Global MetachemistryIs researchEarth systemOverall behaviorA science of.It puts the earth's various layers (such asAtmosphere、Hydrosphere、lithosphereAnd biosphere) as a whole, study the past, present and future changes of the Earth system and the reasons and mechanisms for controlling these changes, so as to establish the scientific basis for global change prediction and provide scientific basis for the management of the Earth system.
The emergence and development of global change science is a series of solutionsGlobal environmental issuesIt is also the inevitable result of the development of science and technology in depth and breadth.
today,Global environmental issuesOfseriousnessMainly because the impact of human beings on the environment has approached and exceeded the intensity and rate of natural change, and is and will continue to affectFuture mankindOur living environment has a long-term impact.These major global environmental problems have gone far beyond the scope of a single discipline, and it is urgent to study the Earth's environment andLife systemChanges, thereby proposingEarth systemThe concept ofAtmosphere、Hydrosphere、lithosphereAnd the biosphere.
At the same time, the development of observation technology, especiallySatellite remote sensing technology, providingSystem behaviorAbility to monitor;computer technologyThe development of GIS provides a tool for processing a large amount of information of the Earth system and establishing a numerical model of the complex Earth system.
The main research contents of global change science at this stage are as follows
(1) GlobalAtmospheric chemistryInteraction with the biosphere.How are the global atmospheric chemical processes modulated?Biological processes play a role in the generation and consumption of trace gases, and predict the impact of natural and human activities on changes in atmospheric chemical composition.
(2) Global oceansfluxResearch.It mainly studies the impact of marine biogeochemical processes on climate and its impact on climate change.
(5) Research on the history of global change.2000 years since reconstruction, and a completeGlaciationInterglacialGlobal environmental changeTo understand their relationship with the interior or exterior of the earthForceRelationship.
(6) Factors of global change: 1. The increasing number of cars every year leads to automobile exhaustcarbon dioxideOne of the causes, 2: the continuous growth of the population, breathing, survival process, destruction of biological factors leading to global change.
Means route
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Research means
(1) Develop global analysis and simulation.Quantitative analysis by means of global modelEarth systemInteractions of internal physical, chemical and biological processes to estimate the possible impact of future changes.
(2) Establish a global data and information system.Establish global data and information processing, storageAC system, especially to develop the space for global changeRemote sensing observationAbility and data processing ability.
In the above three aspects, efforts should be made to develop computer science and technologySatellite remote sensing technologyAnd other advanced scientific instruments and equipment, the application ability in monitoring, testing and simulation of global change, and the application ability of physical theories and methods in global change research.
Since the 1990s, global change will begin a series of core plans, which will become the next 10 to 20 yearsWorld ScienceThe most active research field.Many new ideas and theories will emerge at the intersection of disciplines and interact with each other in physical, chemical and biological processesfundamental theoryThere are new breakthroughs in this area.At the same time, due to the need of cross, comprehensive and interactive process research, important changes may occur in scientific research methodology.
On the other hand, the research on global change has very clear application goals, and its research results will be directly applied to the earthnatural resourcesReasonable development and utilization,Agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, sideline fisheryReasonable layout, control of water, soil and gas pollution andGlobal environmental issuesThe major decisions made by the Ministry of Public Security have made contributions to protecting and improving the living environment of several generations, which is of overall strategic significance.
