commonMarket ratioThe customs union went further. It also allowed the free flow of capital and labor among participating countries. The EU realized a common market at the beginning of 1993.[2]
common marketIt refers to two or more countries orEconomiesBy reaching some agreement, not onlyfree trade, established a common externaltariffAnd also realized the free flow of services, capital and laborInternational economic integrationOrganization.The common market is the complete abolition of tariffs andQuantity limit, establish uniform tariffs on non members, and allowproduction factorsYou can move freely between members.
Main differences
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Economic UnionIt means that two or more countries reach an agreement not only to achieve the goal of the common market, but also to coordinate the economic policies of member countries on the basis of the common market.The remarkable feature of the economic union is that, on the basis of market integration among member countries, it further realizes the coordination of policies to ensure the smooth operation of market integration.Such policy coordination includesfiscal policyCoordinationmonetary policyCoordination andExchange rate policyCoordination of.Such policy coordination will fundamentally helpcommodity market、capital marketandlabour marketThe smooth operation of the WTO has, to a large extent, eliminated some adjustment directions of the economic policies of the member governments, or the interference brought by the inconsistent adjustment degree to the normal operation of market integration.The Economic Union iseconomic integrationA higher degree of economic integration organization.Countries participating in such integration organizations should not only frequently transfer their intervention in commodities, capital and labor, but alsogovernment interventionOr regulating the economyPolicy toolsTurned over to supranationalInternational economic integrationOrganization.Some integration organizations have gone further and still need to realizemonetary union 。The typical economic union in reality is“European Economic Community”。
market
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Southern Common Market
Southern Common Market(MercosurorMercosul, Spanish: MercadoCom ú ndelSurPortuguese：MercadoComumdoSul；Hereinafter referred to as the Common Market)Brazil、Argentina、Uruguay、VenezuelaandParaguayetc.South AmericaRegional Trade Agreement,RTA）In 1991, Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay and Paraguay signed the Asuncion Agreement, and in 1994, the Black Gold Market Protocol was revised to establish the organizational structure of the common market.The purpose of establishment is to promote free trade and free circulation of capital, labor and commodities.
The common market originated in 1985,De facto Raul Alfonsine andPresident of BrazilProgramadeIntegraci ó nyCooperaci ó nEcon ó micaArgentina Brasil
Cross Strait Industrial Common MarketEuropean Communitybe known formerly asEuropean Economic Community, alias Common Market.European countries to promote EuropeEconomic integrationAnd established economic organizations.The European Economic Communitythe Second World WarPost establishment;Its purpose is to promote lasting reconciliation between France and Germany, develop the economies of member countries, make them form a large common market, and try to establishWestern EuropeNationalPolitical allianceTo ease the war between themfear。What the European Community has pursued since the 1950sFree trade policyIt has achieved great success in promoting trade and economic prosperity in Western Europe.
European Economic CommunityIt was formally established in 1957 in accordance with the Treaty of Rome, and its purpose is to promote:
In 1955sicilyMessinaThe establishment ofWestern European Common MarketFinally, the treaty was signed in March 1957, and the European Economic Community came into operation in January 1958.The European Economic Community has four main institutions: the Commission, the Council of Ministers, the Court of Justice andEuropean parliament；The latter two institutions also deal with the other two branches of the European Community——European Coal and Steel CommunityandEuropean Atomic Energy Community——Related affairs of.
from the beginning,European Economic CommunityOne of the main objectives of WTO is to eliminate the tariffs and quotas imposed by member countries on the exports of other member countries.Therefore, in January 1959, the European Economic Community implemented the first reduction of internal tariffs;This measure proved to be excellent and effective in promoting trade among member countries, so that by July 1968 all intra Community tariffs had been abolished.Between 1958 and 1968Trade volumeThis is quadrupled.At the same time, the European Economic Community has already adopted a common external tariff, and all its member countries haveImported goodsA uniform tariff will be levied at that time.
European Community
In 1962, the Community established a common agricultural policy, which included the system of jointly guaranteed prices;This system can prevent the import of agricultural products from the low-cost market outside the Community and provide protection for agricultural products within the Community.WhereasPrice supportExpensive and agricultural productsCountry of productionThere were complaints. In 1979, the Community agreed to gradually eliminateAgricultural subsidiesInstead of intervening in prices to preventPrice of agricultural productsDrop below the fixed level.
The European Community was established on July 1, 1967. It is the merger of the European Economic CommunityEuropean Coal and Steel CommunityandEuropean Atomic Energy CommunityAnd composed of.Previously, these three separate organizations had their own committees (the European Coal and Steel Community's committee was called the "supreme authority") and their own councils.After the merger, there is a single "Commission of the European Communities" and a single "Council of Ministers of the European Communities".Other administrative, legislative andJudiciaryThe merger was also carried out in the name of the European Community.
