Pre Qin（Palaeolithic period 221 BC) refers toQin DynastyThe historical period before the establishment of the Qin Dynasty in a broad sense refers to all the historical periods before the establishment of the Qin Dynasty, also known as the Pre Qin Period.
According to legend, it has gone through the period of ancient culture:Youchao[1-2]、Suiren's surname、Fu Xi, Shennong（Emperor Yan）[3], Xuanyuan（Yellow Emperor）[3]、Yao、Shun、YuAnd so on.The History of the Pre Qin Dynasty says: "The traces of civilization of our country can be traced back to the nest, flint, Xi and agriculture.";witharchaeologyEvidence: such as the Paleolithic Age and the Neolithic Age.untilthe warring statesTimes.[4-5]
Pre Qin experiencesummer、merchant、Western Zhou Dynasty, andspring and autumn、the warring statesAnd other historical stages.The scope of the study of the history of the Pre Qin Dynasty in a narrow sense covers the history of China from the beginning to the endThe Age of CivilizationuntilQin DynastyThe establishment of this period mainly refers to the history of Xia, Shang, Western Zhou, Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period.
In a narrow sense, the pre Qin period usually refers to the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, that is, the period when Zhou was enfeoffed as a vassal and thenthe Qin stateStart toFirst Emperor of QinUntil the emperor is proclaimed.
The History of the Pre Qin Dynasty says: "The traces of civilization of our country can be traced back to the nest, flint, Xi and agriculture."
During this period, the generation of kings adopted the "abdication system", and finallyYaoEmperor Yaochan is located in Shun,ShunThe Zen Emperor is located inYuAfter Yu died, Qi, the son of Yu, establishedXia DynastyThe "abdication system" ended. Since then, "Xia" has become the first dynasty in China.In the Xia Dynasty, there were as many as "20000 princes".
Four hundred years later (about 1600 BC), Xia Jie, the last Xia emperor, was tyrannical and unruly. Shang Tang replaced Xia and established the Shang Dynasty.
Xia Shang Period
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In the Shang Dynasty, bronze ware technology was very developed,OracleThe writing is also very mature.
Xia and Shang Dynasties (from about 2100 BC to about 1100 BC) (also known as the Shang Dynasty or the Shang and Zhou Dynasties)“Bronze Age”。legendShang dynastyThere are "three thousand princes".
With the decline of the power of the Zhou Dynasty, many feudal lords formedVassal states, fighting with each other, famous successivelyFive Hegemons 、Seven Heroes of the Warring States PeriodThis is called the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.Finally, during the Warring States Period, the Zhou Dynasty wasthe Qin stateIs extinguished.
Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period
Before the Spring and Autumn Period, the land was the main place of Lu,the warring statesPhysical objects shall prevail.The system of food and salary for the nobles in Xia and Shang Dynasties was not recorded in detail.However, they each have a certain amount of land, and their income from eating land is certain.
Western Zhou DynastyIn the Spring and Autumn Period, the Zhou royal family had thousands of miles of land.The vassals, ministers, officials, and scholars also occupied the land in their own ranks.In the Spring and Autumn Period, "the teacher of a great country, the field of a journey".There are 500 people in one brigade, each of whom cultivates 100 mu of landLutianAbout 50000 mu.
《Mencius·There is a saying in Wan Zhang Xia that "Jun Shiqing Lu, Qing Lu four doctors, doctor times sergeant, sergeant times sergeant, sergeant times corporal". The actual situation may not be so neat.In addition to the indefinite possession of land,Shang and Zhou DynastiesThe nobility also often obtained the right to occupy land regularly.For example, the inscription of Fou, a minor official in the Shang Dynasty, said: "The Fou of Wang Yi (tin), a minor official, has a period of five years." It means that the king of the Shang Dynasty rewards the Fou of minor officials to collect the crops for a period of five years.
In spring and autumn, becauseTax systemAnd gradually implementGulu system。asConfuciusFor Lusikou, he received a salary of 60000 millets. Later, when he became an official in the Wei State, he also received a salary of 60000 millets.