2. Current or predicted 3IGBP land transectAtmospheric composition、land use And climate change are collectively referred to as global change. With reference to this figure, the wind components along the λ and φ axes (respectively defined by the letters u and v with circles) are defined in a group called velocity pointsLattice pointWhile all other variables are defined on another group of grid points called mass points (with the box letter h), the grid distances Δφ and Δλ of latitude and longitude are respectively the distance between the adjacent mass points along the φ axis and the velocity point along the λ axis
3. Global change refers to the globalenvironmental change , mainly includingAtmospheric compositionChange, climate change and land use change caused by population, economy, technology and social pressure
4. Global change means the wholeEarth systemAnd its supporting environment, especially under the influence of life processhuman activityA series of changes occurred with participation
5. Global change refers to the impact of environmental damage on the world. For examplegreenhouse gasesThe increase of can cause temperature riseglobal climateThe decrease of biodiversity on the earth is also a global problem
6. Many scholars attribute this phenomenon to the globalAverage temperatureVarious types caused by risingEnvironmental variationIt is called global change.In fact, many so-called global changes have not exceeded the historical cycle
8. Therefore, in a broad sense, the so-called global change refers tohuman societyAnd its survival and developmentEarth environmentThere are extremely complex multiple interaction processes
9. Global change meansInevitability, how does itchanceOn the other hand, the impact of environmental damage on the world has been difficult to change because people are used to it
High frequency articles
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Frequently cited articles related to "global change" in hot years
The Interaction between Global Change and Human Activities in 2005: The Focus of China's Next Stage Global Change Research
Global Change and the Development of Human Society
Since the beginning of human history, people have lived by water and grass.Therefore, water is the lifeblood and lifeline of human survival and development.Water determines economic development and urban scale, and water determines economic structure andProduction modeWater determines the living environment and health level of human settlementsQuality of lifeWater determines the development direction of a country, the rise and fall of a country, the key to sustainable economic and social development, and the modernization and urban development of a countrynational securityThe first guarantee condition of.Especially in areas where water resources are scarce, water andRegional economysocial developmentThe connection of fate is particularly prominent.
research meaning
Water isSource of life, wasting water resources is equivalent to wasting our own lives.What we don't want to see is that the water sources around us are gradually decreasing, and some are foolishly polluted by human beings themselves,Protect water resourcesThis is not a boring slogan, not a simple words of parents to educate their children, but a matter that really concerns our vital interests.In the world, in China, even in coastal areas, where water is abundantWenlingAre frequentWater shortageThe protection of water resources should not only exist in fantasy, but also should be put into action.This is indeed an urgent matter!Life cannot stop flowing. We cannot live without water, just as we cannot live without blood.Let's join hands to protect water resources and make sustainable use of our scarce water resources.
Overview of water source
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According to China Sustainable Development Information Network in 2004Water resources surveyAccording to the communique, in 2004Total water resources2412.96 billion m3, 12.9% less than the normal value.Groundwater andsurface water resources The amount of non repetition is 100.32 billion m3, accounting forGroundwater resources13.5%, i.e. 86.5% of groundwater resources andsurface waterRepeat.The total water production in China accounts for 42.4% of the total precipitation, with an average ofWater yield255700 m3/km2.
Table I Water resource quantity of each water resource level area in 2004
Unit: 100 million m
Grade I water resources area
Total precipitation
Surface water resources
Groundwater resources
Non repetitive quantity of groundwater and surface water resources
Total water resources
whole country
fifty-six thousand eight hundred and seventy-six point four
twenty-three thousand one hundred and twenty-six point four
seven thousand four hundred and thirty-six point three
one thousand and three point two
twenty-four thousand one hundred and twenty-nine point six
Songhua River
three thousand eight hundred and fifty-four
one thousand and seven point eight
four hundred and twenty-nine point three
one hundred and eighty-two point one
one thousand one hundred and eighty-nine point nine
Liaohe River
one thousand six hundred and thirty-eight point four
three hundred and thirty-five point seven
one hundred and eighty-three point two
eighty-three point three
four hundred and nineteen
Haihe River
one thousand six hundred and eighty-six point six
one hundred and thirty-seven point nine
two hundred and thirty-seven point seven
one hundred and sixty-one point six
two hundred and ninety-nine point six
Yellow River
three thousand three hundred and fifty-three point seven
five hundred and eighteen point five
three hundred and fifty-two point four
one hundred and nine point five
six hundred and twenty-eight
Huaihe River
two thousand five hundred and seventy-three point six
five hundred and eleven point six
three hundred and ninety-one point nine
two hundred and forty point seven
seven hundred and fifty-two point two
Yangtze River
eighteen thousand five hundred and forty-six point eight
eight thousand six hundred and thirty-three point six
two thousand two hundred and fifty-nine point five
one hundred point nine
eight thousand seven hundred and thirty-four point six
Including: Taihu Lake
three hundred and eighty-seven point four
one hundred and nine point four
thirty-nine point eight
fifteen point six
one hundred and twenty-five
Southeast rivers
two thousand nine hundred and forty-five point four
one thousand three hundred and thirteen point three
three hundred and eighty-eight point three
ten point four
one thousand three hundred and twenty-three point eight
Pearl River
seven thousand three hundred and fifty-nine point three
three thousand and five hundred point nine
eight hundred and sixty point nine
twelve
three thousand five hundred and twelve point nine
Southwest rivers
nine thousand four hundred and four point eight
five thousand nine hundred and sixty-nine point three
one thousand five hundred and forty-seven point three
zero
five thousand nine hundred and sixty-nine point three
Northwest rivers
five thousand five hundred and thirteen point eight
one thousand one hundred and ninety-seven point seven
seven hundred and eighty-five point seven
one hundred and two point seven
one thousand and three hundred point four
Source: China Water Resources Bulletin 2004 Ministry of Water Resources of the People's Republic of China.
