Republic of Croatia（CroatianRepublika Hrvatska), Croatia for short, capitalZagreb。be locatedEuropeSouth central,Balkan PeninsulaNorthwest.The northwest and north are the same asSloveniaandHungaryBordering, the east and southeast are the sameSerbia、Bosnia and Herzegovina、Montenegro Adjacent to the west and southAdriatic SeaWith a total area of 56600 square kilometers and a coastline of 1880 kilometers.The northern part of the territory istemperate continental climate In the middle and southPlateau mountain climate, the south and southwest coasts aremediterranean climate 。There are 20 provinces and 1 provincial municipality in China.By August 2023, the total population will be 4 million[46], the main ethnic groups are Croats, others are Serbs, Italians, etc., a total of 22 ethnic minorities, and the official language isCroatian, the main religion isCatholicism。[11]
At the end of the 6th century and the beginning of the 7th century, Slavs migrated toBalkan PeninsulaSettle down.In the 10th century, the Kingdom of Croatia was established.In December 1918, the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes was established. In 1929, it was renamed the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.On November 29, 1945, the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia was established.In 1963, it was renamedSocialist Federal Republic of YugoslaviaCroatia became one of the six republics of the Southern Federation.On June 25, 1991, Croatia declared independence from Yugoslavia.[11]
Croatia is an economically developed country in the western Balkans with a sound economic foundation. It is a gateway to Central and Southeast Europe. It has complete port facilities, dense road network, fast land transportation, convenient railway and water transportation, and good social security.Tourism, construction, shipbuilding, pharmaceutical and other industries have a high level of development.Joined in April 2009NATO, joined in July 2013european union。2022, Croatiagross domestic product67.4 billion euros,GDP per capita17 thousand euros.[10-11]
sincePrehistoric eraHuman beings have lived in Croatia since, which has been foundNeanderthaltoPaleolithic AgeMiddle stage fossils.Iron AgeAntiquityIllyrianHeguCeltsThey also entered in succession.According to archaeologists, in the Paleolithic Age, there were humans living in some areas of present-day Croatia.A large number of human living sites have been found in Croatia. For example, incomplete coarse grindstone tools have been found in several caves of different depths. They belong to cultural relics of the late Paleolithic Age, which proves that this was the residence of people in the Paleolithic Age.[12]
At the end of the 8th century and the beginning of the 9th century, Croats established an early feudal state.[11]
From the 9th century to the 10th century, Croats developed from a tribal alliance into an early feudal small country and began to develop into a larger feudal country.Croats live in areas between Central and Southern Europe, Western and Eastern Europe. A small part of them belong to Central Europe, and most of them belong to the Balkans.The Velebit, Mosor and Biokov mountains divide Croatia into inland and coastal areas, which is not conducive to the formation of a powerful Croatian country.Because the wide mountains separate the long serrated seashore from the vast and rich Pannonia Plain.In addition, it is also a must pass for the invaders from east to west and from northeast to southwest.Due to such topographic features, Croatia has produced three separate geopolitical regions.They are: Dalmatia Croatia, Pannonia or Sava Croatia, Naretva Principality.There are also Croats living in Dubrovnik, east of the Croatian Principality and the Istra Peninsula.[13]In the 10th century, the Kingdom of Croatia was established.[11]
In the early decades of the 10th century, the Principality of Croatia reached its peak.It has a strong military force on land and at sea.During the Tomislav period (910-930), Croatia crossed the border of its mountainous hinterland and occupied the Pannonia Plain.This new territory is included in the territory of the Croatian Principality, which opens the way for the expansion of the Croatian Principality, but at the same time, it also makes the Croatian Kingdom and Hungarians fight hand to hand, and urges Croats to expand to the coast.[14]
During the reign of Petar Kre š imir IV (1058-1074), the southern cities and islands had certain autonomy, priests and nobles enjoyed various preferences, and feudalism developed rapidly.Croatia faces the sea, and commodity production has developed very early. Handicraft production and maritime trade have brought huge profits to the Croatian monarch.Kresimir IV allowed Dalmatia to exercise autonomy, but charged them a "peace tax".The economic life in the city has laid the foundation for trade, handicrafts and navigation.This has divided the urban residents into different classes. The rich buy movable and immovable property and gradually have some power.
In 1060, Kresimir was crowned King of Croatia and Dalmatia. Croatia was named the Kingdom of Croatia and Dalmatia, including Dalmatia, Bosnia, Slavonia and Naretva Principality.
In 1074, a Norman expedition captured the cities of Dalmatia and captured the King of Croatia.The opposing parties concluded a treaty under the mediation of the Pope, and Croatia ceded Split, Trogir, Biograd and Nyon to the Normans.[15]
At the end of the 11th century, when Hungarians invaded northern Croatia, Venice also took the opportunity to occupy some coastal cities. Croatia's territorial integrity was seriously violated, and Dalmatia was also in danger of being occupied by Venice and Byzantium.In the hope of maintaining territorial integrity, Croatia merged with Hungary in 1102 as a personal dynasty, and elected the King of Hungary as the King of Croatia.However, Croatia still maintains its own system, with its own parliament, army and currency.The internal affairs are under the jurisdiction of the Governor.As governor, there were both Hungarian royal family members and Croatian nobles, and foreign relations were controlled by the common king.The special relationship between Croatia and Hungary was rare in Europe at that time. The relationship between Croatia and Hungary lasted until 1860.[16]
In 1463, the Ottoman Empire formally occupied Bosnia, posing a great threat to Croatia.During the Ottoman Venetian War (1463~14791499~1503), the Ottoman army captured Dalmatia and Istra.
In 1493, Croatia and Ottoman fought in Krvavsko polje, and Ottoman troops won despite stubborn resistance.Since then, Croats began a hundred years (1493~1593) of resistance against Ottomans.
In the battle of Mohachi in 1526, the Hungarians were defeated by the Turks, and large areas of Croatian land were occupied by the Turks.The Ottoman army did not completely occupy Croatia, but the territory of Croatia was greatly reduced, leaving almost half of the original territory.
In the 15th and 16th centuries, many Croats were killed or enslaved, or left their homeland (Hungary, Austria, Italy).It is estimated that by the end of the 18th century, the population of Croatia had decreased by 1.6 million.The sharp decline in the population has had a negative impact on Croatia's economic and cultural development and defense capabilities.In addition, the Ottoman invasion led to large-scale population migration, and many non Croats moved from the Balkan Peninsula inland to Croatia along the Ottoman border.These ethnic groups have different languages, religions and lifestyles from Croats.[17]
By the end of the 16th century, Croatia had only a narrow area from the Mura River to the north of the Adriatic Sea, and all other territories (except Dubrovnik) were occupied by the Ottoman Empire and Venice.The Ottoman Empire had no good opinion of Croats and believed that they were "subjects of the Pope", so the situation of Catholic Croats was far worse than that of Orthodox Christians and Islamists.In this case, some Croatian nobles converted to Islam.Because only in that way can we keep our territory and social status.Catholics had to pay exorbitant taxes, and were forced to send healthy boys to Islamic schools (called blood taxes).The Croatian people are constantly fighting against the foreign occupiers.[18]
In 1510, an uprising against Venetian dictatorship and colonial rule broke out in Hwar.During the same period, the vast majority of farmers were extremely angry and dissatisfied with the cruel exploitation of the feudal lords, and had staged riots many times.
In 1573, the large-scale peasant uprising led by Matia Gubates in northwest Croatia echoed the peasant uprising in Slovenia, demanding the abolition of the economic privileges of feudal lords and the recognition of the political rights of peasants.However, due to the bloody suppression of the rulers, the uprising was defeated. Matthias Gubates was captured and burned alive by the Ottoman feudal lord in the square of Zagreb.
According to the state edict of Croatia, Marija Terezija (reigned from 1740 to 1780) ascended the throne.This move of the Parliament is to show that Croatia is not influenced by Hungary and has the right to make its own choice on the issue of king election.Teresa and his successor Josip II (in office from 1780 to 1790) began to implement a series of major reforms in many areas of society, and implemented the centralized and Germanic policies for non German nations, including the consolidation of the land of Austria, the Czech Republic, Hungary and Croatia into a unified country.
After 1764, the Vienna Court thoroughly implemented the autocratic system in the Hungarian part of Austria, so the reform also involved the management system of Croatia.Teresa did not convene the Croatian Parliament, but replaced its resolutions with government orders.Despite the opposition of Croatian nobles, she established the Economic, Political and Military Royal Commission in 1767, which is actually the local government of Croatia.The original aristocratic parliament was excluded everywhere, and even lost its influence on the collection of taxes and the use of financial funds.