To the Warring States PeriodprincipalityThe grain and salary system is widely implemented.Wei WenhouwithWei ChengziFor the prime minister, "food and salary are thousands of bells".kuai Abdicate to the prime ministerZizhiHe ordered Zizhi to hand over the official seal of the official with more than 300 stone salaries to Zizhi, who would appoint officials.The official salaries of the State of Qin are 50 stone, 100 stone to 500 stone, 600 stone and above.Chu StateThe official salary is calculated with "Dan", and there are "ten thousand Dan".
During the Warring States Period, the royal family was honored, and in addition to holding official positions and having salaries, they also granted a manor;Some of the king and queen's favours also have a manor.Mengchang, the monarch of Qi, was appointed as the prime minister, inheriting the land granted by his father, and "granted thousands of households to Xue".
Lu BuweitoKing Zhuang Xiang of QinIn the first year, he was the Prime Minister and was granted the title ofWen Xinhou"Eating 100000 households in Luoyang"LantianTwelve counties ".King Qingxiang of ChuTheir favorite officials are the Marquis of Sichuan, the Marquis of SummerYan LingJun, Shouling Jun.King Zhuangxiang of Qin, Queen FengPoisonAs a Changxin Marquis, it was granted Shanyang land, and Hexi (the Yellow River between Shaanxi and Shanxi today)Southern sectionEzekieland);Taiyuan County(Today's central part of Shanxi) is a country of poison.However, at that time, the feudal monarch generally only paid taxes on the fiefs and could not occupy the land. The feudal monarch system wasEnfeoffment systemResidue of form.In the pre Qin period, those who served the government only received the treatment of food.For example, doctors receive different food according to the treatment effect.The musicians and laborers also have food.
Alliance of princes
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Western Zhou DynastyHourZhou TianziAn appointment and alliance between princes and the emperor, princes, and doctors in the Spring and Autumn Period.
In the middle of the Western Zhou Dynasty,King MuMeeting with princes in Tushan (now southeast of Huaiyuan, Anhui) is called the meeting of Tushan.
In the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period, the political power was changed fromKing of ZhouMove down to the princes,principalityIf there is something to do, the monarch will discuss it together.As in the previous 561 years,Duke Huan of QiAnd the monarchs of Lu, Wei and other six countriesSunflower mound(Today's Kaucheng in Henan Province) Meet, conclude and consolidateLegitimate sonThe System of Private Wife and the Development of Hou Stateseconomic relationsThe covenant of.
Aristocratic oath
Late Spring and Autumn PeriodSome marquis states had the dictatorship of doctors, and some meetings between marquis states were presided over by doctors.For example, in 517 years ago, Jin DynastyZhao YangWait until the doctor of the Nine Kingdoms is at Huang Fu (todayShanxiProvincial Bishui County), and the result is thatThe Prince DynastyDrive out the royal city and send the king back to the capital.
From the late Western Zhou Dynasty to the Spring and Autumn Period, the alliance was often used to adjust and consolidate the hierarchical relationship within the nobility.
There is a certain ritual for the vow: the vower first chisels the ground as a ridge (hole), kills it with cattle, sheep or horses as sacrifices, cuts the left ear of the animal to serve it, and takes its blood to serve it.readtreaty of alliance(Ancient nameBook publishing）To tell the gods, and then those who take part in the vow swear (drink) blood.After the blood ceremony, the original of the alliance agreement was sacrificed and buried in the ridge, and the copy was collected by the alliance.
During the Spring and Autumn Period, there were many vows:
① An oath of alliance between vassals.There are alliances among monarchs, such as the confirmation of nine monarchs including Qi and Lu in 632 years agoPrince Wen of JinHegemonicA League of Practice；There were alliances between doctors, such as the doctors of Jin, Chu and other countries in 546 years agoSong StateSign the Armistice Pact.
② The king and the doctor swore an oath.For example, in 543 years ago, the doctor of Zheng was in chaos. Duke Jian and the doctor allied in the temple of Duke Huan, the first emperor.
③principalityAn oath of alliance between doctors.As in 548 years ago, Dr. QiCui MaokillZhuang Gong, allied with the doctor in the temple where the first emperor was granted.
