Highway transportation refers to transportation on the highwaypassengerAnd cargotype of shipping。yesTransportationOne of the components of the system.It mainly undertakes short distance passenger and freight transportation.Modern transportation means are mainly automobiles.Therefore, highway transportation generally refers to automobile transportation.In the remote and economically backward areas with rugged terrain, sparse population, underdeveloped railway and water transport, roads are the main mode of transportation, playing the role of transportation trunk lines.[1]
Highway transportation came into being at the end of the 19th century with the birth of modern automobiles.At the initial stage, it mainly undertakes short tripstransportationBusiness.the First World WarAfter that, based on the development of the automobile industry and the increase of highway mileage, highway transportation is moving towards the stage of development, which is not only the main force of short distance transportation, but also enters the field of long-distance transportation.the Second World WarAfter that, highway transportation developed rapidly.EuropeMany countries andU.S.A、JapanCountries such as China have built relatively developed road networks, and the automobile industry has provided a solid material foundation, which has promoted road transportation to become a dominant position in the transportation industry.Passenger and freight turnover completed by road transportation in developed countries accounts for varioustype of shippingAbout 90% of the total turnover.
main features
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Strong adaptability
road transport
becauseHighway transportation networkGeneral ratioRailway、Waterway networkIts density is more than ten times larger and its distribution is wide, so road transport vehicles can be "everywhere and everywhere".The mobility of road transportation in terms of time is also relatively large, vehicles can be dispatched and shipped at any time, and the connection time between various links is relatively short.In particular, road transport has a strong adaptability to the amount of passenger and freight traffic,automobileThere are small (0.25t~1t) and large (200t~300t) deadweight tonnage ofRescue, disaster relief work andMilitary transportIt is of particular importance.
Direct transportation
Because of the carvolumeIt is small, and generally does not need to be reloaded. In addition to running along the widely distributed highway network, it can also leave the highway network and go deep intofactoryenterprise、countrysidefield、city dwellerresidenceAnd other places, that is to say, passengers andgoodsIt is directly transported from the gate of the origin to the gate of the destination“Door to door”Direct transportation.This is one of the characteristics that other transportation modes cannot compare with highway transportation.
Fast delivery speed
Road transport vehicles
In the medium and short distance transportation, because highway transportation can realize "door-to-door" direct transportation, passengers and goods can be directly transported to the destination without transshipment and transfer. Therefore, compared with other transportation modes, its passenger and goods transit time is shorter and the transportation speed is faster.
Road transport vehicle
Fast capital turnover
Compared with rail, water and air transportation, road transportation requires simple fixed facilities,vehicleThe purchase cost is generally low, so,investmentIt is easy to set up and has a short payback period.According to relevant data, under normal operating conditions, the investment in highway transportation can be turned around 1-3 times a year, whileRailwayTransportation takes 3-4 years to turn around.
Easy to master technology
Andengine driverOr training requirements for aircraft pilots,Automobile driving technologyIt is relatively easy to master, and the requirements for all aspects of the driver's quality are relatively low.
Small traffic volume
road transport
worldThe biggest car on the bus isGeneral MotorsThe produced mining dump truck is more than 20 meters long, with a dead weight of 610t and a load of about 350t, but it is still more thantrainThere are far fewer ships;Because of the carDeadweightSmall, driving resistance ratioRailway9~14 times larger, consumedFuelIt is also the liquid gasoline or diesel with high price. Therefore, in addition totransport aviationThe cost of automobile transportation is the highest.
Poor continuity
According to relevant statistical data, among various modern transportation modes, the average transportation distance of highway is the shortest, and the operation continuity is poor.
Low security
According to historical records, since the birth of automobiles, more than 30 million people have been killed. Especially since the 1990s, the number of people killed in automobile traffic accidents has increased sharply, reaching an average of more than 500000 every year.This figure exceeds that of AIDS, war andtuberculosisThe number of deaths per year.The exhaust gas and noise emitted by automobiles also seriously threaten human health, and are one of the largest sources of environmental pollution in large cities.
type of shipping
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Container truck transportation
Refers to the adoption ofContainerIt is a container and transported by truck.
Transport of heavy objects
It refers to the goods that need to be transported by large or special vehicles due to the requirements of volume and weight.
Express cargo transportation
It refers to transporting goods to the destination within the specified distance and time;At the request of the shipper, the goods are transported by express delivery.
Taxi freight
The supplier temporarily employs a small freight car with a rental business sign, and charges transportation fees according to the time, mileage and specified rate.
Moving goods transportation
Providing transportation, handling and loading services for individuals or units to move, and charging fees according to regulations.
Transport of dangerous goods
It refers to those listed in the List of Dangerous Goodsinflammable、easyburst、yesPoisonyescorrosionSexyesradiationAnd new products with the nature of dangerous goods that are not listed in the List of Dangerous Goods.
Organization and operation
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Organization andOperation modeThere are four main types:
① Rent the vehicle to users for scheduled use, schedule or regular use.
② According toTransport contractOr assign a vehicle to complete the transportation task.It is generally used for cargo transportation.
③ Organize regular passenger and freight trains with fixed routes, stations and time.Passenger shuttle bus is the main part of highway passenger transportform。The freight shuttle is a busLess than carload cargo transportationThe main form ofLTL FreightShuttle Bus.
④ Dispatch and organize the reasonable operation of vehicles according to the requirements of the user's consigned goods.