Due to the dissatisfaction of Croatian nobles and representatives of various Hungarian classes, the Royal Council was cancelled in 1779, and the whole Croatia was under the jurisdiction of the Hungarian Regency Council.In the second half of the 18th century, there were two national laws that had adverse consequences for Croatia's future development.Rieka and its surrounding areas were returned to Croatia in 1776.[19]
The French Revolution broke out in 1789. The impact of the revolution and the danger of Napoleon's expansion made the rulers of European monarchies decide to unanimously oppose France. One of them was the Austrian Emperor Franjo II (1792-1815).The conflict between the French emperor and the Austrian emperor lasted from 1792 to 1797.Croatian border residents participated in the first Austrian French war.
In October 1797, Austria and France signed the Campo Formio, and Austria recognized the French occupation of the left bank of the Rhine River and Belgium. As compensation, Austria received Venice and its Croatian coastal territory from Istra to Boccakotor, except Dubrovnik (called "the first Austrian occupation", 1797-1805).[21]
In March 1848, the position of Croatian Governor was just vacant, and the Emperor Ferdinand appointed a 47 year old colonel officer in the border area team, Josip Jelai ć, who hated Hungary deeply, as the post.Yelachich is a thorough "Illyrian" in emotion.On March 25, he held a conference of representatives of the "Trinity" kingdoms Croatia Slavonia and Dalmatia in Zagreb.The meeting officially elected Yelachi as the governor of the country and adopted another 30 point declaration of rights.They called for the unification of all Croatian regions (Croatia, Slavonia, Dalmatia and Rijeka), the abolition of the class congress, the election of a new parliament according to the new electoral law and the implementation of a responsible government.This is a national, political, cultural and economic program.Its realization made it possible for Croatia to transform from feudal system to modern period.[20]
In 1867, Austria and Hungary concluded an agreement, which stipulated that the Austro Hungarian Empire was reorganized from a single country into a binary monarchy.The country has changed from one ruling nation to two, that is, two ethnic oligarchs established the government.The territory of a country is divided in two.In the process of this great division, Croatia was divided between Austria and Hungary, with Croatia and Slavonia belonging to Hungary;The Austrian part includes Dalmatia and Istra.Both parts have set up their own independent administrative institutions.
In September 1868, the Croatian parliamentary delegation and the Hungarian parliamentary delegation signed the Croatia Hungary agreement.This agreement actually cancelled the decision made in 1848 to separate Croatia from Hungary.According to the agreement, they formally form a single country, establish a monarch, set up a common national representative agency, and all economic and financial affairs and railways are jointly managed by both sides.This work is managed by the Joint Management Department in Perth, and a special branch is set up in Croatia.Financial agreements should be concluded every 10 years.In view of the common tax policy, the Hungarian government was able to embezzle most of Croatia's taxes for a long time.According to the agreement, Croatia has certain autonomy.[22]
the First World WarShortly after the outbreak, on December 7, 1914, the Serbian government issued the Nish Declaration, which announced its goal to achieve in the war: the struggle to defend Serbia was from the beginning "the struggle to liberate and unite all our brothers who have not been free - Serbs, Crotians and Slovenes".
In December 1918, Croatia and other southern Slavic nations jointly established the "Kingdom of Serbs Croats Slovenes", which was renamed the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929.
In 1941, German and Italian fascists invaded the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, supporting the establishment of the "Independent State of Croatia".
In 1945, the Yugoslav people of all ethnic groups won the victory in the anti fascist war. On November 29 of the same year, the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia was proclaimed,.
In 1963, it was renamed the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, and Croatia became one of the six republics to which it belongs.
In the late 1980s, the political situation in Croatia became increasingly tense,CroatsandSerbThe contradiction between them is heating up.In 1990, in Croatia's first referendumCroatian Democratic UnionThe victory of the Communist Party of China intensifies the contradictions between nations.
On May 19, 1991, Croatia held an independence referendum.Under the resistance of Serbs, the side supporting Croatia's independence won by an absolute advantage.On June 25 of the same year, the Croatian Parliament passed a resolution declaring independence from the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.A bloody conflict broke out between the two ethnic groups,Croatian WarBurst.USAeuropean unionIt was also fruitless for many parties to mediate.On December 19 of the same year, the Serb region was officially establishedRepublic of Krajina, Serbia。The Republic controls Croatia andBosnia and HerzegovinaSerb areas on the border.The armed conflict lasted until 1995.
On 22 May 1992, Croatia joined the United Nations.
In August 1995, Croatian government forces occupied parts of the Republika Srpska. In December of the same year, the parties signedDayton Agreement , the conflict officially ended.
In 1998, all Serb areas returned to Croatia.
In April 2009, Croatia became a member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization.
On July 1, 2013, Croatia joined the European Union, becoming its 28th member.[10]
On December 8, 2022, the EU officially approved Croatia's accession to the Schengen Area.[33]
From January 1, 2023 local time, Croatia officially opened the euro and joined the Schengen area.[37]
In November 2023, Dagong International assessed the domestic and foreign currency sovereign credit rating of the Republic of Croatia as iBBBsc, with a stable rating outlook.[43]
geographical environment
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Regional location
Croatia is located in south central Europe and northwest of Balkan Peninsula.It borders Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina to the east, Montenegro to the south, Hungary to the north, Slovenia to the northwest, the Adriatic Sea to the south and southwest, and Italy across the sea.The land area is 56594 square kilometers.There are hills and plains in the north, plateaus and mountains in the middle and south central, Adriatic Sea in the south and southwest. There are many islands, known as "the country of thousands of islands". The land coastline is 1880 kilometers long.[10]
Croatia
topographic features
Topographic map of Croatia
The territory of Croatia is nearly crescent shaped, partly located in the Alps and along the Adriatic Sea, but most of the territory belongs to the Panonija Plain between Una, Kupa, Sava, Drava and Danube. Therefore, it can be divided into three geographical regions: plainMountain and coastal areas.
The north and northeast of Croatia are the plains where the three largest rivers in Croatia - Sava River, Delava River and Kupa River - flow through. The east is wide and flat, belonging to the southwest of Pannonia Plain, composed of Slavonia, Barania and Central Croatia Plain, and the northwest is a gentle hilly area.
The northwest and central parts of Croatia are the first half of the Dinara Mountains, which extend from northwest to southeast. Most of Croatia's land has an altitude of more than 500 meters. There are 22 mountains with an altitude of more than 1000 meters, but no more than 2000 meters. The highest Dinara peak has an altitude of 1831 meters.It is sparsely populated and mainly engaged in forestry and animal husbandry. The geological structure of this area is very complex and the terrain is very rugged. It is one of the most famous karst (also called karst) areas in the world.[23]
climate
The northern part of Croatia has a temperate continental climate, with four distinct seasons and mild summer. The average temperature in July is 18~22 ℃, and the winter is cold, with the temperature below 0 ℃;The central and south central regions have a plateau mountain climate, cool in summer, and the temperature does not exceed 18 ° C; the winter is cold and snows frequently, and the average temperature is below - 2 ℃;The south and southwest coasts have a Mediterranean climate. The summer is hot and dry, and the average temperature exceeds 22 ℃. The winter is mild and rainy, and the temperature is above 0 ℃.[10]
natural resources
mineral resources
Croatia's main minerals are oil, natural gas, coal, bauxite and marl.Croatia's Adriatic seabed is rich in oil reserves. In addition, the vast area from Slavonski Brod to Me đ imurje is densely covered with oil fields, and there are also rich oil and natural gas reserves.Croatian coal reserves are large, but high-quality coal reserves are small, buried deep, and difficult to mine, while lignite and other low-quality coal are easy to mine, and some can be mined in the open air.Lignite is mainly abundant in Zagolei, Slavonia and Delaware River basins.The reserves of carbon ore in Lasha and Istra Peninsula are large.Bauxite ore is mainly distributed in Istra Peninsula, Pag Island, Rab Island and Dalmatia area.[10]
Forest resources
By the end of 2019, Croatia's forest land area was 2.75 million hectares, accounting for 48.6% of the national land area.Among them, the area of state-owned forest land is 2.09 million hectares, accounting for 76%;The area of private forest land is 660000 hectares, accounting for 24%.The forest stock volume is 398 million cubic meters.The Croatian forest is dominated by broad-leaved trees. The top five tree species in terms of growth area are beech (about 36% of the forest area), summer oak (about 12%), sessile flower oak (about 10%), hornbeam (about 9%) and silver fir (about 8%).Croatia has high quality forests, 95% of which are natural forests and have ecological certificates.Croatia's forest industry occupies an important position in the national economy, with about 25000 employees;In 2019, the output of fuel wood was 2.205 million cubic meters, and the output of wood in the industrial park was 3.195 million cubic meters;The export of forest products accounts for 4.7% of the total export.In timber exports, 70% of them are manufactured products, mainly including furniture, flooring, construction timber, wooden houses and door and window accessories.[10]
Animal resources
Croatia has a wide range of fauna, and animals from the Mediterranean region and land can be found here.Arthropoda (spiders, centipedes, crabs), snails, large Mediterranean butterflies, and cicadas, a typical Mediterranean animal, are all very common.