④ The oath of alliance within the doctor's clan.
Levy of servitude
In the pre Qin period, free labor was levied on the common people.A conscript was first seen in Mencius·Be conscientious》"The levy of servitude".It covers a wide range, including large-scale labor such as building cities and roads, opening rivers and embankments, and transporting materials, as well as field hunting, bandit hunting, bandit hunting, funeral and sacrificeFactotum。
According to the pre Qin literature, the law of forced labor has the following provisions:
① Number of people: three people serve in a family of seven, five people serve in two families of six, and two people serve in five.In large-scale conscription, only one person will be recruited from each family, and the rest will be Yu Fu（Reserve service）。When hunting, chasing bandits and hunting thieves, all those who serve in the army should go out.
② Age: "Chinese" from 20 to 60 years old, "savage" from 15 to 65 years old.At the age of 50, he can refuse to perform forced labor.
③ The number of days: "With the power of the people, it is only three days old." However, the number of days of force service is also determined by the number of years of prosperity or failure.Three days in a good year, two days in middle age, one day in a bad year（plague）In the year of.
④ Exemption from service: The Rites of the Zhou Dynasty, Land Officials and Township Doctors said: "The noble, the virtuous, the official, the old and the sick in the country are all abandoned (exemption from service)."
Criminal norms
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On Crime and Punishment in the Pre Qin Periodlegal norm。
Legend has it thatChinese historyBefore the establishment of Xia in the first dynasty, namely YuShunThere was a criminal law.GaotaoHe was once appointed by Shun as the official in charge of criminal law.
《Master Zuo's Spring and Autumn Annals》In the 14th year of the reign of Duke Zhao, "The Book of Summer" said: 'Stunned, ink, thief, kill.' Gao Tao was also punished. "
The criminal law of the Xia Dynasty is called“Yu Punishment”。The so-called "Yu Punishment" is the general name of the laws of the Xia Dynasty, not necessarily formulated by Yu.
It is recorded in ancient books that "3000 pieces of meat were created after summer"“XiahouThere are five punishments, three thousand penalties "," three thousand penalties in summer "and so on, which may be speculated by later generations, but not believed.
In order to strengthen the deterrent force of criminal law, the rulers of the Xia Dynasty often punished in the name of "Heaven", so-called "Heaven's quest" and "Heaven's punishment".At that time, the punishment was more severe, which often means "killing", "killing" or being punished as a slave.For example, those who disobey military orders and refuse to fight will not only punish themselves, but also kill their wives and children.
Comparison of Criminal Law in the Shang DynastyXia DynastyThere are new developments.As the laws of the Shang Dynasty had begun to take shapeZhou DynastyAt the beginning of the founding of the People's Republic of China, it also emphasized the rule of Yin and FranceShang nationalityThe adherents, that is, the punishment should be judged by the common law of Yin.The rulers of the Shang Dynasty did harm toSocial orderThe punishment for his behavior is extremely severe.
Tang was the founder of the Shang Dynasty. "Tang Punishment" refers to the laws of the Shang Dynasty, or it was named after Tang because it was originally formulated in Tang Dynasty.
From Yin RuinsOracleLook, in the Shang Dynasty, it seems that there were ink, bamboo, bamboo, bamboo, bamboo, bamboo, bamboo, etcA great openingetc.Five punishments。Ink, also known as tsingy, instantly pricks the skin and fills the ink.
Some people think that the "□" in oracle bone inscriptions such as "concubine" and "child" is likeMockingThe instruments of torture used.劓, namelyRhinotomy。
OracleThere is "□".The "self" is like a trunk, and the "□" is like a knife, which symbolizes cutting the nose.It must be (cut off), that is, broken foot.
Oracle bone inscriptions are like cutting people's feet with a saw.Gong, male cut offgenitals, female claustrophobia.Oracle bone inscriptions are useful for imagesKnife cuttingWords for genital mutilation.
Great development means killing and chopping.The word "cutting" in oracle bone inscriptions is like cutting a person's head with a dagger.