the United NationsA research report points out that 1.2 billion people around the world are facing the pressure of moderate to high water shortage, 80 countries are short of water resources, and 2 billion people can not guarantee their drinking water.It is predicted that by 2025, the situation will further deteriorate, and the population short of water will reach 2.8 billion to 3.3 billion.World BankAccording to the prediction of the officials, in the next five years, "water will run around the world like oil".
China is one of the countries lacking water, per capitaFreshwater resourcesOnly 1/4 of the world's per capita, ranking 109th in the world.China has been listed as one of the 13 water poor countries with per capita water resources in the world.Moreover, the distribution is uneven. A large number of fresh water resources are concentrated in the south. The fresh water resources in the north are only 1/4 of those in the south.Experts warned that "China will not find drinkable water resources in 20 years".A report published by Worldwatch Research Institute, an influential private think tank in the United States, said: "Due to the fact that China's urban areas andIndustrial areaadd waterrequirementWith rapid growth, China will suffer from water shortage for a long time. "Ministry of Water Resources forecast, 2030Chinese populationWill reach 1.6 billionPer capita water resourcesOnly 1750 cubic meters.In full consideration of water conservation, the total water consumption is expected to be 700 billion to 800 billion cubic meters, and the water supply capacity is required to increase by 130 billion to 230 billion cubic meters. The actual available water resources in the country are close to the upper limit of the reasonable use of water, which makes the development of water resources extremely difficult.
Many problems in the utilization of water resources in China
ChineseWater resources crisisIt has existed for a long time, and experts and scholars from all walks of life have also conducted in-depth research on this problem for a long time:
ministry of educationPhilosophy and Social SciencesKey research project of major research topic -- China's water resources utilizationEconomic analysisChief expert of the research groupWu XinmuThe professor said (in 2004) that there was a water crisis in China,Flood disaster, drought and water shortageWater environment qualityDeterioration, and water resourcesManagement efficiencyLow and other factors restrict the sustainable development of China's social economy.
Member of the Standing Committee of the Central Committee and CPPCCZhu PeikangIn the speech "China's water resources crisis and way out" at the sixth session of the ninth Standing Committee of the CPPCC National Committee, it was pointed out that China's water resources are wrong in many crises, the focus of which is reflected in four aspects: firstAquatic ecologyEnvironmental degradation;Second, water resources are separated and managed, which is difficult to be developed and utilized rationally;Third, water conservancyoperating mechanismnot suited toSocialist market economyrequirement;Fourth, the domesticInternational riversNot being paid enough attention and fully utilized.
But in the pastwater resources managementAnd the most complete utilization statusanalysis reportIt is also a research report entitled "Solving China's Water Scarcity: Suggestions on Several Issues of Water Resources Management" issued by the World Bank in Beijing on January 12, 2009.According to the report, China should strengthen water resources management to deal with the shortage of water resources.Since 2006, the World Bank has focused onChina's water resourcesThe most authoritative report on the status quo.
Based on the analysis of the current situation of China's water resources from all walks of life, the author believes that China's water resources have the following problems:
(1) Water resources in China are scarce and unevenly distributed.China's total renewable water resources are about 2841 billion cubic meters per year, ranking sixth in the world.However, its annual per capita water resources possession - estimated at 2151 cubic meters in 2007 - is only a quarter of the world average (8549 cubic meters per year), which is one of the countries with the lowest per capita water resources possession in the world.China is generally a country with water shortage, and the distribution of water resources is uneven in time and space.First in spacegeographical positionOn average, the annual rainfall in the south is more than 2000 mm, while that in the north is only about 200-400 mm. Therefore, the water resources in southern China are far richer than those in the north.The per capita water resource in northern China is only 757 cubic meters per year, less than a quarter of that in the south, about one eleventh of the world average, and 1000 cubic meters below the threshold level commonly defined as "water scarcity".Secondly, in terms of time and season, there is generally little rainfall in China in autumn and winter, and it often occurs in early spring when farmingSpring droughtPhenomenon, while in summerWarm and humid airflowThe precipitation in China is growing rapidly, which leads to summer waterloggingWinter droughtEmbarrassing situation.