The Adriatic coast is also the home of various snakes, such as the Aesculepus, the largest snake in Europe, with a length of more than 2 meters. Fortunately, it is non-toxic.The most famous local black lizards live on Jabuka and Palagru ∨ a islands in the Adriatic Sea.Among birds, swifts, alpine swifts, partridges, eagles, yellow parrots, white cheeked birds and finches are very typical.
Mammals also live in the Adriatic Sea, the most common being dolphins, and the rarest being monk seals.In Adriatic sea water, there are also various shells, red corals, cephalopods (squid, cuttlefish, octopus), jellyfish, starfish, sponges and various fishes.The most famous sea fish are sardines, tuna, mackerel and so on.These migratory fish enter Croatian waters from the Mediterranean Sea.
The sedentary fish that settled in the Adriatic Sea mainly include: swordfish, mullet, Jubatzi, Teria and Liben.The rivers in Pannonia are rich in carp, catfish, pike, sturgeon and salmon.Slavonia Forest is the habitat of many kinds of birds, such as egrets, herons, black storks and egrets.The vast fields and grasslands provide suitable conditions for the development of large and small livestock.The livestock with the largest number are cattle, sheep, pigs, and a large number of poultry.[25]
plant resources
Croatia has a variety of climatic forms, and plants are affected by climate and soil conditions. There are a large number of plants and a variety of varieties. Croatia is divided into three phytogeographical regions: flora in Adria, flora in mountainous areas, and flora in Pannonia.
The evergreen vegetation in the Mediterranean region of Croatia's Adriatic coastal zone is very lush.The plants in this area are adapted to the Mediterranean climate.It is hot in summer, especially in the growing season. It is humid in autumn and mild in winter.In winter, due to the frequent Breeze, the Adriatic coastal plant community has no obvious Mediterranean characteristics, but the basic characteristics of the Mediterranean plant community still exist.Because of the scorching sun in summer, the evaporation is large, and the precipitation in winter is very rich, the plants here use thick and hard bark and leaves to defend themselves for survival.
The obvious characteristics of the plants along the Croatian coast are: in addition to the fragrance of flowers, its branches and leaves also have fragrance.There are few real forests in coastal areas, and few forests have been preserved, but there are many low thorn bushes.Macchia is the main feature of Mediterranean vegetation.It grows where the forest has been cut down and is composed of dense evergreen shrubs.
stayDalmatiaThere are a large number of evergreen plants distributed on the islands, especially those outside. The common types are: all kinds of pine trees, wild olive, cypress, laurel, myrtle, Spanish broom, non carved flowers, lavender, etc.There are also Mediterranean plants cultivated as ornamental plants, such as oleander.[24]
administrative division
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Zoning Details
Croatia has 20 provinces and one special city, with 128 cities, 428 districts and 6757 villages under its jurisdiction.All provinces, municipalities and districts are local autonomous institutions of Croatia.[10]
Administrative divisions of Croatia
Province/special city
region
capital
Zagreba č ka
Croatia Headquarters
Zagreb
Krapinko Zagorska
Croatia Headquarters
Krapina
Sisa č ko moslava č ka
Croatia Headquarters
Sisak
Karlova č ka
Croatia Headquarters
Kallowac
Vara ∨ dinska
Croatia Headquarters
Varazdin
Koprivni č ko kri ∨ eva č ka
Croatia Headquarters
Koprivnica
Bjelovarsko bilogorska
Croatia Headquarters
Belowal
Primorsko goranska
Istra region
Rieka
Li č ko senjska
Istra region
Gospich
Viroviti č ko podravska
Slavonia
Birobitycha
Porega Slavonia Province (Po ϕ e š ko slavonska)
Slavonia
Borega
Brodsko posavska
Slavonia
Slavonia Broad
Zadarska
Dalmatia region
Zadar
Osje č ko baranjska
Slavonia
Osiek
Shibeniko Kninka Province (Š ibensko kninska)
Dalmatia region
Hibernik
Vukovarsko srijemska
Slavonia
Vukovar
Splitsko Dalmatinska
Dalmatia region
Split
Istraska
Istra region
Pajin
Dubrova č ko neretvanska
Dalmatia region
Dubrovnik
Megimurska
Croatia Headquarters
Chakowitz
Grad Zagreb
Croatia Headquarters
Reference source:[34]
major city
Zagreb
Scenery of Zagreb
Zagreb(Zagreb) Special city is the capital of Croatia and also the political, economic and cultural center of Croatia.It is located in northern Croatia, on the west bank of Sava River, at the foot of Medvednica Mountain,The population is 800000 (June 2022),It covers an area of 1291 square kilometers.Zagreb has a temperate continental climate, with an average annual temperature of 13.0 ℃ and an average annual precipitation of 853.6 mm.The city's main industrial sectors include petrochemical, power, medicine, machinery, electrical appliances and food processing.Famous large enterprises include Ina Oil Company, Croatian Electric Power Company, Pliva Pharmaceutical Company and Conchar Electric Company.Zagreb is also one of the most important cultural, educational and scientific research centers in Croatia.Zagreb University, founded in 1669, is one of the oldest institutions of higher learning in Europe.[10]
Split
Split Scenery
Split is a historic city of Croatia, the second largest city, the capital of Split Dalmatia Province, the largest seaport, shipbuilding and shipping center in Dalmatia, and one of the most famous tourist attractions in Southeast Europe.It has a typical Mediterranean climate. The climate is dry in summer and humid in winter. The average annual rainfall exceeds 860mm. August is the hottest month with an average temperature of about 30 ℃. January is the coldest month with an average temperature of about 4 ℃. There are more than 2700 hours of sunshine throughout the year.There are famous scenic spots such as the World Cultural Heritage Daikeri Palace.[26]
Dubrovnik
Dubrovnik, located at the southern end of Croatia and the capital of Dubrovnik Neretva province, is an important tourist and shipping city in Croatia. Known as the "Pearl of Adriatic Sea", Dubrovnik is the most famous tourist city in Croatia.[26]
Pra
Pula is located at the southern end of the Keistra Peninsula and is the seat of the provincial government of Istra, with an area of about 52 square kilometers.It has a Mediterranean climate, with an average annual temperature of 14 ℃, an average temperature of 5 ℃ in January and 26 ℃ in August, and an average annual precipitation of about 900 mm.There are well preserved Colosseum and other scenic spots.[26]
Rieka
Rieka, located in the southwest of Croatia, is the capital of Hassan Province and an important port of Croatia, with an urban area of 44 square kilometers.It has a Mediterranean climate, with an average annual temperature of 14.2 ℃, an average temperature of 5.7 ℃ in January and 24 ℃ in July.[26]
National symbol
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Country name
Croatia derives from its national name,SlavicIt means "mountain people".
national flag
National Flag Of Croatia
On June 25, 1990, Croatia stopped using the Croatian flag with a socialist red star in the period of the Southern Federation.On December 22 of the same year, the current national flag was officially announced as the Croatian flag.The national flag is composed of three horizontal bands of red, white and blue colors from top to bottom. Each color occupies 1/3 of the width of the national flag. In the center is the national emblem of Croatia. The center point of the national emblem coincides with the intersection point of the diagonal of the national flag.Red shows people's patriotic enthusiasm, white symbolizes peaceful and peaceful life, and blue shows freedom and dignity.The length to width ratio of the national flag is about 3:2.[27]
national emblem
Croatian national emblem
Croatian national emblembyCoat of arms。The shield is composed of 25 red and white squares.At the top of the coat of arms is a stylized crown, which consists of five small shields.The patterns on the five small shields from left to right are: a white crescent moon and a yellow hexagon star;Blue and red bands;Three yellow lion heads decorated with crowns;Goats with red horns and hooves;A mink and a six pointed star.The national emblem comes from the symbol of the ancient kingdom of Croatia in the 9th century. Five small shields symbolize the five provinces and regions of the kingdom at that time.
national anthem
The national anthem of the Republic of Croatia is "Our Beautiful Motherland".Its lyrics were first published in 1835 under the name of "Croatian Motherland".In 1846, a military school student composed music for it.In 1891, it was first played as the national anthem and renamed《Our beautiful motherland》。[27]
Our Beautiful Motherland
Croatian Lyrics
Chinese lyrics:
Lijepa naša domovino，Oj junačka zemljo mila，Stare slave djedovino，Da bi vazda sretna bila!Mila， kano si nam slavna，Mila si nam ti jedina，Mila， kuda si nam ravna，Mila， kuda si planina!Teci Savo， Dravo teci，Nit'ti Dunav silu gubi，Sinje more， svijetu reci，Da svoj narod Hrvat ljubi.Dok mu njive sunce grije，Dok mu hrašće bura vije，Dok mu mrtve grobak krije，Dok mu živo srce bije!