In 1993, the European Community became the basis for the establishment of the European Union.meanwhile,European Economic CommunityIt was renamed the European Community.Western European countries are small and geographically connected,economic structureAnd institutionsDevelopment levelCloser to each otherPolitical system、sense of worthReadideology、religious beliefThey are basically the same, with highly developed economic production and close economic and trade exchanges between countries.These things in common areEuropean CommunityThe establishment of provides the possibility.World War ISince then, many people of insight in Europe have proposed to establishEuropean UnionIn 1922, Kaleji of Austria promoted the Pan European Movement, and in 1929French Prime Ministerbriand The concept of the common market was put forward, but under the situation of great powers competing for hegemony at that time, the alliance was not built, but becameWorld War IIThe main battlefield of.After World War II, the special environment faced by Western Europe provided a realistic possibility for the European Community.
Background
1、 The urgent need for the rapid development of productive forces
After the war, productivity was greatly improvedeconomic cooperationWith a wider scope, the internationalization of production and capital has been greatly strengthened, and many large multinational companies have emerged, which has made the six Western European countries more closely linked economically.How to deal with the economic relations between countries requires the coordination of an international institution beyond the scope of a country.
2、 PostwarState monopoly capitalismThe high level of development provides a basis for international coordination
After World War II, in order to coordinate the economy, all countries generally strengthened the state's intervention in the economy, and the system of state intervention in the economy became increasingly perfect, which prepared the conditions for international coordination.International coordination is actually the international application of the principle of state intervention in the economy.
3、 Postwarinternational situationThe change of status with Western Europe impels Western Europe to take the road of unity
Western European countries in the early post-war periodPainSoviet UnionThe threat of the US has to rely on the protection of the United States, which has led to political inequality between Western Europe and the United States, economic constraints, and the loss of the status of a major power in the past.They realized that it was impossible to compete with the United States and the Soviet Union only by relying on the strength of one country. Therefore, only by strengthening the alliance between countries can they maintain their position in Europe and even the world. The rapid economic development of Western Europe in the 1950s and 1960s made the call for unity even stronger.
4、 The US policy towards Europe in the early postwar period, to a certain extent, promoted the union of Western Europe;It mainly refers to the U.Smarshall plan。When the United States was implementing the Marshall Plan, it had a prerequisite that Western European countries should unite to propose a general aid plan to the United States and promise to reduce tariffs and trade barriers;Politically allow West Germany to joinNATO, onAtlanticThe problem of rearming Germany was solved internally, which eased France'sfear, which eased the relationship between France and Germany and accelerated the European union, intentionally or unintentionally.
On March 29, 1957, the heads and foreign ministers of France, Italy, the Netherlands, Belgium, Rwanda and West GermanyRomeSigned two treaties, namely《Treaty of the European Economic Community》EURATOM Treaty, collectively referred to as the Treaty of Rome;It was ratified by the six countries and came into force in January 1958.The Treaty of Rome does not stipulate a time limit or a procedure for withdrawing from the treaty, but there are provisions welcoming other countries to join the treaty. This isOpennessThis also shows that the six Western European countries regard the Community as a broaderEuropean integrationThe foundation and starting point of.
The purpose of the Community is to promote regional economic cooperation and realizeRegional economic integration。The main task is to carry out economic cooperation through the Caribbean Common Market;Coordinating Member Statesforeign policy；Provide services and cooperate in the fields of health, education, culture, communication and industry.
member stateHead of GovernmentMeeting is the highestdecision-making body；common marketCouncil of MinistersComposed of ministers designated by member states;The Secretariat of the Community is the permanent working body;The Community has 11 ministerial level permanent councils: health, education, labor, diplomacy, finance, agriculture, mining, industry, transportation, science and technology, tourism, etc.There are 13 members (until November 2004):Antigua and Barbuda BarbadosBahamas、Belize 、dominica、GrenadaGuyanaSaint Lucia 、Saint Kitts and Nevis、Saint Vincent and the GrenadinesTrinidad and TobagoMontserrat、Suriname。There were 15 original members.In February 2004,Haitiex-presidentAristideAfter its overthrow, CARICOM froze Haiti's membership.andJamaicaThe membership of Aristide was also suspended for allowing him to take temporary refuge.
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Cross Strait Industrial Common Market
common marketCross Strait Common MarketIn 2001, well-known political figures from TaiwanXiao WanchangProposedeconomic policy。The policy was truly implemented and announced in 2005Chinese KuomintangThe Lianhu Communiqu é signed with the Communist Party of China, in which "cross-strait" refers to the Chinese mainland and Taiwan.