In order to improve highway transportation efficiency and reducetransportation costThe organization forms and methods of highway transportation have been constantly developing.Vehicles have been widely developedcontainer transport(See container transportation)Towing transportation, centralized transportation, etc.Towing transportation is to transport goods by car trains instead of ordinary trucks, which can increase the load capacity of vehicles.An automobile train is composed of a tractor or an automobile and a trailer, which can be coupled or uncoupled. It can not only flexibly deploy vehicles according to needs, but also implement drop and hook transportation.Dumping and towing transportation is to equip more trailers than cars or tractors on the fixed line of one point loading and one point unloading, or one point loading and multi-point unloading, or multi-point loading and one point unloading, so that when reaching the loading and unloading point, the trailer can be dumped for loading and unloading, and the car or tractor can hook up the loaded and unloaded trailer for shuttle reciprocating transportation.Centralized transportation refers to the transportation of goods from one delivery point by one motor transport unit（station, dockWarehouseAnd so on) to many receiving points, or from many goods points to one receiving point, so that the receiving and shipping units do not have to send people to pick up and deliver goods, saving manpower;It can also reasonably dispatch vehicles, reduce idling and improve transportation efficiency;And for the use of motor trains, special transport vehicles andLoading and unloading machineryCreated favorable conditions.
Transportation freight
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Calculation standard
transport
highwayfreightThe unit of calculation is "ton/mile". Generally, there are two calculation standards. One is to specify the basic freight rate according to the cargo grade, and the other is to specify the basic freight rate according to the pavement gradeFreight rate。Where a transportation route contains two or moreClass highwayThe freight rate will be calculated based on the actual mileage.Special roads, such as mountains, river beds and fields, shall be discussed and agreed by the two parties.
Freight rate
Highway freight rates are divided into vehicle logistics (VL) and vehicle logistics (VL)Less than carloadThere are two kinds of transportation (less than carload freight), the latter is generally 30-50% higher than the former, and the less than carload rate is applicable.For goods weighing one kilogram and whose volume exceeds four cubic decimetersLight foam cargo(or measurement cargo).The freight of light foam goods of the whole vehicle shall be calculated according to the verified tonnage of the loaded vehicle;The volume of less than carload light foam goods shall be calculated according to their length, width and height. Every four cubic decimeters shall be converted into one kilogram, and the unit of charge shall be kilogram.In addition, there is a Lump Sum Rate, which is calculated according to the service time of the vehicle (hours or days).
Industry development
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The importance of the transportation industry has rapidly increased with the continuous development of our economy. The development and changes of both passenger transportation and cargo transportation have become an important part of the development of the national economy, in which road transportation has become the top priority of the transportation industry.
In 2004, the whole countryHighway passenger volumeThe accumulated transportation volume reached 16.289 billion people, up 11.2% year on year, and the passenger turnover volume reached 871.915 billion person kilometers, up 13.5% year on year;The freight volume reached 12.136 billion tons, up 9.9% year on yearrotation volume of freight transport762.132 billion ton kilometers, an increase of 11.4% year on year. In 2004, the national highway freight transport turnover was 759.6 billion ton kilometers, an increase of 7.0% over 2003;The national highway passenger cargo transport turnover volume is 876.5 billion person kilometers, an increase of 13.9% over 2003.
In 2005, China's highway passenger transport volume totaled 16.84 billion people, an increase of 3.4% compared with the same period in 2004, and the highway passenger turnover volume totaled 924.17 billion person kilometers, an increase of 6% compared with the same period in 2004;China in 2005Road freightThe total volume was 13.14 billion tons, an increase of 8.3% compared with the cumulative amount of the same period in 2004, and the total turnover volume of highway freight volume was 847.58 billion tons, an increase of 11.2% compared with the cumulative amount of the same period in 2004.As the bottleneck effect of China's transportation industry has not been eliminated yet, and the growth of railway transportation capacity in land transportation is limited, highway transportation willSocial logisticsThe main beneficiaries of substantial growth in volume.
In 2012, China's transportation cargo volume was 40.39 billion tons, including 31.89 billion tons of road freight, accounting for 78.9%, and 21.1% of waterway, railway and air transportation.The highway freight transport volume accounts for the vast majority of the freight transport volume. In addition to the advantages of flexible and convenient highway freight transport, it also benefits from continuous innovation.
With the deepening of overload control and the implementation of policies and measures such as reducing road and bridge tolls for large tonnage vehicles, the level of freight rates will fall back, and the freight volume will maintain a rapid growth,transport market Supply will exceed demand.In terms of passenger volume, freight volumePassenger turnoverAnd other aspects are far ahead of the sum of other transportation modes.according toMinistry of TransportIt is planned that by 2010, the total mileage of roads will reach 2.1 million to 2.3 million kilometers, and will be fully completed“Five vertical and seven horizontal"National trunk line, a city with a population of more than 200000expresswayThe connection rate will reach 90%, and the total mileage of expressways will reach 50000 km.
data statistics
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On February 28, 2023, the National Bureau of Statistics issued the Statistical Bulletin of the People's Republic of China on National Economic and Social Development in 2022. According to the preliminary accounting, the total volume of highway freight transportation in 2022 will be 37.12 billion tons, an increase of - 5.5% over the previous year;The turnover of highway freight transportation was 6895.8 billion ton kilometers, up - 1.2% over the previous year;The total number of road passenger transport was 3.55 billion person times, an increase of - 30.3% over the previous year;The turnover of highway passenger transport was 240.75 billion person kilometers, an increase of -33.7% over the previous year.[2]
On February 29, 2024, the National Bureau of Statistics issued the Statistical Bulletin of the National Economic and Social Development of the People's Republic of China in 2023, which shows that in 2023, the total volume of highway freight transportation will be 40.34 billion tons, an increase of 8.7% over the previous year;The turnover of highway freight transportation was 739.502 billion ton kilometers, an increase of 6.9% over the previous year;The total number of road passenger transport was 4.57 billion, up 28.9% over the previous year;Highway passenger transport turnover: 351.76 billion peopleKm, an increase of 46.1% over the previous year.[3]