Our beautiful motherland is so fearless and kind. We hope you will always be blessed with the ancient glory of our ancestors.Dear, you are our only glory, dear, you are our only motherland, dear, we love your plains, dear, we love your mountains.Sava River and Delava River, continue to flow, Danube River, do not lose your vitality. The dark blue sea tells the world that Croats love their motherland.When the sun kissed his fertile soil, when the wind blew his oak, when God called away his love, his heart was still beating for Croatia.
population
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As of August 2023, Croatia has a population of 4 million.The main ethnic group is Croatian (90.4%), and other ethnic groups are Serbs, Bosniaks, Italians, Hungarians, Albanians, Slovenians, etc. There are 22 ethnic groups in total.[1][48]
The urban population accounts for nearly 70% of the total population of Croatia.Due to the influence of aggression, economy, politics, war and other factors, since the 15th century, Croatia has been constantly emigrating to foreign countries.As of July 2021, the Croatian diaspora has reached 2.5 million.There are about 600 overseas Chinese in Croatia, mainly concentrated in Zagreb, the capital of Croatia. They are mostly engaged in wholesale, retail, catering and other industries, and live in harmony with the local people.[10]
Politics
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regime
Croatia is a republic with a parliamentary cabinet system of government.[10]
constitution
On December 22, 1990, the Republic of Croatia promulgated a new constitution.The Constitution stipulates that the term of office of the President is five years, and the term of office shall not exceed two.In November 2000, the Croatian Parliament passed a constitutional amendment to change the semi presidential system into the parliamentary cabinet system.In March 2001, the Croatian Parliament amended the Constitution again and decided to cancel the provincial assembly and change the bicameral system to the unicameral system.In June 2010, the fourth amendment of the Constitution by the Croatian Parliament mainly determined the legal basis for the country's accession to the European Union and as a member state of the European Union, including the transfer of sovereignty over the European Union, the referendum on the country's accession to the European Union, the implementation of the legal obligations of the European Union and the rights of citizens of EU member states in Croatia.[1][3]
parliament
The Croatian Parliament isThe highest power and legislative body of the country, a unicameral system.Members are elected directly for a four-year term.The current parliament was established in May 2024 and consists of 151 members.At present, there are 19 internal parties in Parliament.Among them, the Democratic Community Party has 55 seats, the Land Movement Party has 11 seats, the Social Democratic Party has 37 seats, the "We Can" political platform party has 10 seats, and the Bridge Party has 7 seats.The Speaker is Gordon Jandrokovi Ć, who took office in May 2017 and was re elected twice in July 2020 and May 2024.[49]
government
The Government is the highest executive authority in Croatia and is responsible to the Parliament.The Prime Minister is the head of government, nominated by the President and appointed by the Parliament.The main functions and powers of the government are to put forward proposals to the parliament, put forward suggestions on the national budget and final accounts, implement laws passed by the parliament, implement domestic and foreign policies, guide and supervise the work of the state administration, promote the national economic development, guide the work of the public sector, etc.[10]
The main government departments of Croatia are: the Ministry of Veterans, the Ministry of Interior, the Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European Affairs, the Ministry of Regional Development and EU Foundation, the Ministry of Tourism and Sports, the Ministry of Science and Education, the Ministry of Economy and Sustainable Development, the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Agriculture, the Minister of Labor, Family, Social Policy, the Ministry of Defence, the Ministry of Justice and Management, the Ministry of Oceans, Transport and InfrastructureMinistry of Culture and Media, Ministry of Spatial Planning, Construction and State owned Assets.[11]
Prime Minister Andrei Prenkovic.The members of the government are: Tomo MEDVED, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Veterans Affairs, Davor BO Ž INOVI Ć, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Internal Affairs, Oleg BUTKOVI Ć, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Oceans, Transport and Infrastructure, Ivan ANU Š I Ć, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Defense, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of PlanningBranko BA Č I Ć, Minister of Construction and State owned Assets, Josip DABRO, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Marko PRIMORAC, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Finance, Gordon Grli ć RADMAN, Minister of Foreign Affairs and European Affairs,Ante Š U Š NJAR, Minister of Economy, Marija VU Č KOVI Ć, Minister of Environmental Protection and Green Transformation, Damir HABIJAN, Minister of Justice, Public Administration and Digital Transformation, Radovan FUCHS, Minister of Science, Education and Youth,Ivan Š IPI Ć, Minister of Population and Immigration; Nina Obuljen KOR Ž INEK, Minister of Culture and Media; Ton č i GLAVINA, Minister of Tourism and Sports; Š ime ERLI Ć, Minister of Local Development and EU FundsMarin PILETI Ć, Minister of Social Policy, and Vili BERO Š, Minister of Health.[49]
judicial
Croatia has a Constitutional Court and a Supreme Court.Miroslav Š EPAROVI Ć, President of the Constitutional Court, took office in 2016.Radovan DOBRONI Ć, a member of the Supreme Court, took office in 2021.[1]
party
Croatia implements a multi-party system, mainly including the following political parties:
party
Party name
Date of establishment
chairman of a party
Democratic Community Party (Hrvatska demokratska zajednica)
June 1989
Andrei Prenkovich
Domovinski pokret
February 2020
Ivan PENAVA
Social Democratic Party (Socijaldemokratska partija Hrvatske)
November 1990
Pe đ a GRBIN
"We can" political platform party (Mo ∨ emo! - Politi č ka platform)
February 2019
Sandra BEN Č I Ć
Most
November 2012
Bo ϕ o PETROV
reference material:[49]
Dignitaries
The President of Croatia is the head of state and the supreme commander of the Croatian armed forces. He is elected directly by the whole people. His term of office is five years and his re-election cannot exceed two terms.The main functions and powers of the President are to announce the election of Parliament and convene the first session of the new Parliament, announce the holding of a referendum in accordance with the Constitution, nominate the Prime Minister, issue decrees and amnesties, issue statutory awards and commendations, work with the government to formulate and implement foreign policies, work with the government to decide to set up diplomatic offices abroad and send ambassadors, accept the credentials of foreign envoys, etc.[10]
Dignitaries
character
post
introduce
Zoran Milanovic
president
Born on October 30, 1966.He graduated from the law department of Zagreb University, and later received a master's degree in EU law from the Free University of Brussels, Belgium.2003-2004: Assistant Minister of Foreign Affairs.2006-2007: Speaker of the Social Democratic Party.From 2007 to 2016, he served as the chairman of the party.From 2011 to 2016, he served as Premier.He was elected president in January 2020 and took office in February.
Andrei Prenkovich
prime minister
Born on April 8, 1970.Graduated from the University of Zagreb School of Law, Master of Law.From 2010 to 2011, he served as the State Secretary of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.2011-2013, Member of Parliament.From 2014 to 2016, he served as Vice Chairman of the Foreign Affairs Committee of the European Parliament.In June 2016, he was elected chairman of the Croatian Democratic Community Party.He served as Premier in October of the same year and was re elected twice in July 2020 and May 2024.[49]
Gordan Jandrokovic
speaker
Born on August 2, 1967.Graduated from the Political College of Zagreb University.He has been elected as a member of Parliament for six consecutive terms since 2003, and served as Foreign Minister from 2008 to 2010.2010-2011: Vice Premier and Foreign Minister.From 2016 to 2017, he served as the Vice President.In May 2017, he was elected as the Speaker of the Parliament, and was re elected twice in July 2020 and May 2024.[49]
Economics
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overview
Croatia is a relatively developed country in the western Balkans, and its economic environment has certain advantages: the political situation is relatively stable;Good economic foundation;After joining the EU, the laws and policies tend to be fully connected with the EU, the market scope is expanded, and the financial system is relatively stable. Recently, Croatia is actively trying to join the euro area and the Schengen area;With superior geographical location, it is the gateway to Central and Southeast Europe;The port facilities are relatively complete, the road network is dense, the land transportation is fast, and the railway and water transportation are convenient;Good social security;Abundant forest and water resources;Tourism, shipbuilding, medicine, electric vehicles and other industries are relatively developed.The foreign capital in Croatia mainly invests in financial services, manufacturing, trade and services, real estate and construction, ICT (information and communication technology), tourism and hotel industry and other fields.
From 2003 to 2007, the Croatian economy maintained stable growth, with an average annual growth rate of more than 4.8%.Affected by the global financial crisis in 2008, Croatia's economic growth slowed down and fell into recession from 2009 to 2014.In 2015, the Croatian economy came out of the recession that lasted for six years. In 2016, the economic growth accelerated. Since 2017, the economy has continued to grow, and the main economic indicators have continued to improve.In 2019, the economy grew by 2.9%, the foreign trade situation further improved, the export grew by 5.8% year on year, and the import grew by 4.6% year on year.Public debt has declined to 73.2% of GDP.At the beginning of 2020, the COVID-19 epidemic spread all over the world, severely impacting Croatia's service economy with tourism as its pillar. In addition, the capital city of Zagreb and the province of Western Sark Moslava were hit by earthquakes of magnitude 5.4 and 6.4 respectively, and the GDP of that year dropped sharply by 8.0%.[10]In January 2023, Croatia joinedeurozoneandSchengen area。[41]
According to the data of Croatian National Bureau of Statistics and Croatian National Bank,In 2023, Croatia's GDP will be 76.5 billion euros, and the per capita GDP will be 19000 euros.The GDP growth rate was 3.1%.The inflation rate is 8%.The unemployment rate is 6.1%.[49]
resources
Croatia is rich in forest and water resources. In 2022, the national forest area will be 2.76 million hectares, with a forest coverage rate of 48.7%.The main mineral resources include oil, natural gas, coal, bauxite and high-quality marl.In addition, it also produces iron, manganese, graphite, etc.
