the entering tone

[rù shēng]

tone

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the entering tone (Checked tone) is a kind of tone , see at ancient Chinese 。 The entering tone characters are short in pronunciation and can be heard as soon as they are uttered. The entering sound is a silent stop sound, a stop sound with formation and retention stages, but there is no stop sound in the end.^[1] "The person who speaks in a low voice is sad and arrogant, the person who speaks in a high voice is sharp, the person who goes out of the voice is clear and far away, and the person who enters the voice is straight and fast."^[2]

Shen Yue in "Answering Zhen Gonglun", Tang Dynasty monk Chuzhong in "Yuan He Yunpu", Tang Dynasty Japanese monk Enron in "Xitan Zang", Ming Dynasty monk vacuum in "Jade Key Song", Gu Yanwu in《 Phonology 》Zhang Chengsun, Wang Mingsheng《 Discussion on the Seventeen Histories 》Both the entering tone and the entering tone are described in. Their description of Ru Sheng mentioned: "Straight and fast", "Straight", "Short and urgent collection", "There is no lingering sound", "Urgent words", "Hold your breath" and so on.^[6]

《 Wang Li's Dictionary of Linguistics 》It is believed that there were ru sheng in ancient times, which can be divided into two categories: long ru sheng and short ru sheng; The ending of entering tone in medieval Chinese is [k, t, p], maintaining the tone category of short entering in ancient times, and the Qusheng characters after the Wei and Jin dynasties are mostly transferred from the former long entering characters (long entering no longer exists). In the Yuan Dynasty, the Ru tone disappeared in most northern dialects, and this disappearance should be a transition from the three types of Ru tone to the rhyme ending [ʔ].^[6]

Chinese name: the entering tone
Foreign name: Checked tone
Pinyin: rù shēng

Phonetic transcription: ㄖㄨˋ ㄕㄥ
Tone order: The fourth tone
Flat and oblique tone: oblique tones
Rhyme tail: [- p ̚], [- t ̚], [- k ̚], or [ʔ]

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brief introduction

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overview

Ru Sheng is Chinese Four tones One, its voice is short and short, and it can be heard at once. In modern Chinese dialects Wu dialect 、 Fukienese 、 Cantonese 、 Hakka 、 Pinghua 、 Jiangxi speech 、 Xinxiang dialect 、 Anhui dialect 、 Jin 、 Jianghuai Mandarin , part Southwestern Mandarin And very few Jilu Mandarin Keep the ru sound in. mandarin The middle ru tone disappears, and the middle ru tone is sent into Yin Ping, Yang Ping, Shang Sheng and Qu Sheng.

record

Ming · Evacuation《 Rhythm Through Pearl Collection ·Jade Key Rhymes ":" The entry sound is short and urgent. "

Zhang Dihua "On the Rhythm of Old Style Poetry": "There are four tones in ancient Chinese, namely flat tone, rising tone, falling tone and entering tone."

Yu Shichang "Talking about Tones": "The majority of Chinese northern dialect has four tone categories: the flat tone is divided into yin and yang, one is up and the other is down. The tone category of entering tone has been merged into other tone categories."

features

Generally, the entering tone is short and rapid, but there are exceptions. stay Cantonese speech In Hakka, entering tone syllable with consonant [- p ̚], [- t ̚], [- k ̚] knot, sending obvious short and hurried Consonant , so that the syllable sounds like a sense of rapid closure. Cantonese speech Complete preservation of the plosives of ancient ru sheng Rhyme tail [-p̚]、[-t̚]、[-k̚]。 hakka dialect Most of them retain the stops of the ancient entering tone Rhyme tail [- p ̚], [- t ̚], [- k ̚], a small part of the ancient entering tone ending in [- k] was merged into [- t ̚]; Jiangxi speech - Nanchang dialect In ancient times, the entering tone, which ended in [- p ̚], was incorporated into [- t ̚] Reading pronunciation There is also a trend to merge [- k] into [- t], such as "hundred" Literary pronunciation It is [p ε t ̚], and the pronunciation of "Mai" is [m ε t ̚]. There are still two stop rhymes, [- t ̚] and [- k ̚]. Foochow [- p ̚] and [- t ̚] have disappeared, and the [- k ̚] ending is in the process of transforming to [- ʔ], so two tones coexist. Suzhou dialect The ancient [- p ̚], [- t ̚], [- k ̚] all changed into [- ʔ], representing the final stage of the evolution of stop rhymes, Wu dialect Dialects with ru tone in them are generally the same^[4] 。 Wu dialect 、 Jianghuai Mandarin 、 Jin 、 Mindong 、 Xinxiang dialect , part Southwestern Mandarin And very few Jilu Mandarin In the middle, there is only a weak throat stop [ʔ], and even there is no entering sound end but only a specific tone value.

assignment

In the northern Mandarin (including Peking Mandarin 、 northeastern mandarin 、 Jilu Mandarin and Jiaoliao Mandarin ）Medium, Ancient Chinese The entering tone characters of are assigned to the flat tone, rising tone and falling tone. This phenomenon is called“ Send three voices ", distribution has the following rules (with a few exceptions):

one Total voiced initials Word assignment the rising tone 。

two Secondary voiced initials Word assignment the falling tone (e.g. weak drop).

three Clear consonant Characters may be assigned to one of the three categories: Yin Ping, Yang Ping, Shang Sheng, Qu Sheng, without fixed rules.