Shang dynastyAt the end of the period, the rulers also imposed other cruel punishments.King ZhouSet“Cannon cautery", that iscopper pillarupperOiling, use charcoal to burn red, so that criminals can do better and fall into charcoal fire.The Shang rulers also set up prisons in various places and detained prisoners with instruments of torture.
The word "yi" in oracle bone inscriptions, such as "zhi" and "yu", refers to the word "shackle" in ancient documents, which means the instrument of torture for taking care of hands.
Zheng Xuan in the Book of Rites of the Zhou Dynasty: Prisoners in the palm notes: "The shackles are in the hand, and the shackles are in the foot."
In view of the fact that the heavy punishment at the end of the Shang Dynasty aroused strong resistance from the people,Zhou nationalityThe ruler realized that he could not maintain his rule only by violent repression, so he proposed“Be prudent in punishment”The purpose of penalty isCrime preventionIn the criminal law, the difference between intention (not fault) and negligence (fault), consistency (only end) and incidental offense (not end) is preliminarily divided.
For intentional and consistent crimes, although they are minor crimes, they are also subject to severe punishment;Negligence and accidental offense, even ifSerious circumstancesThe sentence may also be commuted.At that time, he also put forward a relatively clear concept of conviction, such as "destruction is a thief, concealing a thief's bribe is a thief, and stealing a weapon is a traitor".The claim of conviction must be based on facts.ofFive punishmentsThe sentence can only be executed after the statement of action of the criminal law is verified and verified to be credible.The doubtful cases that are difficult to determine should be handled carefully.
In the Western Zhou Dynasty, in order to strengthen the ruling position of the monarch, all acts of aggression against the monarch were considered to be the most serious crimes, and were punished with the heaviest punishment. The so-called "killing the monarch is killing the monarch".
In order to maintain the hereditary rule of the nobilityPatriarchal hierarchyIn the Western Zhou Dynasty, "unfilial", "disinterested"“Discordia ”, "no marriage", "no respect for the ancestors" and other charges, that "unfilial and unfriendly" is "no evil", "no amnesty".
Protection of private property
In order to protect the private property of the nobility from infringement, the criminal law of the Zhou Dynasty increased the punishment for infringement of private property.
The Book of chancery Fei swore: "If you don't dare to invade, you will surpass the wall, steal horses and cattle, lure your ministers and concubines, and you will be punished frequently."
Textual research on flogging
According to literature andBronze inscriptionIt can be seen that in addition to the "five punishments", there were also punishments such as whip and redemption in the Western Zhou Dynasty.Whip, according to legendZhou dynastyIt was previously defined as a penalty.
The inscriptions on the bronze ware "□ □" of the late Western Zhou Dynasty include "whip your thousand", "whip your five hundred", etc., which proves that it was indeed used in the Western Zhou DynastyFlogging。Redemption is offset by propertycorporal tortureOr the death penalty.
According to the Shangshu Lv Xing, "Mo dispels doubts and pardons, and he will be fined a hundred fine"“A great openingA fine of one thousand yuan shall be imposed for a suspected pardon ".
□□: "Today's amnesty for women (you) will be (whip) five hundred women (you), and punishment for women (you) three hundred yuan (fine)", which is consistent with the record in Lv Xing.
Enacting statutory law
In the early Spring and Autumn PeriodVassal statesBasically, the laws of the Western Zhou Dynasty were followed,middle periodSince then, profound changes in social politics and economy have promotedlegal systemChanges.To adapt to the new situation, the rulers in power of the vassal states successively announced newCodified law。
《Master Zuo's Spring and Autumn Annals·In the sixth year of the reign of Emperor Zhaogong, it was recorded that "Zheng Ren forged a punishment book",Du YuNote: "It is the common law of the country to cast the punishment book in the tripod".
Deng Chu's Punishment
Thirty years later, the doctor of the State of ZhengDeng XieIn order to carry out his own ideas, he revised the old law and prepared a separate punishment document.It was written on bamboo slips, so it was called“Bamboo punishment”。Afterzheng use.
tripod inscribed with the penal code
In 513 BC, after Zheng Zhu's book of punishment, Zhao Yang, JinXun YinWill alsoFan XuanziThe laws formulated during the period of administration were cast on the tripod, which is called“tripod inscribed with the penal code”。
The "punishment book", "bamboo punishment" and "punishment tripod" are not handed down.