Industry
Croatia's main industrial sectors include food processing, wood processing, shipbuilding, construction, electricity, petrochemical, metallurgy, pharmaceuticals, machinery manufacturing and textiles.Food processing industry is relatively developed, which is the industry with the largest number of employees.[1]
shipbuilding industry
Croatia's shipbuilding industry has a history of hundreds of years.In 2016, Croatia's shipbuilding industry ranked second in Europe, second only to Romania.Since 2017, Ulyanic Group, the largest shipbuilding enterprise in Croatia, has suffered from difficulties and heavy debts. In the first half of 2019, its shipyard entered into bankruptcy proceedings. At the end of 2019, positive changes have taken place. The sister enterprise Wusan Shipyard has received the first order for the construction of polar cruise ships.[10]
Food Processing
Croatian food processing industry is relatively developed, which has the largest number of employees in Croatian processing industry, and its total industry income ranks first in processing industry.Croatia mainly exports tobacco, condiments, soups, candies, canned fish, canned beef, spirits and beer. Croatian "Bostup" and "Dingaqi" brand wines and some ham, cheese, plum wine and other products enjoy the European origin protection trademark.[10]
Pharmaceutical industry
Croatia has certain development and production capacity in the pharmaceutical industry, producing more than 1700 tons of various pharmaceutical products every year.Pliva Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. is the largest pharmaceutical enterprise in Croatia and a leading pharmaceutical export enterprise in Southeast Europe. About 90% of its products are exported to the United States, Russia and other EU countries.[10]
Agriculture
Agriculture mainly includes planting, animal husbandry, forestry, fishery, etc.The agricultural arable land area in China is 1546000 hectares.[42]Influenced by climate diversity and terrain characteristics, Croatia has a rich variety of agricultural products, from industrial and agricultural crops to cash crops in vineyards, as well as temperate and tropical fruits and vegetables.The main grain producing areas of Croatia are in the plain area in the north, and the mountainous areas in the middle and the coastal areas in the south are suitable for developing animal husbandry and planting fruits, especially grape cultivation.Croatia has a low level of agricultural pollution and good conditions for developing green agriculture.
2019 data
project
numerical value
Agricultural land area (10000 hectares)
eighty-two point three
Wheat output (10000 tons)
seventy-nine
Yield per hectare (ton/hectare)
five point six
Corn output (10000 tons)
two hundred and thirty
Yield per hectare (ton/hectare)
nine
Data in 2020
project
numerical value
Livestock and poultry production
Quantity of cattle (10000 head)
forty-two point three
Number of pigs (10000)
one hundred and three point three
Number of sheep (10000)
sixty-six point two
Number of goats (10000)
eight point six
Number of poultry (10000)
13.057 million[10]
Finance
In 2022, the government's fiscal surplus will be 272 million euros, accounting for 0.4% of GDP.By the end of 2022, the foreign exchange reserve of Grameen was 27.3 billion euros, and the foreign debt was 47.2 billion euros.
banking institution
The Croatian Central Bank (HNB) is the Croatian National Bank and an integral part of the European Central Bank System (ESCB).Its primary function is to maintain the stability of monetary value and the stability of the entire financial system, including: formulating and implementing monetary and foreign exchange policies, and managing foreign exchange reserves;Issue currency;Examine and issue business licenses of commercial banks, supervise their business activities, issue loans to commercial banks and collect reserves;Formulate payment policies and supervise their implementation.
The Croatian Bank for Reconstruction and Development (HBOR) is the Croatian government's bank that supports economic, social development and export, and is engaged in credit, policy, commercial buyer's credit guarantee, consulting and other businesses.
As of December 2020, Croatia has 20 commercial banks, 3 housing savings banks and 1 foreign bank branch structure.Major commercial banks include Zagreb Bank, Zagreb Economic Bank (PBZ), ERSTE and STEIERMARKISCHE Bank, OTP Bank, Raiffeisen Bank, etc.Zagreb Bank is the largest commercial bank in Croatia, and also the local agent bank with more cooperation with domestic banks in China.[10]
exchange control
According to Croatia's Foreign Exchange Law, foreign enterprises registered in Croatia can open foreign exchange accounts in Croatian banks for import and export settlement.The import and export of foreign exchange in Croatia shall be declared.No special tax is required for foreign exchange remittance out of Croatia.The entry and exit of carrying cash needs to be declared, with a limit of 10000 euros or equivalent in other currencies.Foreigners working in Croatia can transfer all their legal after tax income abroad.[10]
stock market
The Zagreb Stock Exchange (ZSE, hereinafter referred to as SSE) was established in 1991. It is the only securities exchange market in Croatia, operating stock, futures, bond transactions, investment vouchers, derivatives and futures transactions.There are more than 370 enterprises listed in ZSE.In 2019, the total transaction volume of the SSE was 2.994 billion Kuna, and 3.129 billion Kuna in 2020.[10]
Credit card use
Local credit cards are widely used in Croatia.VISA cards and Mastercards issued by Chinese banking institutions can be used locally.[10]
In July 2020, Croatia joined the European Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM II) and entered the waiting area of the Eurozone.[10]
From January 1, 2023 local time, Croatia officially launched the euro.After the introduction of the euro, Croatia marks commodity prices with its own currency, the Kuna and the euro. The double display of commodity prices will continue until the end of 2023.From the date of the official introduction of the euro, Kuna will be able to exchange for free in banks, Croatian post offices and national financial institutions.[37]On January 15, Kuna, which has been in circulation for 28 years as legal tender, officially ceased to circulate. Since then, the euro has completely replaced Kuna as the only legal tender in Croatia.[39]
tourism
Tourism is developed, which is an important part of Croatia's national economy and the main source of foreign exchange income.In 2022, Croatia's tourism revenue will reach 13.1 billion euros, accounting for about 20% of its GDP. The number of tourists will reach 17.8 million, up 39.1% year on year.The tourists mainly come from Germany, Slovenia, Austria, Poland and other European countries.The main scenic spots include Adriatic Sea Coast, Pretwice Lake and Brioni Island.[11][40][44]
foreign trade
In 2022, the total foreign trade volume will reach 65.6 billion euros, a year-on-year increase of 38%, including 24 billion euros in exports, a year-on-year increase of 25.7%, 41.6 billion euros in imports, a year-on-year increase of 47%, and a deficit of 17.6 billion euros.Main export commodities: petroleum products, mineral fuels and lubricants, medicines, electronic equipment, food.Main imports: crude oil and natural gas, mineral fuels and lubricants, transportation vehicles, medicines, machine tools and equipment.Main trading partners: Italy, Slovenia and Germany.[11][41]
From January 1, 2023 local time, Croatia officially joined the Schengen District.After joining the Schengen Zone, Croatia has cancelled border control over land and sea border ports of EU member states, and air traffic control will also be cancelled on March 26.[37]
outbound investment
The main destination countries of Croatia's outbound investment areBosnia and Herzegovina、Slovenia、Serbia、Montenegro 、polandInvestment in the above five countries accounts for 81% of Croatia's total foreign direct investment, which is mainly concentrated in coke, refined petroleum products, shipping, retail trade, finance and other fields.[1]
foreign capital
The main source countries of foreign investment areNetherlands、Austria、Italy、Germany。The total investment of the above four countries in Croatia accounts for about 53% of the amount of foreign investment attracted by Croatia.Foreign investment is mainly concentrated in finance, manufacturing, real estate, trade, telecommunications and other fields.[1]
Culture
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In 2021, there will be 121 radio stations, 26 television stations, 80 professional theaters, 175 cinemas, 126 museums and 1760 libraries.
language
The official language of Croatia is Croatian (connected with Serbian, Bosnian and Heishan). English is very popular, and there are many people who can speak German and Italian.[10]
Religion
In Croatia, 86.3% of the residents believe in Roman Catholicism, and a few of them believe in Orthodox Christianity (4.4%), Islam (1.5%), Protestantism, Greek Catholicism or Judaism.[10]
custom
Croats are warm, generous, optimistic and have strong national pride.When meeting with guests on social occasions, shake hands with the introduced guests one by one and announce their names;When meeting close relatives and friends, they are used to giving traditional hugs;When meeting women, they also have the traditional habit of kissing hands.
Croats prefer blue, which symbolizes tranquility, purity, constancy, eternity and loyalty.At the same time, the red and white checkerboard pattern is a traditional pattern favored by the Croatian nation, which can be seen on the Croatian flag, national emblem, athletes' jerseys and accessories, and festive flags.