summary

Ru tone is one of the tones in Chinese Stope At the end of [- p ̚], [- t ̚], [- k ̚], the pronunciation is relatively short. There is almost no entering tone in Mandarin, and the entering tone has been classified into four tones: Yin Ping, Yang Ping, Shang Sheng, Qu Sheng Wu dialect 、 Cantonese 、 Jiangxi speech 、 Fukienese 、 Hakka 、 Anhui dialect 、 Xinxiang dialect 、 Pinghua There is still sound in northern areas such as Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, north of the Yellow River in Henan, Zhangjiakou (i.e Jin Area), and many places still have Rusheng. Jianghuai Mandarin , part Southwestern Mandarin And very few Jilu Mandarin Also keep the ru tone. Korean There is a sound similar to the entering tone, but there is no entering tone in Japanese. There is no stop rhyme when Japanese pronounces a single syllable. The promoting sound of Japanese must be between two syllables. No word is taken out alone. There is a fixed sound like entering tone, which only exists in continuous sentences. The first syllable of the word "dad", similar to the Chinese popular phone, will have, but not when taken out alone. But [- p ̚], [- t ̚], [- k ̚] three consonants Rhyme tail The reservation is different in various dialects. Some Chinese dialects are completely reserved (such as Cantonese ）, some [- p ̚] and [- t ̚] are confused, or only [- t ̚] is reserved（ Jiangxi speech - Nanchang dialect ）, some merged into one glottal stop [-ʔ]（ Jin 、 Wu dialect 、 Jianghuai Mandarin , Few of which retain the sound Southwestern Mandarin And very few Jilu Mandarin ）, some dialects only enter tone Class, no consonant ending, Entering tone character It just shows Value adjustment Difference of（ Changshanese ）。

from phonetics It is said that Ru Sheng is based on stopper Finale syllable , but this stop has only closure Stage, no voice.

history

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It is generally believed in the linguistic circle that Ru Sheng merged into glottal stop And gradually disappeared in the Southern Song Dynasty. The rhyme book "Central Plains Rhythm" in the early Yuan Dynasty recorded that there was no entering tone in northern Mandarin at the end of the Song Dynasty and the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty. After the Ming Dynasty expelled the Mongol Yuan Dynasty and restored China, Hongwu Zhengyun was formulated, using the remaining Jianghuai Mandarin as the official language of the Ming Dynasty. In Hong Wu Zheng Yun, there are twenty-two rhymes in each of the three tones, and seventy six rhymes in total. The ten parts of Rusheng are respectively Quk, cjit, hat, hrat, set, yak, mrak, chip, kop, and yi ë p.

Current status

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The reservation of the entering tone in various dialects of modern Chinese is not consistent. According to the reservation and manifestation of the entering tone in modern Chinese dialects, it can generally be divided into the following situations:

one
Cantonese 、 Minnan 、 Hakka , Pinghua, Part Jiangxi speech Middle, completely save [- p ̚], [- t ̚], [- k ̚] rhymes
two
gross Jiangxi speech Keep [- t ̚] and [- k ̚] endings
three
Wu dialect 、 Anhui dialect 、 Jin 、 Mindong (Fuzhou^[3] ）、 Puxian dialect 、 Jianghuai Mandarin Few independent ru sheng Southwestern Mandarin With throat stop [- ʔ]
four
Some Jilu Mandarin Northern Min 、 Min Chinese 、 Xinxiang dialect , a small part Jianghuai Mandarin Independent of most ru sheng Southwestern Mandarin Keep independent in Value adjustment 。

Form of expression

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The entering tone of ancient Chinese has different forms of expression in different Chinese dialects and languages.

First, in modern standard Chinese (Putonghua), most Mandarin dialects and Xiang dialect, the entering tone no longer exists. The absence of the entering tone is therefore regarded as one of the distinctive features of northern dialects in terms of pronunciation compared with other dialects.

Secondly, the three kinds of entering tone [- p ̚], [- t ̚], [- k ̚] in ancient Chinese are preserved relatively completely Cantonese 、 Hakka 、 Minnan , part Jiangxi speech etc. Chinese dialects 。

Third, Gan language, including Nanchang dialect 、 takayasu Dialect Upper height Dialects, etc., retain the two forms of entering tone [- t ̚] and [- k ̚]. The plosive [- k ̚] tends to weaken into a laryngeal plosive "- ʔ".

Fourth, Jin , including Taiyuan dialect 、 Xinzhou Dialect CiH Dialect; Wu dialect, including Shanghai dialect and Suzhou dialect; Jianghuai Mandarin Including Nanjing dialect, Yangzhou dialect, Hefei dialect and Yancheng dialect Rhyme tail “-ʔ”。

Fifth, Japanese stay Phonetics When Chinese characters were introduced from China, most of the entering tones were Open syllable Chemical treatment. The so-called open syllableization is the process and method of adding vowels after the stop that forms the entering tone to make it an independent syllable. For example, "Guo (こく)", "Bei (ほく)", "Fu (ふく)" and other second Japanese pronunciation syllable "く (ku)" is the result of adding "u" to the ending "k" of the entering tone in ancient Chinese to make it independent of the syllable "ku". This is somewhat similar to the method used in modern Chinese to transliterate English words. For example, the ending sounds of the three English words "bus", "Smith" and "Bush" are consonants "s", "θ" and "ʃ", but after being translated into Chinese, they have all become independent syllables because of the addition of vowels, namely "shi sh ì", "si s ī" and "shi sh í".