(2) China's water use efficiency is low.China's water resource productivity is 3.60 US dollars/cubic meter, lower thanMiddle income countriesThe average level of (US $4.80/m3) andhigh income country(35.80 USD/m3).The gap between China and the world in this regard is largely due toindustrial structureAnd different water use efficiency.The low utilization rate of water resources in China is mainly reflected in two aspects: first,Chinese Agriculturewater consumptionoccupyTotal water consumption65%.becauseirrigation systemWidespread waste, as well as between different crops and different regions in the same basinWater resource allocationPoor. Among all industries, agricultural water resource productivity is the lowest.About 45% of agricultural water is actually used by farmers to irrigate crops.Chinese industryThe water consumption accounts for 24% of the total water consumption, and the industrial recycling water ratio is 40% on averagedeveloped country75-85%.Second, ChinaWater resource allocationThe efficiency of the system is not high.In its report (2009), the World BankHaihe River BasinA study conducted found that among different industrieseconomic valueThe productivity of water resources measured by EVW is very different - rice irrigation is 1.0 yuan/m3, vegetable production is 12.3 yuan/m3, manufacturing industry is 21.3 yuan/m3, and service industry is 33.7 yuan/m3.Such a huge gap exists in areas with extreme water shortage, which indicates that in the allocation of water resourcesMarket awarenessSerious deficiency.
(3) Large areawater pollutionIt aggravates the scarcity of water resources in China.In the past three decades, although China has made great efforts to control pollution, water pollution is still growing, spreading from coastal areas to inland areas, from surface water to groundwater.In 2006, China's total sewage discharge rose to 53.7 billion tons.Since 2000,domestic sewageThe discharge exceeds the industrial sewage discharge, becoming the largestPollution source。Until 2007, the rising trend of water pollution emissions began to show signs of decline.However, the situation of water pollution is still serious.One of the main reasons is thaturban sewage Only 56% were treated in some form, although the treatment rate of industrial sewage reached 92%.
The World Bank also pointed out in its report that about 25 billion cubic meters of water in China every year cannot be used because of pollution, which is part of the reason why water demand cannot be met and groundwater is exhausted. China has more than 300 millionRural residentsThere is no safe drinking water.According to the data in 2003, rural residents in China suffered from diarrhea andcancerThe economic loss caused by diseases and premature deaths is estimated to be 66.2 billion yuan, accounting for aboutgross domestic product0.49%.According to the World Bank's research report China's Pollution Loss,Water crisisThe losses caused have accounted forChina's GDPAbout 2.3%.Such estimate reflects only a part, and does not include losses that have not been estimated, such asEutrophication of water body，lake, wetlands and rivers dried up, etcEcological impact, as well as the loss of comfort caused by pollution of most water bodies, these losses have not been estimated.Therefore,China's water crisisThe total loss will undoubtedly be higher.
Suggestions on sustainable development and utilization of water resources in China
As mentioned above, addressing the potential water crisis requires China to reform and strengthen itsWater resources management system。And establishment and improvementMarket economy systemOfoverall strategyTo adapt, the focus of reform needs to focus on clarifying the roles and interrelationships of government, society and market, improving the efficiency and effectiveness of water resources management institutions, and adopting market-basedManagement means。
Based on this, this study pays attention to the following aspects:
(1) Improve water treatment.