However, judging from the policies pursued by legislators, the new laws promulgated by various countries in the Spring and Autumn Period are undoubtedly conducive to social development.Moreover, the publication of the written law itself breaks the old tradition of "punishment is unknown, then power is unpredictable", and it is a heavy blow to the monopoly of legal privileges by the nobility.
Absolute monarchy
During the Warring States Period, following the trend of promulgating written laws since the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period, various vassals successively formulatedAbsolute monarchyNational laws.
During the Wei Wenhou period,Li XuanWritten by《Dharma Sutra》Is the great achievement of the legislation of various countries since the Spring and Autumn Period.The Book of Laws consists of six chapters, namely, theft, thief, prisoner, arrest, miscellaneous, and the first four chapters are "positive laws", which mainly contain legal provisions for punishing "theft" and "thief"“Heterodyne law”It stipulates various other crimes and punishments except "theft" and "thief"."Decreasing the law" means aggravating orMitigated punishmentProvisions of.
《Dharma Sutra》The appearance ofLegal historyA major development on.In style《Dharma Sutra》Taking charges as the key link, the so-called "all charges system".It is more scientific to list the crimes with the same penalty in the same chapter than the former onesCodificationMajor changes.The system of the Law Book, which is dominated by criminal law and mixed with procedural law and other legal contents, has a profound impact on the legislation of future generations.
ethical education
It is said that Yu, Xia, Shang, and Zhou Dynasties set up schools at all levels and in the township and capital of the country respectively, such as Xiang, Xu, School, Primary School, and University, to provide ethical education for noble children and even civilians.I'm afraid it's the Warring States PeriodQin and Han DynastiesConfucian ideal.In fact, there is no reliable information about school education before the Shang Dynasty.
The school education in the Western Zhou Dynasty and the Spring and Autumn Period focused on the six arts.The so-called six arts are ritual, music, shooting, imperial, calligraphy and counting.Be polite and willing to cultivateMoral sentiment；Shooting and defending are military training;Books and numbersGoverning the peopleSkills required for politics.
Bronze ware of the Western Zhou DynastyMaizun、Quiet GuiThe inscription mentioned that the royal family was called Piyonginstitution of higher learningThe university, which taught the noble children archery, held a shooting activity in which King Zhou personally participated to assess, and awarded the officials responsible for teaching archery meritorious.Yu DingThe primary school mentioned in the inscription of Shihu Gui is also a place to train noble children to go into politics.
The Book of Rites·Kingship》He said that when King Zhou sent troops, he should "learn from others", win the battle, and "fight against (return to)offer libations to the spiritsIn learning, I will tell you ".It can be seen that the school was also formulated before the warscheme of operationsAnd the place where the postwar celebration ceremony was held, it has a close relationship with military activities.
According to the Book of Rites of Zhou · Shi Shi, the aristocratic children in traditional Chinese culture are also the close guards of the King of Zhou. They shoulder the responsibility of guarding and guarding at any time and anywhere, which shows that traditional Chinese culture cultivates elite warriors.The local history and order also focus on teaching archery, and offering sacrifices andsocial affairThe location of.
Wenshi Group
In the Spring and Autumn Period, Zheng peoplevillage schoolDiscusses political affairs and is liberal in powerOffspringEven regard this public opinion as a good teacher.namelyConfuciusI also promised to shoot myself,Confucius DiscipleBe able to defend the country and kill the enemy,Ran YouThat is to say, Confucius praised him for leading the army to break through the invasion of Qi.But Confucius createdPrivate schoolHowever, the ancient schools have undergone fundamental changes.
Since then, there has been a literati group focusing on learning cultural classics and engaging in political activities《happy》, Yi《spring and autumn》EtcClassical literature。
The rise of private schools
The private school cultivates talents who "work in politics", "manage taxes" and "make contributions to the four directions". It recruits children from all walks of lifeBu Yi Qing XiangThe development of the situation has prepared the conditions, and the impact is far beyondSchoolingRange of.