Sixth, Southwestern Mandarin (including Sichuan, Chongqing, Guizhou, Yunnan and other places), the vowels in Putonghua end with e, i, u, ao, while the vowels in Southwest Mandarin change to/ε/, ie, uo, uo to retain the throat stop. The words at the end of "o" and "a" cannot be distinguished because they are the same as Mandarin. Specific examples are "De" (ancient sound dok, southwest mandarin Chengyu section/t ε/, southwest mandarin Leshan section/da ʔ/, mandarin de), "Li" (ancient sound lit, southwest mandarin lie, mandarin li), "Wu" (ancient sound uk, southwest mandarin Chengyu section vu, southwest mandarin Minjiang section voh, mandarin wu), "Yao" (Ancient sound yak, southwest mandarin Chengdu Chongqing section yo, southwest mandarin Minjiang section yoq, mandarin yao). In addition, another inflection "- er" is used to supplement the other entering rhymes of i, such as shi, chi, and ri (ancient sounds are zip, chek, nit, which have already become zi, ci, si, [z] i in southwest mandarin, but these places are pronounced zher cher、sher、rer）。 (/ε/change may also be the pronunciation of ai in Mandarin, and uo may also be the pronunciation of ue in Mandarin. It is necessary to meet the corresponding conditions above to determine whether it is an entering tone) Most of the rules of entering tone have been summarized in the first sentence.

In addition, the Minjiang section of southwest Mandarin still retains the entering tone, especially in Leshan dialect, which is embodied in Bai/bae ʔ/, Yu/yo ʔ/, I/ye ʔ/, Ba/b 601ʔ/, Ye/yi ʔ/

Pronunciation mode

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Cantonese Rusheng Rhyme tail It is called "only closed sound", which is a typical silent sound. For example, [a ː p ̚] "duck", [pa ː t ̚] "eight", [t ɐ k ̚] "virtue". In these words, the final consonant has closure and hold phase Stage, but no outbreak in the end.

stay Hakka 、 Jiangxi speech and Fukienese This phenomenon also exists in Chinese characters with/p ̚/,/t ̚/,/k ̚/as the ending of the entering tone, and the ending consonant as the silent blocking tone.

List analysis

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chinese characters

dialect

Southwestern Mandarin ( Leshan dialect )

Wu Yin

Kan-on

ɣɑp

hé

huʔ

[xɤʔ]

hap

ɦəʔ

hap

hop

hap

ガフ

(gapu

→gō)

カフ

(kapu

→kō)

합

hap

hợp

ten

ʑip

shí

sɛʔ

[ʂəʔ]

sip

zap

ʑiʔ

sap

sep

siip

sip

ジフ

(jipu

→jū)

シフ

(sipu

→shū)

십

sip

thập

Buddhism

vɪuət

fó

fuʔ

[fəʔ]

hut

put

vəʔ

fat

fut

ブツ

(butu

→butsu)

フツ

(putu

→futsu)

불

bul

phật

eight

pat

bā

bəʔ

[pɐʔ]

pat

peh

pɛʔ

baat

pat

bat

ハチ

(pati

→hachi)

ハツ

(patu

→hatsu)

팔

pal

bát

easy

jɐk

yì

yeʔ

[iəʔ]

jiʔ

yik

ヤク

(yaku)

エキ

(eki)

역

yeok

dịch

passenger

kʰɪɐk

kè

kaʔ

[kɐʔ]

By khek

White: kheh

kʰaʔ

haak

khak

hak

kak

キャク

(kyaku)

カク

(kaku)

객

gaek

khách

※ Note: "Yi" only means "change" when it is read as entering tone [- k], and the rest is going tone.