In welcoming distinguished guests or in grand celebrations, Croatian young men and women will wear traditional national costumes.Croats are good at singing and dancing. Traditional costumes and traditional dance performances have also become a beautiful scenery to attract foreign guests in Croatia's tourism season.[10]
diet
Croatian cuisine combines the characteristics of Italian, Hungarian, Austrian, Turkish and Middle Eastern cuisine, and focuses on seafood and meat.Roast lamb, roast suckling pig, Slavonian sausages, Dalmatian bacon, Pago lamb and cheese are most famous.Croats like wine and follow the habit of seafood with white wine and barbecue with red wine.Croats are also interested in Chinese food.[10]
festival
Major festivals in Croatia
new year
January 1st
epiphany
January 6th
Easter
The first Sunday after the full moon at the spring equinox
He was born in Korchula, Croatia.The area was affected byVeniceThe rule of the Republic.And because his travel notes were written in Italian at that time, many people called him Venetian, orItalian。[4]
This Serbian scientist was born in Simiwan Village, Croatia in 1856. He made many inventions when he was a teenager. After working in the United States, he made a great contribution - inventedalternating currentIn the development history of science and technology, Tesla is known as an important driver for mankind to enter the electrical era.
A famous geologist named a geological interface after him, that is, the interface between the crust and the mantle——Mohorovich discontinuity(Moho for short).[5]
Born in 1975CroatiaSibenik, a small town on the Adriatic coast, began to learn piano at the age of nine, and then showed his extraordinary talent in piano playing.Won in 1999RubinsteinFirst prize in the piano competition.Now he is the new classical prince and piano master of Europe.His representative works include: "Croatian Rhapsody", "Exodus", "Wild Bee Flying" and other works, of which "Croatian Rhapsody" is the most famous.
Toni Huljik
Croatian musician, songwriter, music producer.Born in Split on October 29, 1961.In the 1970s, he was the main member of Damatinsky magazine band, which was famous for playing local folk music.In the 1990s, withYugoslaviaToni Huljic is the first Croatian musician to apply music elements from the former Yugoslavia to local music, which also makes magazine bands the focus of controversy.Despite being criticized, his music works are popular and loved by people in the former South.At the same time, it has established its most influential brand music company in Croatia.Toni Huljik isMaximComposed《Croatian Rhapsody》、《Claudine Fantasia》New Paradise, Cuba! Cuba.
military
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Croatia established its army in 1991.May 28 is the Army Day.We will implement a system of voluntary military service.As of May 2020, the total number of Croatian troops is 15605, of which 14325 are in active service, accounting for 91.8%;1280 civilians, accounting for 8.2%.The defense budget in 2022 is 1.056 billion US dollars.The Constitution stipulates that the President is the supreme commander of the armed forces.General Robert HRANJ, Chief of the General Staff of the Croatian Army, took office in March 2020 for a five-year term.[47]
traffic
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highway
Croatia's highway transportation system is generally developed, with the capital Zagreb as the center leading to all parts of the country and surrounding European countries.In 2022, the total length will be 26867 kilometers, including 1341.1 kilometers of expressways.In 2022, the highway passenger volume will be 47.29 million person times and the freight volume will be 86.4 million tons.
Railway
The Croatian railway system uses Zagreb as the hub to connect major cities in the country and many European capitals.In 2022, the total length will be 2617 kilometers, including 970 kilometers of electrified railways, accounting for 37% of the total mileage.In 2022, the passenger volume will be 18.22 million person times and the freight volume will be 16.26 million tons.
In 2019, there will be 285 railway locomotives in China.Among them, there are 123 electric locomotives and 162 diesel locomotives.There are 452 passenger cars with 31249 seats.5200 freight cars, with an approved load of 278843 tons.In addition, the country has 210 passenger rail cars with 17361 seats.
There is no underground railway in Croatian cities, the tram network is developed, and the number of buses is sufficient.[10]
water transport
In 2019, there will be 88 commercial passenger ships with 34261 seats in total;39 commercial cargo ships with a gross tonnage of 1.04 million tons.In 2022, the sea passenger traffic volume will be 14.16 million person times and the freight volume will be 15.36 million tons;Inland waterway freight volume is 5.83 million tons.It has seven seaports that can berth large ocean going ships, namely, Rijeka, Pula, Sibernik, Zadar, Split, Ploche and Dubrovnik.Among them, the port of Rijeka has a prominent position, through which the whole territory of Dakar and Europe can be accessed.
According to the data released by the Croatian Ministry of Oceans, Transport and Infrastructure, there are 120000 ships and yachts registered in Croatia at present, and about 60000 speedboats from other countries to Croatia every year.Croatia has set up special maritime colleges and training centers to train professional sailors.The official crew of Croatia is 22000.[10]
air transport
There are 7 international airports (Zagreb, Split, Dubrovnik, Zadar, Rijeka, Pula, Osiek) and 3 small commercial airports (Blachi, Loshni, Versal), of which the main airport is Tuzman Airport in Zagreb.The passenger traffic volume in 2022 will be 3.125 million person times.
Pipeline transportation
In 2022, the total length of oil pipeline will be 622km, and the total length of natural gas pipeline will be 2544.43km.
Sociology
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education
Croatia has a relatively complete education system, including preschool education, primary education, secondary education, vocational education, higher education, adult education and special education.Croatia implements eight year compulsory primary and secondary education.
The seven major universities in Croatia are Zagreb University, Rijeka University, Osiek University, Split University, Zadar University, Dubrovnik University and Pula University.In addition, there are 13 public polytechnics, such as Zagreb Research Institute of Technology, Kallowac Institute of Technology, and other private professional colleges, such as Zagreb School of Economics and Management, Opatiya School of Tourism and Hotel Management, etc.[10]
science and technology
Croatia has a good scientific and technological foundation and belongs to a moderately developed country. Its economic development level in the former Yugoslavia is second only to Slovenia.Scientific research forces are mainly distributed in institutions of higher learning and independent research institutes, followed by research institutions affiliated to CAS.Croatia has traditional advantages in marine science and technology, and has certain characteristics in seismic research and technology, veterinary medicine research and production management, shipbuilding technology, chemical industry, electronics, machinery manufacturing, information technology and other fields.[10]
hygiene
The medical conditions and facilities in Croatia have basically reached the level of western countries.There are 57 hospitals in China, with 23000 beds, and nearly 73000 medical personnel, including 55781 medical personnel.There are hospitals and clinics in major cities and towns, and medical centers and pharmacies in all small towns.Helicopter and sea speedboat services can be provided for the dying patients.However, in general, the national health care industry is facing the pressure of serious shortage of budget funds.There are many private doctors in the country, and private pharmacies have sufficient drugs.[26]
Croatia's medical insurance consists of compulsory medical insurance and supplementary medical insurance.According to the Law of Croatia on Compulsory Medical Insurance, Croatian citizens and foreigners who have obtained long-term or temporary residence in Croatia must participate in compulsory medical insurance.Supplementary medical insurance is a kind of voluntary supplementary medical insurance.
There are hospitals and clinics in the main towns of Croatia, and medical centers and pharmacies in all small places.Helicopter and sea speedboat services can be provided for the dying patients.Since joining the EU, many doctors in Croatia have chosen to go abroad to work in other EU countries that can provide better working conditions, higher salaries and further education opportunities.[10]
Sports
In 1998, the Croatian team won the third place in the World Cup for the first time,SukHe also became the best shooter.After that, the team slipped from the peak. In 2002, the team stopped in the group game. In 2006, the team also stopped in the group game. In 2010, the team failed to qualify for the World Cup. In 2014, the team stopped in the group game.2018 Russia World CupCroatian football returned to glory, reached the final and finally won the runner up.[36]Qatar World Cup 2022Croatia won the third place.[35]
In basketball,YugoslaviaBasketball in the region was once called by western media as the most popular sport besides NBAbasketball match。Croatia has a good tradition in table tennis.The level of athletes is very high in Europe.
There are many excellent tennis players,Ivan Ljubicic Is a Croatian tennis star who once could play withFederer He also defeatedAgassi。Golan·Goran Ivanisevic , in 2001Wimbledon Tennis ChampionshipA total of 227 Ace balls were sent out, and they won the men's singles championship as non card players.In 2004, he announced his retirement, but in 2005, he once came back and helped Croatia compete for the Davis Cup title as a substitute. As a result, Croatia won the title for the first time as expected.In addition,Ansich、CilicAlso a very famous Croatian tennis player.
In addition, Croatia's K1 fighterMilcoHe is also a world-class player.
Former player of the national table tennis team——Tan RuiwuModern watch Croatia competed in 2008Beijing Olympic GamesHe won the top eight men's singles of table tennis and became a well-known hero of the local people.
media
There are three national daily newspapers in Croatian:《evening paper》, with a daily circulation of 205000;《morning paper》, with a daily circulation of 100000 copies;《Kurier 》42000 copies;There are nine kinds of local daily newspapers:《Free Dalmatian》120000 copies;《New Newspaper》4000 copies, etc.