The successive scholars of the Warring States Period were also masters of education,Mozi、MenciusThere are hundreds of students who don't want to pay salariesXu XingThere are also dozens of disciples, including LaoziZhuangziEach has its own student.These private schools have expanded the teaching field and promoted the contention of a hundred schools of thought.
Xihe Jixia
On this basis, some monarchs established academic activity centers, such asWei West RiverQi StateJixia, etc., all hired masters of all schools to "talk without governing", give lectures and argue to attract scholars from all directions. These are actually new universities.
Tax integration
In the Pre Qin period, the emperor, the princes, the ministers, the officials and other officials collected various products from the land and the income from industry, commerce, Heng and Yu from the common people and other producers to provide "suburban, community, ancestral temple, worship of a hundred gods, support of the emperor, salaries and food of officials, and fees for common people".
Before the Spring and Autumn Period, the emperor, vassals, and doctors had hereditary land ownership, and they levied rent and tax on workersLabor products, ImplementationGong, Zhu, CheSystem.
Tax separation
During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States PeriodMinefieldIn the form ofPay taxes per muReform.
Shang Yang's Political ReformLater, people had to buy and sell land, and established a private land system, so that rent and tax were separated.
Taxes are paid byPrimitive societyAt the end of the period, individual families becameProduction unitLater, commune leaders invaded“Takata”The harvest on the farm or the land occupied by members gradually becomesRegularizationIt is formed by the contribution of.
Yu Xia Gong Fu
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It is said that Yu and Xiashi have existedTribute fu, Historical Records·Summer》Said: "SinceYu XiaAt that time, the tribute was ready. "But the content of Yu's tribute fu has not even been handed down.
Tribute of Xia Dynasty《Mencius·Teng Wengong》Say yes“XiahouFifty tribute”。That is to say, 50 mu of land will be allocated to each family, regardless of years of harvest or failureaverageGive a tenth.In addition, there is also "Ji" Lian, which is directly taken from common people's farming.
The Book of Rites · The System of Kings said: "In ancient times, the public farmland was used instead of taxes." This means that the harvest of "public farmland" was given to the king, marquis and doctors, and private farmland was no longer taxed.
State Fu and Wild Aid
aboutZhou dynastyAccording to Mencius Teng Wengong, "The people of Zhou Dynasty are thorough in a hundred acres", "although Zhou also helps". It can be seen that "thorough" is a system similar to "help".
However, because Mencius said that "Che means Che, Che also", people can not know its exact meaning, so for two thousand years, people have different opinions.
In view of the fact that the countrymen of the Zhou Dynasty served in the military, the savages did not,Country and wildImplement two different systemsTeng WengongIt is said that the system that should be implemented is "self bestowed by every envoy in the country" and "assisting in the wild".
In the "Chinese" area in the suburbs, each family will be given 100 mu of land, and each family will pay one tenth of the land harvest as“Military fu”。
In the "savage" area in the suburbs, each family will be given 100 mu, and eight families will share the same well. A total of 100 mu of "public land" will be cultivated. The harvest on the "public land" will be used as the tax payment.
Farmland unsatisfied
In the middle of the Western Zhou Dynasty, according toWei He、Wei Ding、Gebo Guirecord,King Mu of Zhou、King of the Zhou DynastyAt that time, the nobles exchanged and pledged land, which was the first sign of the change of the system of "land not sold" of the former king.
Abolish rites
In the late Western Zhou Dynasty, due to "the people refused to do their best in the public land",King Xuan of ZhouWe had to "not use thousands of acres" and abolish the ritual of using the land harvested by the emperor to sacrifice ghosts and gods.
The abolition of ritual means the abolition of the system of working people to cultivate public land.The tax system that replaced it is difficult to know in detail because there is no clear history.
Pay taxes per mu
The content of "paying taxes on mu" is briefly recorded in Guanzi.
However, according to the Book of Rites of the Zhou Dynasty, Land Officials and Little Situ, "Well herding its fields,Jiufu"Well" has changed from "eight families sharing the same well" to "nine men sharing the same well", which means that "public fields" have been abolished, that is, "savage" areas in the suburbs have been abolishedsupplementary law, changed to "pay taxes on mu".