Comparison table

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Comparison Table of Tones of Main Modern Dialects
Dialect area	place name	Flat voice			the falling-rising tone			the falling tone			the entering tone				Tone number
		clear	turbid		clear	turbid		clear	turbid		clear		turbid
			Secondary turbidity	aspirated voiced stops and voiced affricates		Secondary turbidity	aspirated voiced stops and voiced affricates		Secondary turbidity	aspirated voiced stops and voiced affricates			Secondary turbidity	aspirated voiced stops and voiced affricates
Beijing	Beijing	Yin Ping 55	Yangping 35		Shangsheng 214		Qusheng 51				Yin Ping, Yang Ping, Shang Sheng, Qu Sheng		the falling tone	the rising tone	four
northeast	Shenyang	Yin Ping 322	Yangping 24		Shangsheng 213		Qusheng 53				Yin Ping, Yang Ping, Shang Sheng, Qu Sheng		the falling tone	the rising tone	four
Jiaoliao	Qingdao	Flat 24			Shangsheng 213		Qusheng 42				Up tone, down tone		the falling tone		three
	Dalian	Yin Ping 31	Yangping 24		Shangsheng 213		Qusheng 52				the falling-rising tone		the falling tone		four
Ji Lu	Tangshan	Yin Ping 55	Yangping 22		Shangsheng 213		Qusheng 53				Yin Ping, Yang Ping, Shang Sheng, Qu Sheng		the falling tone	the rising tone	four
	Jinan	Yin Ping 55	Yangping 42		Shangsheng 213		Qusheng 21				the high and level tone		the falling tone	the rising tone	four
central plains	Xi'an	Yin Ping 21	Yangping 24		Shangsheng 53		Qusheng 44				the high and level tone			the rising tone	four
Lanyin	Lanzhou	Yin Ping 31	Yangping 53		Shangsheng 442		Qusheng 13							the rising tone	four
southwest	Chengdu	Yin Ping 45	Yangping 32		Shangsheng 52		Qusheng 213				the rising tone				four
	Zigong	Yin Ping 55	Yangping 21		Shangsheng 42		Qusheng 213								four
	Ya'an	Yin Ping 55	Yangping 21		Shangsheng 53		Qusheng 24				the high and level tone				four
	Leshan	Yin Ping 55	Yangping 21		Shangsheng 52		Qusheng 224				Entering sound 3				five
	Yongzhou	Yin Ping 33	Yangping 13		Shangsheng 55		Yin removal 35		Yang Go 24		Rusheng 42				six
Yangtze and Huai rivers	Nanjing	Yin Ping 31	Yangping 13		Shangsheng 212		Qusheng 44				Entering tone 5				five
	Hefei	Yin Ping 212	Yangping 55		Shangsheng 24		Qusheng 53				Entering sound 4				five
	Nantong	Yin Ping 21	Yangping 35		Shangsheng 55		Yin removal 42		Yangqu 213		Yin entry 42			Yang in 55	seven
	Lianyungang	Yin Ping 214	Yangping 35		Shangsheng 41		Qusheng 55				Entering sound 24				five
	Huanggang	Yin Ping 33	Yangping 313		Upper Yin 42	Yang went		Yin removal 35	Yangqu 44		Entering sound 24				six
Emblem	Shexian County	Yin Ping 31	Yangping 55		Shangsheng 35		Yin removal 324		Yang Qu33		Rusheng 21				six
	Tunxi	Flat 33			Upper Yin 21	Yang Shang 24	Yin removal 42		Yangqu 212		Entering tone 5				six
	Keemun	Yin Ping 11	Yangping 55		Shangsheng 42		Yin removal 213		Yang Qu33		Rusheng 35				six
Jin	Taiyuan	Flat 11			Shangsheng 53		Qusheng 45				Yin 2			Yang in 54	five
	Handan	Yin Ping 31	Yangping 42		Shangsheng 55		Qusheng 13				Entering sound 3				five
Wu	Suzhou	Yin Ping 44	Yangping 24		Shangsheng 41		Yin removal 513		Yangqu 331		Yin ingress 43		Yang in 23		seven
	Shanghai	Yin Ping 52	Yangping 22		Shangsheng 44			Yin removal 334	Yangqu 113		Yin ingress 55		Yang in 23		seven
	Hangzhou	Yin Ping 323	Yangping 212		Shangsheng 51		Yangqu/Shangsheng^[5]	Yin removal 334	Yangqu 113		Yin ingress 55		Yang in 12		seven
	Ningbo	Yin Ping 52	Yangping 255		Shangsheng 325		Yin removal 44		Yangqu 113		Yin ingress 55		Yang in 23		seven
	Taizhou	Yin Ping 433/423	Yangping 311/312		Shangsheng 533/523		Yin removal 44		Yangqu 213		Yin ingress 55		Yang in 12		seven
	Wenzhou	Yin Ping 33	Yangping 31		Upper Yin 35	Yang Shang 24	Yin removal 43		Yang Qu11		Yin in 313		Yang In 212		eight
Hunan	Changsha	Yin Ping 33	Yangping 13		Shangsheng 41		Yang went	Yin removal 55	Yang Qu21		Entering sound 24				six
	city in Hunan	Yin Ping 33	Yangping 11		Shangsheng 13		Yin removal 55		Yangqu 44		Rusheng 35				six
short name for Jiangxi province	Nanchang	Yin Ping 42	Yin removal	Yangping 24	Shangsheng 213		Yang went	Yin removal 55	Yang Qu21		Yin ingress 5		Yang in 21		seven
Hakka	Meizhou	Yin Ping 44	Yangping 11		Upper voice 31		Qusheng 52				Yin ingress 21		Yang in 4		six
Off	Fuzhou	Yin Ping 44	Yangping 52		Upper voice 31		Yang went	Yin removal 213	Yangqu 242		Yin entry 23		Yang in 4		seven
	Xiamen	Yin Ping 55	Yangping 24		Shangsheng 51		Yang went	Yin removal 21	Yang Qu33		Yin entry 32		Yang in 5		seven
	Quanzhou	Yin Ping 33	Yangping 24		Upper Yin 44		Yang Shang 22	Yin removal 41	Yang Qu41		Yin ingress 5		Yang in 24		eight
	Chaozhou	Yin Ping 33	Yangping 55		Supra Yin 53	Yang Shang 35		Yin removal 11	Yang Go 31		Yin 2		Yang in 5		eight
Guangdong	Guangzhou	the high and level tone 55 or 53	Yangping 21		Upper Yin 35	Yang Shang 13		Yin removal 33	Yang Qu22		High Yin 5	Low negative inlet (middle inlet) 3	Yang in 2		nine
Pinghua	Nanning	Yin Ping 41	Yangping 52		Upper Yin 33	Yang Shang 24		Yin removal 55	Yang Qu22		High Yin 5	Low Yin 3	Gao Yangru 24	Low positive inlet 2	ten

Note: In essence, whether Cantonese 、 Pinghua 、 Hakka still Minnan , actually Value adjustment The number often fails to reach its nominal number, because some entering tones are the same as other tones, only Rhyme tail It's just different.

Word list

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Pingshui Rhyme Entering Phonics List:

Rusheng, Yiwu [- uk]

House wood, bamboo, eye clothing, fortune, ripe grain, meat, mantra, deer belly, chrysanthemum, land axle, grazing, sleeping, reading, Du Du, Du, Hu, Fu, Fu, Shu, Shu, Shu, Shu, Shu, Shu, Shu, Shu, Shu, Shu, Shu, Shu, Shu, Shu, Shu, Shu, Shu, Shu, Shu, Shu, Shu, Shu, Shu, Shu, Shu, Shu, Shu, Shu, Shu, Shu, Shu, Shu, Shu, Shu, Shu, Shu, Shu, Shu, Shu, Shu, Shu, Shu, Shu, Shu, Shu, Shu, Shu, Shu, Shu, Shu, Shu, Shu, Shu, Shu, Shu, Shu, Shu, Shu, Shu, Shu, Shu, Shu, Shu, Shu, Shu, Shu, Shu, Shu, Shu, Shu, Shu, Shu, Shu, Shu