China has established seven major river basinswatershed management Organization, under the Ministry of Water Resources.However, the power of these institutions is limited, and there are no representatives of local governments in the basin among their members.Therefore, in river basin management, it is difficult for them to coordinate relevant provinces and cities with othersstakeholder。For this reason, this study believes that national integrated water management institutions can be established.One plan is to establish national waterResources Committee, as the highest level of the government to guide and coordinate national water related affairs.The committee is responsible for waterPolicy formulationThe high-level organization ofNational Energy Commission。Another option that can be considered is to distribute the resources in different departments (i.e. Ministry of Water Resources, Ministry of Environmental ProtectionMinistry of AgricultureHousing and urban and rural areasMinistry of ConstructionAndWater managementThe relevant main functions shall be integrated to form a new department, so as to improve the water quantity and quality, surface water and groundwaterwater resources protection Implementation of utilization and water environment protectionunified management 。
distributionwater rightEstablishing water market can improve the water consumption of Chinaeconomic efficiency To help solve its water shortage problem.Since 2000, China has been establishing water rightsmanagement systemAnd has made obvious progress in some pilot areas.China has initially established a water rights management system at the national levellaws and regulationsAnd institutional framework.However, further measures need to be taken to strengthen the management of water rights and improve the water market.The first obstacle to the establishment of the water market is that the water right is unclear and difficult to implement. It is not always clear who owns the water right and what rights the owner of the water right has.There are few rules to protect water rights, and there are no clear provisions on how to deal with the infringement of water rights.This is clearly stated and implementedWater intake permitIt is particularly necessary.The permitted water intake must be defined by volume, andWater resources planningInitial water inDistribution phaseContact.The total permitted intake shall be limited tosustainable use The allowable maximum water consumption determined in principle shall be fully considered when determining the allowable maximum water consumptionEnvironmental waterAnd new uses.It is necessary to strengthen the management of water rights and clearly stipulate the conditions, procedures, rights and obligations of water intake, water use and return.
(3) Improve the efficiency of water supply pricing andFairness。
Traditionally, China's policy overemphasized meeting water demand by increasing supply, whiledemand management Insufficient attention.An important reason for the water scarcity crisis is the lack of effective water resources policies that attach importance to demand management and encourage efficient water use.
Fair and efficientprice reformIt is feasible.People often determine the low level ofWater priceHowever, in fact, low water price will produce improperincome distributioneffect.The survey results of resident households show that the social impact of low water prices on poor households is negative. They get little or no benefit from water price subsidies, but they need to pay higher costs because of poor quality of water supply services, including health impacts and higher costs for better water supply services.On the other hand, through proper design, water price reform can at least protect the poor from the impact of rising water prices to some extent.If the newly increased revenue due to the increase of water price is used to expand service facilities and improve service quality, a win-win result may eventually be generated.In China and other countries, three methods have been adopted to protect the interests of the poor when designing water price reform schemes: 1. Progressive ladder rates have been adopted, which have been recognized by relevant Chinese laws and regulations;2 Provide income support;3 Price reduction and exemption will be implemented for the poorest families.
Although the Chinese government has successfully dealt with someEnvironmental emergenciesHowever, the frequent occurrence of serious pollution incidents and the resulting losses indicate that China needs to continue to reform and improve its existing system of prevention and response to sudden environmental pollution incidents.EmergenciesManagement practice shows that local governments are mainly concerned about how to mitigate the impact of events after they occur.However, by strictly implementing the appropriatePolicies and regulationsTo prevent pollution is often a more economical and effective method, which should be emphasized.The prevention and response system for sudden pollution incidents in ChinaStatus analysisIt shows that the problems in the system stem from various factors, including improper legal and institutional arrangementsexcitation mechanismLack, weak chemical management, weak coordination at the incident site, monitoring andInformation reportThe system is not perfect.
According to international experience, the system for effectively preventing and responding to pollution emergencies includes the following basic elements:risk assessment , management and planning transformation;2 Improve the preparation of the first responder;3 Strict implementationPolluter pays principleLet the polluter bear the losses caused by potential disastersEconomic responsibility；4 Establish chemicalsmis, to trackToxic chemicalsAnd provide necessary information for rapid and effective response in case of accidents;5 Establish an effective public information system to provide information in time when emergencies occur.
reference material:
1. China Water Resources Bulletin 2004 Ministry of Water Resources of the People's Republic of China.
2. Three Aspects of China's Water Resources Crisis 2004CCTVinternational
3. Solving China's Water Scarcity: Suggestions on Several Issues of Water Resources Management 2009 World Bank
4. "The Goal of Building a National Water saving Society during the Eleventh Five Year Plan", 2007, Ministry of Water Resources