As for the tax reform of the vassal states, it is estimated that it was later than the central area of the Zhou Dynasty.
The first thing that the vassals reformed the tax system wasQi State。
Adopted in the 19th year of Duke Huan of Qi (668 BC)Guan ZhongAnd implement mine field system“Phase to earth attenuation sign”, i.e. cancelTakata, withJiufuExpropriation for well, depending on the beauty and evils of the land and the years of prosperity and declineLand tax。
Since then, Chu, Zheng and other countries seem to have carried out similar reforms.the Qin stateThe social and economic development of,Qin JiangongSeven years (first 408)“Initial rent”That is to say, the tax will be charged on the amount of farmland and grass income.
Shang Yang's Political ReformIn the 12th year of Emperor Xiaogong's reign (350 BC), "Yuantian (Tongyuan) Farmland" was established to calculate the grain income and levy taxes.At the same time, abolishMinefieldPeople can buy and sell land.
After Qin Shihuang unified China“Make Qianshou self fulfilling”Qianshou was ordered to declare the amount of land occupied, and the private land system was confirmed nationwide. The rent and tax developed into two forms: land rent and tax.
Primitive societyAt the end of the period, part of the public industry and commerce was gradually occupied by the leaders of the commune and evolved into the industry and commerce of the government, which directly produced and sold goods to meet the special needs of the monarch;The other part has evolved into the folk industry and commerce of "making things easier and making up for deficiencies with envy (excess)".The publicly owned mountains, forests, rivers and lakes also evolved into the private property of the monarch, which became the wealth of the monarch.
King Wen of ZhouWhen dealing with disputes, it is managed by officialsGuanshiAnd mountains, forests, rivers and lakes without taxation. After the Western Zhou Dynasty, the customs and mountains, forests, rivers and lakes began to be leviedTax in kindThat is, "workers are appointed to measure materials and pay tribute to objects; merchants are appointed to make market affairs and pay tribute to goods and bribes;... people are appointed to balance mountains and pay tribute to things; people are appointed to make rivers and rivers and pay tribute to things".
Ode of Guanshi, mainly used to provide the king's food and clothing, but also used for other purposes, such asDuke Ping of JinThe closing tax is used as the cost of providing for customers;Li Muguard againstHunThey were able to buy officials at a low price and collect market rent as the cost of soldiers.“Ode to Mountains and Rivers”It is mainly used for funeral.
Its tax rate, according to《Guanzi · Youguan》That is, "take two out of one hundred for municipal fu and one out of one for guan fu";
"Da Kuang" also said that "to relax the customs levy, 50% of the tax will be levied", which is to reduce the customsTax rateThe actual tax rate should be higher than this number.
As for Shanze's tax rate, there is no specific record.
Shaokang: FirstSi Shaokang, the leader of rejuvenation in the Xia Dynasty.
cruel and oppressive person: The famous Si wears a pair of shoes. She is dissolute and immoral, but she is intelligent and powerful,Xia DynastyThe last king.
Shang Tang: Name Zilu, the first one to be verified to existcentral plainsThe king of the region, who foundedShang Dynasty, destroy the Xia Dynasty.
Pan Geng: Zixun, the capital of the Shang Dynasty, was moved to "Yin", the founder of the Shang Dynasty;Later, the merchant said“Shang Dynasty”。
Wuding: Mingzizhao was the leader of Zhongxing in the Shang Dynasty.
Zhou of the Shang Dynasty: named Zi Shou, the last king of the Shang Dynasty, was dissolute and immoral, and was called "Jie Zhou" together with Xia Jie.
Wei Wenhou: First Nameweiss , Early Warring States PeriodWei He was the founder of the State of Wei and the founder of the century old hegemony of the State of Wei.
King QinYing Zheng: 259 years ago – 210 years ago,King Zhuang Xiang of QinHis son was a famous politician, strategist and reformer in ancient China.
After Ying Zheng unified the world, he claimedFirst Emperor of Qin, which has established China'sPolitical pattern, by the thinkers of the Ming Dynastyzhi It is known as "one emperor for thousands of years".