Rusheng, Erwo [- uuk]

The vulgar jade feet, the music of millet candles, the record of humiliation, and the green poison bureau want to restrain the Hu Shu to promote the continuation of the governor, to make a cool appearance, and to make a new report

Entering sound, three senses [- eok]

Juejiao Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue

Ru Sheng, Four Qualities [- it]

Zhi Ri writes about the skills of real diseases - one second, one auspicious, and the law of density, which is lost, and the paint on the shirt, the tangerine, the knee, and the top seven leaders of the country. There are many anecdotes, and the most important leaders of the country are the leaders of the country

Rusheng, five objects [- ot]

Things, Buddhas, sorrows, beggars, digs, eats, leaves, and mountains rise. Do not iron until now

Ru Sheng, June [- jat]

The moon bone was sent to the palace, and the soldiers were punished for their deaths. The battle axes of the cave stopped suddenly, and the battle pole suddenly collapsed, and the people who dug the valve died

Rusheng, Seven Hogs [- at]

At the end of the day, we should get rid of the brown foam, and we should get rid of the brown foam

Rusheng, Baxie [- aet]

How to make sure that the cutting off angle is smooth

Rusheng, nine chips [- et]

At the festival of dust, Xue Jue Lie Lie Lie Lie Lie Jie points, saying that blood tongue is clean, heat is not broken, iron is broken, and simple and joyful formula is used to relieve throat choking. Jie Che Biezhe sets up a bad tablet to control the treacherous and deceitful way to make a decision. He points out the turning point, scorns, pinches, and contacts. He tries to pick up and remove the clean and clear image, uncovers the repeated and repeated comments

Rusheng, ten drugs [- ak]

The medicine is thin and evil, and a little happy. He Jue Ruo's foot is about to touch the bird's screen, the mountain is in the valley, and Guo Bo's foot is about to jump. If he is tied, he will cut a lot of stones to make a great leap, and he will make a great effort to get a good picture of the world. Huo Shuo Mo will make a great contribution to the world's malaria. Hao Luo's film will be a great player. He will watch the raccoon's body and soul. He will make a great contribution to the world

Ru Sheng, Eleven Mo [- eak]

Moshite Bai Zebo's house, Xi Cebi, a military worker, used a silk halberd as a weapon, and the wheat, the cypress, the spirit, the veins, and the Xiye book were painted in reverse, and a hundred pieces of red leather ridge were made. He was very suitable for playing on the edge of the fence, throwing stones at the narrow core, and cherishing his seclusion. He put in the armpit, released the boat, picked and shot the chess game, and forced it to translate it. He was exiled to Guo, wax, and huge. He used Zhai Yili to work on the crucian carp. With the help of the lizards and women, Xi Xi Xi, he scared hundreds of grasshoppers to flee to conquer the country

Rusheng, twelve tin [- ek]

In the past, the Chinese government has made great efforts to highlight the current situation of the Chinese government and encourage the Chinese government to analyze and find out the best way to find out about the Chinese people

Rusheng, 13 positions [- jik]

The country's virtue, eating, eroding, color, strength, wings, ink, and extreme interest are straight to the north, and the side decoration of thieves is carved in the form of a plug. Shi's territory, colonizing, planting, commanding, demanding, perplexing, silently weaving, concealing millions of memories Teller The Chinese people knew that they could stop the Yu Yu and immediately tried to find out whether he was killed or not

Ru Sheng, 14 Wants [- ip]

The Ji Li Ji Yi is eager to get wet and get used to the ten hundred attacks and the level of the Yi Yi Yi, which makes the Li Li hold the mountain and shine

Ru Sheng, 15 in [- op]

He Ta Da Na Ta Za Wa Za He Da Ge Ta Ta Na Ta Za Wa Za He Da Ge Ta Ta Ta Ta Na Ta Wa Wa Za He Da Ge Ta Ta Ta Ta Ta Na Ta Wa Ta Wa Ta Wa Ta Ta Ta Ta Ta Na Ta

Rusheng, Sixteen Leaves [- ep]

Ye Tietie posted an invitation to pick up concubines and carry them to spy agencies. People would walk and talk to each other

Ru Sheng, 17 Harmonies [- aep]

In Qiexia Valley, the French government has no chance to take advantage of the pressure on the local people

Phonetic transcription

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Here is《 Hong Wu Zhengyun 》Ten parts of Ru Sheng Yun Zhu Yin:

Seize	ip
close	ap jap
leaf	jep
quality	it ut jut
how	et uet
Jurisdiction	at jat oat
Chips	jet jujet
house	uk juk
drug	ak jak oak
Strange	ik

distinguish

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The following is the way to distinguish entering tone characters:

Simple method

When the following conditions for the same horizontal arrangement are all met, it is called entering tone (blank means unlimited); However, many Ru Sheng characters do not meet the requirements of any of the following rows, such as "cut" and "tower", which still need to be memorized.

