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Photoinduced metamorphosisExtremely high-energyGamma rayandNucleusAnd make the nucleus enterExcited stateThe physical process of immediately decaying into two or more subnuclei.
A simple example is that the following effective gamma rays knock out a proton or neutron from the atomic nucleus, while the extreme example is that gamma rays cause spontaneousMitosisReaction.This process is fundamentally related tonuclear fusionOn the contrary, originally light elements combine at high temperatures to form heavy elements and release energy.Light induced transformation is fromironLight elementendothermic(energy absorption) from elements heavier than ironexothermicRelease energy.Photoinduced transformation at leastSupernovaFor some heavy elements and proton rich elementsP-processOfNucleosynthesisContribute.
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In very large stars (mass ratiosunlightMore than 250 times larger) in the explosion, the light induced transformation isSupernovaA major factor in the event.When such a star reaches the end of its life, the temperature and pressure generated by it are absorbed and consumed by the energy of light induced transformation, which temporarily reduces the pressure and temperature of the star core.When energy is absorbed by light induced disintegration, the core of the star begins to collapse, and the collapsed core will lead toblack holeFormation of.
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Although the temperature of the iron core is more than one billion degrees, no energy flows from it.It is not enough to maintain the gravitational balance of the super giant star, and the iron core will be pressed more closely, so that the electrons in it are in a degenerate state.When the huge pressure of degenerate electrons can temporarily support the weight of the outer layer, there will be a pause in stellar activity.But when the mass of iron and degenerate electrons in the core exceeds 1.4 solar masses, the degenerate nucleus of electrons suddenly collapses, shrinks violently, and the temperature rises abruptly to 5 billion degrees in a tenth of a second.At this temperature, gamma photons have enough energy to break the iron atomic nucleus intoHelium nuclei And neutrons.This process is called light induced metamorphosis.Photoinduced disintegration breaks the atomic nucleus and absorbs energy. The balance of the stellar core has undergone an unprecedented sharp change. It is increasingly unable to withstand the relentless pressure, and the temperature continues to rise, until the helium core is also broken by high-energy gamma photons and transformed into its basic components:proton、neutronAnd electronics.At high temperatures, electrons become even more unable to block the compression force, and in 0.1 second, they are squeezed to combine with the proton.The charges of the two neutralize and become neutrons, which burst out a huge stream of neutrinos at the same time.The "occupation volume" of neutrons is much smaller. The space between two neutrons can be as small as ten centimeters to the negative 13th power, that is, neutrons can touch each other.As a result, neutronization is accompanied by an inward explosion of matter and a huge increase in density towards the degenerate state.The density of the star reaches ten to the fourteenth gram per cubic centimeter, which is equivalent to a mass of 100 million tons in a sewing thimble.There's nothing in the core“vacuum”Left behind, the stellar nucleus becomes a huge atomic nucleus mainly composed of neutrons. This new material degenerate state, which is much closer than the white dwarf, is called a neutron star.The degenerate core of some stars whose mass is far greater than the sun continues to collapse, but the final formation is not a neutron star, but a black hole.
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Nothing can escape from a black hole, including light.black holeIt can be generated from the death of a massive star.After a massive star collapses, when its gravity is so strong that no other repulsive force can resist it, the star is compressed into an isolated point called "singularity".The details of the structure of black holes can be calculated by Einstein's general relativity, which explains that gravity bends space and slows the clock.Singularity is the center of a black hole, around which gravity is strong.The surface of a black hole is usually called the event horizon, or "Event Horizon", "Schwarzschild radius of a stationary spherical black hole". It is the boundary between spacetime events that can communicate with distant events and spacetime events that cannot be transmitted because the signal is captured by a strong gravitational field.Below the event horizon, the escape speed is greater than the speed of light.This is a celestial phenomenon that has not been directly observed and confirmed by human beings, but it has been well studied by some famous theoretical astronomers such as Hawking in mathematical model