In 2019, Croatia's total power generation will be 12.76 billion kWh.Among them, hydropower generation is 5.933 billion kWh (46.5%), traditional thermal power generation is 5.277 billion kWh (41.4%), wind power generation is 1.467 billion kWh (11.5%), and solar power generation is 83 million kWh (0.65%).The total import of electricity is 9.158 billion kilowatt hours, and the total export is 3.025 billion kilowatt hours.
In 2019, Croatia's total power consumption was 17.234 billion kWh.Among them, 1.133 billion kilowatt hours were consumed in the energy sector, 3.54 billion kilowatt hours were consumed in industrial production, 79 million kilowatt hours were consumed in the construction sector, 332 million kilowatt hours were consumed in the transportation sector, 6.206 billion kilowatt hours were consumed by residents, 5.881 billion kilowatt hours were consumed in the commercial and public service sectors, and 64 million kilowatt hours were consumed by the Ministry of Agriculture.Croatia's electricity consumption and production gap is made up by imports, mainly from the Koshko nuclear power plant located in Slovenia.[10]
signal communication
By the end of 2018, the number of fixed telephone users in Croatia was 32.6 per 100 people, and the number of mobile phone users was 105.4 per 100 people.
By 2019, 81% of households in Croatia had access to the Internet.Among them, more than 70% use fixed lines to access the Internet, and more than 55% use mobile Internet.74% of households are equipped with personal computers.
There are eight major telecom operators in Croatia, namely, HarvetskiTelecom, A1, Telemach, Iskon, Optima Telekom, Tomato, bonbon and Telekom.Huawei, ZTE and other Chinese enterprises have also successively cooperated with three major telecom operators, namely, Harvetski Telecom, A1 and Telemach.In May 2021, Huawei officially signed a five-year wireless exclusive framework contract with UG Group (Bulgaria, Croatia and Slovenia), realizing Huawei's 100% share of wireless RAN (including 5G), antenna, microwave and energy in the three countries' subnets of UG Group.[10]
public security
Croatia has a stable political situation, good social security in general, strong legal awareness of citizens, high level of culture and education, and relatively low crime rate. However, in recent years, pickpocketing cases against tourists have increased.Theft, robbery and other crimes usually occur on buses, railway stations and other public transport places.In the peak tourist season, scenic spots, beaches, restaurants, bars, etc. are also pickpockets' places.Revealing money often becomes the target of pickpockets and robbers.[26]
According to the data released by the Croatian Ministry of Internal Affairs, in 2019, there were 42651 general crime cases, 4137 economic crime cases, 33 extreme violence cases, 2044 organized crime cases, 20 war crimes cases, 2930 cyber crimes cases, and 2871 cases of narcotics abuse in Croatia, a total of 54686 criminal cases of all kinds, an increase of 9.8% over 2018.Among them, there are 30 cases of murder, 73 cases of rape, 670 cases of robbery and 11579 cases of theft in general criminal cases.There are no terrorist attacks and kidnappings against Chinese enterprises or citizens in Croatia.
Croatian law stipulates that eligible individuals may hold firearms upon approval.[10]
price
According to the data of Croatian National Bureau of Statistics, in 2020, the average monthly net income of employees employed by Croatian corporate enterprises was 6763 Kuna, and the average monthly gross income was 9216 Kuna, with nominal growth of 4.7% and 9.1% respectively compared with the previous year, and actual growth of 2.7% and 2.5% respectively.In 2019, the average price of new residential buildings nationwide was 12536 Kuna/m2.In terms of cities, the average price of new residential buildings in Zagreb is 13077 Kuna/m2, and the average price in other cities is 11881 Kuna/m2.The average CPI will rise by 0.1% in 2020, and the average CPI is expected to rise by 1.7% in 2021.
According to Eurostat data, Croatia's living standard in 2020 will be one third lower than the average level of the 27 EU countries, and consumer prices will also be one third lower.[10]
As far as Croatia is concerned, the supply of various materials is sufficient, daily consumer goods are complete, and life is convenient. However, a large number of industrial products, agricultural products, energy and consumer goods rely on imports, and the price level is relatively high.[26]
salary
According to the data of Croatian National Bureau of Statistics, in February 2020, the average net income of employees employed by legal entity enterprises was 6789 kunas.In all industries, the highest monthly average net salary is in the pharmaceutical and pharmaceutical manufacturing sector, which is 16070 Kuna;The minimum monthly average net salary of the security department is 4430 kunas.The median monthly average net salary is 5705 Kuna.In February 2021, the average monthly net salary of employees employed by corporate enterprises will be 7038 Kuna (about 930 euros), up 3.4% year on year.
From 2020, the minimum monthly wage standard of Croatia will be increased from 3750 Kuna in 2019 to 4062.5 Kuna (gross income), that is, the monthly net income will be increased from 3000 Kuna to 3250 Kuna, an increase of 8.3%.[10]
the labor
Croatia has a high quality of labor force. Except for the shortage of labor force in the peak season of tourism, other industries have abundant labor resources.Due to the adverse impact of COVID-19, the Croatian Employment Service Center recorded 157000 unemployed persons at the end of November 2020, an increase of 21.9% over the same period in 2019.In 2020, the average unemployment rate in Croatia will be 7.5%.The registered unemployment rate will be 9.8% in January 2021, and will drop to 7.3% in August.[10]
International Relations
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foreign policy
Croatia's geopolitical status is very important, and it is in the center of Europe.Now the process of European integration has given Croatia new values.Croatia's geopolitical status is very important for the long-term peace, stability and development of Southeast Europe.Croatia attaches importance to developing friendly cooperative relations with major countries;On the basis of resolutely safeguarding national interests, equality and mutual benefit, we should develop comprehensive relations with all countries in political, economic, cultural and other fields, integrate into European economic security integration, and attach importance to strengthening relations with Central Europe and neighbouring countries.
external relations
Relations with China
On April 27, 1992, China recognized the Republic of Croatia, and on May 13, 1992, China and Croatia established diplomatic relations.In May 2005, Croatian Prime Minister Sanader paid an official visit to China, and the two countries signed a joint voice to establish a comprehensive cooperative partnershipbright[38]。
Major exchanges in recent years:
From 2012 to 2019, the leaders of the two countries held bilateral meetings on many occasions, such as the China CEEC Summit and the China International Import Expo.In February 2021, Croatian Prime Minister Prenkovic attended the China CEE Leaders' Summit hosted by President Xi Jinping via video.In May 2022, President Xi Jinping and President Milanovic of Croatia exchanged congratulatory messages on the 30th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and Croatia.In October, President Milanovic sent a letter congratulating President Xi Jinping on his re-election as General Secretary of the CPC Central Committee.In March 2023, President Milanovic sent a letter congratulating President Xi Jinping on his re-election as President of the country, and Prime Minister Prenkovic sent a congratulatory letter to Premier Li Qiang on his inauguration.In September 2023, Li Hongzhong, member of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee and Vice Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, visited Kenya.In January 2024, Wang Yong, Vice Chairman of the CPPCC National Committee, visited Kenya.
The Chinese and Croatian governments have established mechanisms such as the Joint Economic Committee and the Science and Technology Cooperation Committee, signed a number of cooperation documents such as the memorandum of understanding on jointly building the "Belt and Road", and deepened exchanges in various fields.In 2023, the bilateral trade volume between China and Croatia will reach 2.53 billion US dollars, a year-on-year increase of 5.2%, including 2.4 billion US dollars of Chinese exports and 130 million US dollars of imports.The Peleshac Bridge in Croatia contracted by Chinese enterprises will be opened to traffic in July 2022.
In 2019, the Croatian version of Xi Jinping's Story telling was released in Croatia, and the two sides held the China Croatia Cultural Tourism Year.In 2022, the Kelvin version of the book "Ping" Yu "Jin Ren - General Secretary Xi Jinping's Dictionary" was released in Croatia, and the first Croatian Chinese Film Festival was held in Croatia.In 2023, the two sides will hold the fourth travel season police joint patrol in Kenya, and the Chinese Olympic men's football team will go to Kenya for training.