Consonant	Finals	tone	exception
ㄅ、ㄉ、ㄍ、ㄐ、ㄓ、ㄗ(b,d,g,j,zh,z)	-	the rising tone	Don't, don't, don't, don't, don't, don't, don't, don't
ㄉ、ㄊ、ㄌ、ㄗ、ㄘ、ㄙ(d,t,l,z,c,s)	ㄜ(e)	-	Toilet
ㄎ、ㄓ、ㄔ、ㄕ、ㄖ(k,zh,ch,sh,r)	ㄨㄛ(uo)	-	-
ㄅ、ㄆ、ㄇ、ㄉ、ㄊ、ㄋ、ㄌ(b,p,m,d,t,n,l)	ㄧㄝ(ie)	-	Dad
ㄉ、ㄍ、ㄏ、ㄗ、ㄙ(d,g,h,z,s)	ㄟ(ei)	-	-
ㄈ(f)	ㄚ、ㄛ(a,o)	-	-
-	ㄩㄝ(ue)	-	Boots, lameness, and tears (when reading "Jue")

One word can be read twice, pronunciation by Opening call Rhyme even teeth 、 closed mouth Rhyme must be a entering tone character. If it is a nasal rhyme ending ㄢ, ㄣ, ㄤ, ㄥ (n, ng), it must wrong Ru Sheng characters. (The exceptions in the first line of the above table are all nasal rhymes.) The identification principle of entering tone characters with initial consonants such as ㄅ, ㄉ, ㄍ, ㄐ, ㄓ, ㄗ (b, d, g, j, zh, z) is generally non entering tone (with exceptions such as "angle"): Professor Chen Xinxiong "seeks for reading guidance in thousands of times".

Other methods

Because there is no entering tone in modern standard Chinese (Putonghua), the entering tone has been changed into one, two, three and four tones. Generally speaking, the first and second tones of Putonghua are equivalent to Flat voice The third and fourth tones are equal to the oblique tones. However, among the first and second tones, there are still many entering tone characters. When writing poems, they still belong to the oblique tone. So just recognize these entering characters.

（1） Where the second tone of the six letters b, d, g, j, zh, z（ the rising tone ）, are all ancient entering tone characters. For example:

b: Unpacked white silk and thin water chestnuts don't make a bad boat. (With the exception of "nose", it is a mediaeval character with lost voice.)

d: Answer that Dade Di Di Di Di Di Di Di Di Di Di Di Di Di Di Di Di Di Di Di Di Di Dies Du Du Du Du Du Du Du Du Du Du Du Du Du Du Du Du Du Du Duo Duo Duo Duo.

g: The Ge Ge clam tickles the leather and separates the Ge Guo.

j: Level II Jiji Ji Ji Ji Ji Jie Jie Jie Jie Jie Jie Ju Ju Ju Ju Ju Ju Ju Ju Ju Ju Ju Ju Ju Ju Jiao Jiao Chou Ju Ju Ju Ju Ju Ju Ju Ju Ju Ju Ju Ju Ju Ju Ju Ju Ju Ju Ju Ju Ju Ju Ju Ju Ju Ju Ju Ju Ju Ju Ju Ju Ju Ju.

Zh: Zha Zha Zha Zha Zha Zha Zha Zha Zha Zha Zha Zha Zha Zha Zha Zha Zha Zha Zha Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu Zhu.

z: Miscellaneous chisels are the ones who choose to blame the thieves and soldiers.

（2） When the six letters d, t, n, l, z, c, s are combined with the vowel e, regardless of the tone of the Mandarin, they are all ancient entering tone characters. ("Toilet" is an exception.) For example:

De: Dede.

Te: Tete Tete.

Ne: Ne.

Le: Le Le Le Lei La.

Ze: Then it should be based on the size of the equipment.

Ce: side survey policy book.

Se: There are many things to do.

（3） When the five letters k, zh, ch, sh, r are combined with the vowel uo, regardless of the tone of the Mandarin, they are all ancient entering tone characters. For example:

Kuo: kuo kuo kuo kuo.

ABCD: The table top leader should be able to promote the table top leader and make full use of his resources.

Chuo: I want to know something about it.

Shu: It is said that there is a lot of noise in the name of a person.

Ruo: Ruo Ruo.

（4） When the seven letters b, p, m, d, t, n and l are spelled with the vowel ie, regardless of the tone of the Mandarin, they are all ancient entering tone characters, with the exception of the word "dad" die. For example:

Bie: don't be too weak.

Pie: Glimpse.

Mie: Approve the document.

Die: The dish is made of many kinds of products.

Tie: Tie Tietie.

Nie: It is the standard of our country.

Lie: The train is in sharp sharp transition.

（5） When the five letters d, g, h, z, s are combined with the vowel ei, regardless of the tone of the Mandarin, they are all ancient entering tone characters. For example:

Dei: Yes.

Gei: here you are.

Hei: black hey.

Zei: thief.

Sei: plug.

（6） When the initial f is combined with the final a and o, it is an ancient entering tone character. For example:

Fa: FaFaFaFaFaFaFaFaFaFaFaFaFaFaFaFaFaFaFaValvePenalty.

Fo: Buddha

（7） All words that read the vowel of ü e are ancient entering tone words. Only the words "jie" jue, "lame" que, and "boot" xue are excluded. For example:

Yue: Yue Yue Yue Yue Yao Yao Yao Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue Yue.

N ü e: malaria.

L ü e: Slightly sweep.

Jue: Make a decision about how to make the most of it. It's very important to find out how to make the most of it.

Que.

Xue: xue xue xue xue xue xue xue xue xue xue xue xue xue.

（8） There are two pronunciations of a word, and the pronunciation is the beginning rhyme. The pronunciation that reads the end of i or u rhyme is also an ancient entering tone word. For example:

Pronunciation: e, pronunciation: ai: color book, pick house, Zhai Zhai Zhai Zesai.

Pronunciation of e and pronunciation of ei: Thief Lehrer, North Kehedete.

Pronunciation: o, pronunciation: ai: white baibai, bo mai, mo mai.

Pronunciation is o, pronunciation is ao: thin peel touch.

Pronunciation: uo, pronunciation: ao: chisel and burn.

