newly elected parliament will decide his fate.
The typical parliamentary republic isGermany、IndiaEtc.
Presidential republic
The institutional arrangement of presidential republicanism is characterized by the fact that the head of state and government is the president, who may beElectoral CollegeIndirectly elected, e.gU.S.A, or directly elected by citizens, such asSemi presidential systemOfFrance、RussiaThe President has greater power in administrative, legislative, judicial, diplomatic, military and other aspects;The Parliament mainly controls the legislative power and can initiate a recall motion against the President, butGeneral proceduresRelatively complex;In the possession of the courtjurisdictionThe three powers are in a state of mutual restriction and balance.[2]