The Chinese Kuomintang and the Importance of TaiwanPrivate enterprisesThe cross-strait common market policy, which is actively promoted, claims that it can actively find an economic outlet for Taiwan and solve the political, trade and industrial problems between the two sides.But on the other hand, Taiwanruling partyDemocratic Progressive PartyThe main opponents of this policy believe that the cross-strait common market is actually a copy of the first China market, and that this policy will lead to "blind flow"TaipeiPark "," Taiwan will become an island "and other sequelae.
reference resourcesEuropean UnionThe ultimate goal of the cross Strait common market is to gradually move from economic integration to political integration.The policy believes that the development of the European Union has also gradually developed from the coal and steel agreement to the current European Common Market.This experience can also serve as the foundation of the common market between the two sides of the Taiwan Straits, provided that the political differences between Taiwan and the mainland of China are diluted and economic and trade cooperation is fully sought.Advocates of the common market believe that this approach can get rid of the political force between Taiwan and the mainland of China, and make both sides face peace, security andPrinciple of reciprocityLower the barriers and costs of economic and trade exchanges.At the same time, it can also solve the problems brought about by the implementation of "abstinence from emergencies, patience" and "three links".
In terms of details, the focus of the cross-strait common market is actually: comprehensive economic exchanges between Taiwan and the mainland of China, and through this exchangeCross Strait Economic CooperationMechanism.Details include comprehensive, direct and two-way direct sea and air flights, strengthening investment and trade exchanges, agricultural and fishery cooperation, and Taiwan's agricultural products in the Chinese mainlandfor the domestic marketCooperate and strike togethereconomic crime。
Central America
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Central AmericaThe Common Market is composed of five Central American countriesdeveloping countryRegionalEconomic Cooperation Organization。December 13, 1960Honduras、Nicaragua、El SalvadorandGuatemalaIn the capital of NicaraguaManaguaIt signed the General Treaty on Central American Economic Integration (commonly known as the Managua Treaty), which entered into force on June 3, 1961.July 1962Costa RicaThe treaty was also signed.These five countries were in the capital of Costa Rica on August 2, 1962San JoseSign and establishCentral American Common MarketAgreement, the Central American Common Market was officially established.Headquartered in the capital of GuatemalaGuatemala City。The purpose of the organization is to promote the economic integration of Central America, coordinate the economic policies of member countries, gradually eliminate tariffs among member countries, unify foreign tariffs, and finally realize the regionalliberalization of trade, establishfree trade areaandcustoms union。 The Central American Economic Council is the highest authority of the organization. It is composed of economic ministers of member countries and is responsible for economic coordination and cooperation among member countries.The Executive Council is responsible for implementing the provisions of the General Treaty and the resolutions of the Economic Council.After the establishment of the Central American Common Market, it was gradually cancelled among the member countriestariff barriersAnd implement a unified foreign tariff.By 1969, 95% of the tariff items in the region had been granted free trade status, and the remaining 5% were commodities arranged by international agreements or other special agreements.Therefore, tariff exemption has been achieved among member countries.stayforeign tradeOn the one hand, 98.4% of the commodities entering the region are subject to uniform tariffs.In 1969, the two countries broke off diplomatic and trade relations due to the armed conflict between Hong Kong and Saudi Arabia.Hong also closed thePan American HighwayAnd announced to withdraw from the common market, which made the organization face a serious crisis.In 1973, Honduras returned to the Common Market. In August of the same year, the five countries established the "High Committee for the Reconstruction of the Common Market".In October 1975, the presidents of the five countries andPanamaThe leaders jointly studied and formulated the Central American Social and Economic Community Programme.In 1980, the foreign ministers of the five countries and Panama issued the San Jos é Declaration and decided to intensify research on the restoration of the Central American Common Market.However, due to the political turmoil and heavy foreign debt burden, the member statestrade balance. Saving limited foreign exchange, destroying the commonTariff system, makeInterregional tradeThere has been a sharp decline year by year.Suffer frominternational marketAnd is unable to take common protective measures,integration process Slow.Since the 1980s, in order to revitalize the common market and promote the economic development of all countries, the five countriesvice presidentHe held a series of meetings and consultations with the Minister of Economy and other officials, and called forinternational societySupport for Central AmericanDevelopment planAnd efforts to achieve economic integration.The European Community is the second largest export market and investor of the Central American Common Market.Since 1984, the European Community, Central America andContadora Group The foreign ministers held five meetings on strengthening political and economic cooperation with Central America and reached some agreements.The United States is the largest export market and investor of the Central American Common Market,USAIDProvide part of the funding to the Common Market headquarters.