The pronunciation is uo, and the pronunciation is ou: meat porridge axis start mode.

The pronunciation is u, and the pronunciation is iu: Liulu Epistaxis.

The pronunciation is ü e, and the pronunciation is ao: music medicine, malaria, jumping key sense, chewing feet, horn cutting, learning birds.

Negation

1. All words with nasal rhymes n and ng are not entering words.

2. Read zi, ci and si syllables instead of entering tone.

3. Read the words of uei syllable, not the entering tone words.

4. Words that read uai syllables are not entering tone words (except for a few words, such as "rate" words).

5. The initials are m, n, l, r, and the words that read Yin Ping, Yang Ping or Shang Sheng are not entering tone words. (A few exceptions: pinching nie1 and insulting ru3)

6. The vowel er is not a entering tone character.

7. The vowels are ai, ei, ao, iao, ou, iou, most of which are not ru sheng characters.

8. The initial consonant is the Yangping (two tone) character of p, t, k, q, c, ch, not the entering tone character. (A few exceptions: Ke2, Ke2, Chacha2, Pu2, Pu2)

According to the above analysis, most of the entering tone characters can be identified from the pronunciation of the national language Metrical pattern I don't feel any difficulty.

in summary The rules of judging the entering tone characters in the middle ages according to the Putonghua Pinyin are listed in the table below.

[Note that the conditions are divided into three levels. The major premise is to confirm that some syllables are all or not all Ru Sheng characters (except for some individuals). The medium premise is the tone rule. The minor premise is the rule of combining some vowels and some consonants. To judge whether Ru Sheng characters are or not, priority should be given to the major premise, followed by the first premise, and finally to the minor premise.]

Major premise:

The syllables are zi, ci and si, the vowels are ui and er, and the words with front and back nasal sounds are not entering words.

Only "six" in the vowel iu is the entering tone. The words of vowel ü e are only "boots" and "lame", not entering tone words.

-	Medium premise: Tone pattern.	e uo	ie ei i	a
Zero consonant	-	E Pingsheng (except ''e' ') is not a entering tone character, e Shangsheng Qusheng (except' hungry ') is a entering tone character.	-	-
b	Yangping is a entering tone character (except 'nose')	-	Ie is spelled as entering tone	-
p	Yang Ping is not Ru Sheng (except 'servant' and 'Pu')	-	Ie is spelled as entering tone	-
m	Yin Ping Yang Ping Shang Sheng is not a entering tone character	-	Ie is spelled as entering tone	-
f	-	-	-	A is the entering tone character
d	Yangping is a entering tone character	E is the entering tone character	Ie is spelled as entering tone (except 'dad')	-
t	Yang Ping is not Ru Sheng	E is the entering tone character	Ie is spelled as entering tone	-
n	Yin Ping Yang Ping Shang Sheng is not a entering tone character (except 'pinch')	E is the entering tone character (Na Na)	Ie is spelled as entering tone	-
l	Yin Ping Yang Ping Shang Sheng is not a entering tone character (except 'la')	E is the entering tone character	Ie is spelled as entering tone	A is the entering tone character
g	Yangping is a entering tone character	-	Ei is spelled as entering tone	-
k	Yang Ping is not entering the sound (except 'cough' and 'shell')	Uo is spelled as entering tone	Ei is spelled as entering tone (gram)	-
h	-	-	Ei is spelled as entering tone	-
j	Yangping is a entering tone character	-	-	-
q	Yang Ping is not Ru Sheng	-	-	-
x	-	-	Xi Yangping is a entering tone character	-
zh	Yangping is a entering tone character	Uo is spelled as entering tone	-	-
ch	Yang Ping is not a Ru Sheng (except 'Cha')	Uo is spelled as entering tone	-	-
sh	-	Uo is spelled as entering tone	-	-
r	Yin Ping Yang Ping Shang Sheng is not a entering tone character (except 'insult')	Uo is spelled as entering tone	-	-
z	Yangping is a entering tone character	E is the entering tone character	Ei is spelled as entering tone	A is the entering tone character
c	Yang Ping is not Ru Sheng	E is the entering sound character (except 'toilet')	-	A is the entering tone character
s	-	E is the entering tone character	Ei is spelled as entering tone	A is spelled as entering tone (except for 'sprinkling')

Examples of poetry

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Manchurian red

Famous Anti Jin General of the Southern Song Dynasty Yue Fei Of Manchurian red In short Entering tone character （- t̚ Rhyme (rhyme) to express his feelings of extreme resentment:

Angry, leaning on the railing, drizzling rain Rest [hia t̚ ]

Raise your eyes, look up to the sky and howl Fierce [lië t̚ ]

Thirty Merits, Dust and Earth, Eight Thousand Miles of Cloud Harmony month [ngüa t̚ ]

Don't wait for a moment. The young man's head is white and empty cut [tsʰië t̚ ]

The shame of Jingkang is still not there snow [süë t̚ ]

When do ministers hate Extinguish [mië t̚ ]

Drive a long car through Helan Mountain lack [kʰüë t̚ ]

Hungry, hungry, eating the meat of Hu Lu, laughing and drinking the Huns blood [hüë t̚ ]

Wait for the beginning, clean up the old mountains and rivers, face the sky Que [kʰüa t̚ ]

Jiangxue

And poets of the Tang Dynasty Liu Zongyuan Of《 Jiangxue 》It also uses short entering tone characters (- t̚ Rhyme:

Thousands of mountains and birds fly most [dzüë t̚ ]

Traces of people on ten thousand paths Extinguish [mië t̚ ]

Lonely Boat and Bamboo Hat

Fishing alone in the cold river snow [süë t̚ ]