From 2020 to 2021, China will provide assistance to the Croatian side in combating the COVID-19 epidemic and earthquake relief.[50]
Relations with the EU
Croatia is the second former Yugoslav country to join the EU. Croatia declared the independence of the former Yugoslavia in 1991 and suffered from war. In 2003, it started the accession negotiations.Croatia officially joined on July 1, 2013OuAlliance[2][6]。
Relations with Italy
ItalyIt is one of the first countries to recognize Croatia.The Italian government announced the recognition of Croatia as an independent country on January 15, 1992, and the two countries established diplomatic relations on January 17.As Italy is a member of the EU and NATO, Croatia hopes to receive greater support from Italy in the process of achieving its accession to NATO and the EU. Therefore, developing friendly relations with Italy is of great significance to Croatia. Croatia attaches great importance to developing relations between the two countries.After the two sides reached an agreement on the issue of ethnic minorities in 1996, bilateral relations began to develop comprehensively and rapidly. Croatia's accession to the European Commission received Italian support, and trade and tourism cooperation was strengthened.Croatia very much hopes to cooperate with Italy on the Adriatic Sea, especially on security, combating organized crime, illegal migration and protecting the ecological environment.The relationship between the two countries is moving towards the direction of establishing a strategic partnership.In addition, the two countries have worked closely in a series of regional organizations, such as the Adriatic Aegean Initiative, the China EU Initiative, the Stability Pact, and the Alps Adriatic Working Community.[28]
Relations with Hungary
Croatia and Hungary share the same historical and cultural traditions, and the bilateral relations between the two countries have always been good.Since the date of independence, Croatia has been developing bilateral relations with Hungary under the principle of good neighborliness and friendship, and the two countries have no open problems.On January 18, 1992, the two countries established diplomatic relations at the ambassadorial level. The prime ministers of the two countries repeatedly declared that the two countries are "strategic partnerships". The main characteristics of this relationship are: high political cooperation, economic cooperation (energy, tourism, transportation and infrastructure construction), cultural cooperation and minority protection.After Croatia achieved independence, Hungary has always given great support. The cooperation between the two countries involves economic and military cooperation.Croatia was supported and helped by Hungary in the war with the Yugoslav People's Army. At the beginning of the war, Croatia imported weapons through Hungary, and Hungary also accepted a large number of Croat refugees.Hungary, as a member of NATO and the EU, actively supports Croatia's accession to Euro Atlantic integration.[30]
Relations with Slovenia
Croatia and Slovenia simultaneously separated from Yugoslavia and became independent, and they recognized each other immediately after independence.In February 1992, Kessler established diplomatic relations.Croatia and Slovenia have very close relations at all levels. Although their political relations are often troubled by the problems left over by the division of the former Yugoslavia, the two countries have basically the same views on many global and regional issues.The two countries have successfully solved most of the remaining problems and have worked closely in various regional and multilateral organizations. The two countries have actively developed cooperation in various fields, especially in culture, science, education and economy.[31]
Relations with the Eurozone
On June 1, 2022, the European Commission said that Croatia was ready to join from January 1, 2023eurozone, which will become the 20th country in the Eurozone.[7]
On July 12, 2022, the EU gave final approval for Croatia to open the euro in January 2023.[8]
Relations with Russia
After independence, Croatia took integration into the European political and economic mainstream as the primary goal of its foreign policy, so naturally it ignored the development of relations with Russia.In 1996, comprehensive peace was achieved in Croatia. The Croatian government proposed that it should, on the premise of maintaining the basic foreign policy of joining NATO and the EU, emphasize the restoration and maintenance of normal national relations and economic and trade relations with Russia, which indicates that Croatia attaches great importance to the status and role of Russia in international relations.Since then, high-level visits between the two sides have become increasingly frequent.There are no open political issues between Croatia and Russia, and they have similar positions on most international and European issues.The relationship between the two countries is developing well, especially economic and trade relations.[29]
On July 22, 2022 local time,RussiaThe government added Croatia to the list of unfriendly countries to Russia.[9]
Relations with Bosnia and Herzegovina
The territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina is like a "wedge" located in the southeast and facing the northwest. Its "wedge" tip is deeply inserted into Croatia, so that 2/3 of the border of Bosnia and Herzegovina borders Croatia in the west and east.The land boundary between Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina is more than 1000 kilometers, which determines the close relationship between the two countries' geo strategies and geopolitics.In addition, Croats in Bosnia and Herzegovina are one of the three main ethnic groups in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Croatia is one of the signatories of the Dayton Peace Agreement. There are about 80000 citizens of Bosnia and Herzegovina living in Croatia, and 700000 Croats living in Bosnia and Herzegovina. All these have made the two countries have extraordinary special relations.A stable, self reliant, prosperous Bosnia and Herzegovina with three main ethnic groups enjoying equal status has vital national interests for Croatia.In the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Bosnian Croats were supported and protected by Croatia, so it is difficult to eliminate the hostility between the two ethnic groups.As Croatia is the home country of Croats in Bosnia and Herzegovina, the development of the situation in Bosnia and Herzegovina has an important impact on Croatia's internal affairs and diplomacy.[32]
Travel?
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overview
Croatia is a Mediterranean tourist destination. The mild Mediterranean climate is very suitable for tourists.Croatia's tourism industry has a long history and is the pillar industry of the country, contributing about 20% to the economy.Important tourism resources include the Adriatic Sea coast and more than 1000 islands, 8 national parks (such as the famous Pulitewice Lake, commonly known as the "Sixteen Lakes" in China), 10 natural parks, historical and cultural heritage protected by UNESCO (such as Dubrovnik Ancient Castle), etc.Dubrovnik is the most popular tourist destination in Croatia, followed by Rovini and Polec.
The countries with the most foreign tourists are Germany, Slovenia, Austria, Poland and Italy.[10]
Main attractions
Main attractions
Name of scenic spot
introduce
Zagreb
It is a famous historical city in Central Europe, built in the 11th century, and first developed from some residential areas.In the 13th century, cities of a certain scale were formed.In the 19th century, with the development of the European industrial revolution, Zagreb gradually expanded from the old city to a new city.The whole city is composed of three parts: the old city, which is composed of ancient buildings such as churches and city halls, is also called the upper city, and the new district, which is composed of squares, business districts and opera houses, is also called the lower city, as well as the modern city developed after the war.The center of the city is Yelasic Square, where there are many government agencies, banks and commercial office centers. In the center of the square stands the giant sculpture of the Croatian national hero Ban Josef Yelasic.There are also many 18th and 19th century Baroque buildings around the square.Across Yelasic Square is the famous Ilika Street in Zagreb, which is one of the main business street centers in Zagreb, with many stores and supermarkets.Zagreb University, founded in 1669, is one of the oldest institutions of higher learning in Europe
Colchula
Kokura Island, an island in Adriatic Sea, Dalmatia Province, Republic of Croatia, is located in the southernmost part of Croatia, more than 600 kilometers away from Zagreb, the capital of Croatia, and more than 1000 kilometers away from Belgrade (the capital of the Republic of Serbia).Some people say that no island can have so many legends and historical sites as Kerchula.Like Lokrum Island and Mljet Island, it has the highest forest coverage in Croatia.Kerchula Island is 48km long, 6-8km wide and 279km2 in area.The highest point is 568 meters above sea level.It is mainly composed of limestone, dolomite and sandstone.Karst landform is widespread.Mediterranean climate, with an annual precipitation of 1100 mm.There were 161.82 million residents (in 2001), most of whom were Croatians. The main settlement, Kerchula, is located at the eastern end of the island. It is engaged in fishing, agriculture (planting grapes, olives, wheat), hunting, mining white marble, and hunting wild jackals as a unique industry of the island.There are ancient castles and pagodas in Kerchula Town on the east bank. The old town retains the style and features of the 16th century Venice town almost intact
Dubrovnik Ancient Town
Dubrovnik Ancient CityDubrovnik, located in the south of Croatia, was built in the 7th century. It is close to the mountain and the sea. The background of the air battle on the Adriatic Sea in Hayao Miyazaki's Red Pig was taken here. It is a city with well preserved medieval buildings in Europe. It has the reputation of "city museum". It was included in the World Cultural Heritage List by UNESCO in 1979.The old city still retains the ancient castles built in the 14th and 16th centuries, with beautiful Gothic, Renaissance and Baroque buildings in different styles.It has become an ideal tourist and convalescent resort for tourists from Europe and even the world, and also the location of King's Landing in the famous American TV series Game of Thrones
Dubrovnik Ancient City Wall
Dubrovnik City Wall is a defensive stone wall around the old city. It has stood in southern Croatia since the 7th century. It is considered to be one of the greatest defense systems in the Middle Ages and has never been damaged by the enemy.In 1979, the old city of Dubrovnik and a large part of the city wall were included in the UNESCO World Cultural Heritage List
Diocletian's Palace
It is considered as one of the most spectacular Roman ruins and the main scenic spot of Split, Croatia.Now it has become the old city of Split, with many shops, cafes, restaurants and apartments, located in the street of this ancient building.You can often hear the music in the palace during the day.At night, when the night falls, the palace is illuminated with a special charm
World Heritage Site
Croatia became a member of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee on July 6, 1992.As of the end of the 38th World Heritage Conference on June 25, 2014, Croatia has a total of 7 world heritage, including 6 cultural heritage and 1 natural heritage.The number of heritage ranks 41st in the world.
Site name
Site type
Selected time
The historical buildings of Split and the former Daikeri Palace
World Cultural Heritage
1979
Old City of Dubrovnik
World Cultural Heritage
1979 and 1994
Britteves Lake National Park
World Natural Heritage
1979 and 2000
The Euphrates Cathedral Complex in the Borage Center