Chibi Nostalgia

A great writer in the Northern Song Dynasty Su Shi Of《 Niannujiao · Red Cliff Nostalgia 》, also with short entering tone characters (- t̚ Rhyme:

（ Ancient Chinese The stop rhyme of - t ̚ and - k ̚ has been merged and weakened into glottal stop [ʔ], but it still keeps the ending of - p ̚. Therefore, the word "wall" is - k ̚̚̚̚̚̚, but it is mixed in t̚ Tail)

The river has gone eastward, the waves have washed away, and the people who have been romantic for thousands of years matter [mio t̚ ]

To the west of the old fortress, the humanity is the Three Kingdoms Zhou Langchi wall [pië k̚ ]

Ripples pierce the air, waves crash on the shore and roll up thousands of piles snow [süë t̚ ]

A picturesque landscape, how luxurious Jay [grië t̚ ]

When Gong Jin was married, Xiao Qiao was young hair [püa t̚ ]

The feather fan and silk towel, while talking and laughing, fly smoke from the masts Extinguish [mië t̚ ]

My hometown is full of love. Laugh at me. I was born early hair [pua t̚ ]

Life is like a dream, and one of them sprinkles on the river month [ngüa t̚ ]

Bells Ringing in the Rain

Poets of the Northern Song Dynasty Liu Yong Of《 Bells Ringing in the Rain 》, also with short entering tone characters (- t̚ Rhyme:

Cold cicada cut [tsʰië t̚ ]

The night of Changting, the beginning of a sudden rain Rest [hia t̚ ]

Drink in Dumen's tent without thread, where people linger, Lan Zhoucui hair [pua t̚ ]

Holding hands and looking at tears, there was no words Choking [ë t̚ ]

Read to go, thousands of miles of smoke waves, the twilight is heavy and clear Wide [kʰua t̚ ]

Affectionate since ancient times other [brië t̚ ]

More embarrassing and cold in autumn section [tsië t̚ ]

Where did you wake up tonight month [ngüa t̚ ]

This past year should be a good time set up [sië t̚ ]

There are thousands of customs, and who say [yüë t̚ ]

Other languages

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The following is the situation of Ru Sheng in other languages in the Chinese character cultural circle:

Japanese

Chinese characters were probably introduced into Japan in the Sui and Tang dynasties, because Japanese There is no pronunciation ending with a consonant, so when the Chinese entering tone enters Japanese Stope The end of a syllable has become another syllable -ku or -ki 、 -pu 、 -ti ( -chi ）Or -tu ( -tsu ）The three endings, usually syllables of か line, た line and わ line ([p] → [∨] → [w] → Ø), result in two syllables in the pronunciation of entering tone Chinese characters.

However, in the case of pronunciation, if the entering sound word is immediately followed by another syllable beginning with a clear consonant, the ending of the entering sound will not be an independent syllable. Instead, it becomes a promoting sound. For example, Japan.

Example of entering tone: six ro ku , Qi shi chi , Poison/Dudo ku , Li ri tsu , force ri ki /ryo ku 。

Korean · Korean

modern Korean （ Korean ）More than 70% of them are Chinese words imported from China, and some of their Chinese characters have been preserved Ancient Chinese The ending of the entering tone (that is, the entering tone of - k and - p are saved), for example: independent (head/to k̚ li p̚ /), school (coolant/ha k̚ kjo/）， Fifty (오 십/o si p̚ /）。 But, Stope /-The systematic change of t ̚/rhyme ending is Streaming sound /-l/。 For example: one (일/i l /), 8 (팔/p ʰ a l /）。

Example of entering tone: one day (일/i) l /), VI (육/ju k̚ /), VII (칠/t ͡ ff ʰ i l /), 8 (팔/p ʰ a l /), ten (십/f_i p̚ /), ɛ (ɛ/p ɛ) k̚ /), poison (head/to k̚ /), method (through/p ʌ) p̚ /), hair (발/pa l /), China (∨/ku k̚ /）

Vietnamese

Vietnamese In ancient times, a large number of Chinese words were introduced, and the ancient Chinese pronunciation of some Chinese characters was preserved. These Chinese characters introduced into Vietnamese have four variations in the spelling of Latin letters. In fact, compared with Ancient Chinese There was little change. In Vietnamese, the Chinese characters with the ending p, t and k of the entering tone in ancient Chinese still receive p, t and k.

Vietnamese Example of entering tone: Fa p ʰʰ p̚ , hair t̚ , Pu k̚ , Guoqu ó k̚ 。

modern Vietnamese There are 6 tones in total, namely, flat voice, black voice, interrogative voice, falling voice, sharp voice and heavy voice. The words ending with plosives - p, - t, - c, - ch are equivalent to Chinese entering tone, that is, sharp voice or accented voice.

Modern Vietnamese Tone
S/N	Vietnamese name	Chinese name	corresponding Ancient Chinese tone	Adjustment description	Example words
one	ngang	Flat sound (Yin flat)	Clear and sub turbid	44, flat, long	ma
two	huyền	Xuan Sheng (Yang Ping)	Total turbid flat	31, medium drop, long	mà
three	hỏi	Asking Voice (Yin Shang)	Qing Shang	21 (4), low drop or rise after low drop, long, tight throat	mả
four	ngã	Falling sound (Yang Shang)	Secondary turbidity	32/4, medium, throat tight and interrupted	mã
five	sắc	Sharp sound (Yin removing, Yin entering)	Clear away, clear in	45, high rise, short	má
six	nặng	Heavy sound (Yang goes, Yang enters)	Turbidity removing, total turbidity rising, turbidity entering	21, low drop, short	mạ

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