Supply chain

The whole chain of products from merchants to consumers

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Supply chain refers to production and Circulation process , involving the provision of products or services to end user Formed by upstream and downstream enterprises of activities Net chain Structure refers to the whole chain of products from merchants to consumers.

The industrial chain supply chain is industrial economy The stability and smoothness of the industrial chain supply chain is crucial to the smooth operation of the industrial economy.^[6]

Chinese name: Supply chain
Foreign name: Supply Chain
Performance: For information flow, logistics , control of capital flow

Features: Deliver products from merchants to consumer in the hand
Originated from: Expanded production concept development
Policy: Guiding Opinions on Actively Promoting Supply Chain Innovation and Application^[5]

catalog

Basic meaning

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Supply chain refers to a functional network chain structure that focuses on core enterprises, starts with supporting parts, makes intermediate products and final products, and finally sends products to consumers through the sales network, connecting suppliers, manufacturers, distributors and end users as a whole. Supply chain management management idea From the perspective of consumers, it seeks the overall optimization of the supply chain through cooperation between enterprises. Successful supply chain management can coordinate and integrate all activities in the supply chain, and ultimately become Seamless connection The integration process of.

The concept of supply chain is to expand production Concept development Yes, it extends the production activities of the enterprise forward and backward. In the lean collaboration mode of Toyota, Japan regards the activities of suppliers as Production activities Control and coordination. Harrison defined supply chain as: "Supply chain is a functional network chain that purchases raw materials, converts them into intermediate products and finished products, and sells finished products to users." Stevens of the United States It believes that "controlling the flow from suppliers to users through the value-added process and distribution channels is the supply chain, which starts at the source of supply and ends at the end of consumption." Therefore, the supply chain is to plan, acquire, and store（ Store ）An interface formed between customers and suppliers through such activities as distribution, service, etc., so that enterprises can meet the needs of internal and external customers.

Image definition

We can describe the supply chain as a big tree with flourishing branches and leaves: production enterprises form the roots; Exclusive agent Is the trunk; Distributors are branches and treetops; The trees are full of green leaves and red flowers end user ； At the nodes of root and trunk, branch and trunk, there is circulation again and again mis 。

The relationship between enterprises in the supply chain and the food chain similar. In "Grass - rabbit Son Wolf lion ”In such a simple food chain (for the sake of discussion, assume that natural environment If we kill all the rabbits, the grass will grow up, the wolves will starve to death due to the extinction of rabbits, and even the most powerful lions will starve to death due to the death of wolves. It can be seen that every kind of creature in the food chain is interdependent. Destroying any kind of creature in the food chain will inevitably lead to the imbalance of the food chain and ultimately destroy the survival of human beings ecological environment 。

Similarly, in the supply chain "Enterprise A - Enterprise B - Enterprise C", Enterprise A is the raw material supplier of Enterprise B, and Enterprise C is the product seller of Enterprise B. If Enterprise B ignores the interdependence of various elements in the supply chain and pays too much attention to its own Internal development The ability to produce products continues to improve, but if Enterprise A fails to provide him with production raw materials in time, or Enterprise C Sales ability If we can't keep up with the development of enterprise B's production capacity, we can draw the following conclusion: the development of enterprise B's productivity not suited to The overall efficiency of this supply chain.

Note:“ Value chain ”, which is the same concept as supply chain. There is also the so-called global logistics management In fact, it is also connected with the supply chain, and the scope is the same.

national standard 《 Logistics terminology 》It is defined as the network chain structure formed by upstream and downstream enterprises that provide products or services to end users in the production and circulation process.

With 3G, 4G, or even 5G Mobile network With continuous iteration, the supply chain has entered Mobile era 。 Mobile supply chain uses wireless network The technology to realize the supply chain. It integrates the Customer relationship management function Migrate to mobile phone. The mobile supply chain system has incomparable advantages over the traditional supply chain system. The mobile supply chain system enables the business to get rid of the time and place limitations, communicate with the company on the business platform anytime, anywhere, and effectively improve Management efficiency , promote Enterprise benefits Growth. Digital Stars Mobile supply chain system based on 3G Mobile technology , Intelligent mobile terminal 、VPN、 identity authentication Geographic Information System (GIS), Webservice business intelligence Mobile supply chain products integrating other technologies.

Supply chain

The supply chain Express Service Express service has also become an indispensable "supply chain" for e-commerce, and every single commodity depends on the delivery of express service“ Door to door ”Services for.

Development stage

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Logistics management stage

In the early view, supply chain refers to the process of transferring purchased raw materials and received parts to users through production conversion, sales and other activities. Therefore, the supply chain is only regarded as a logistics process within an enterprise. It mainly involves the functional coordination of departments such as material purchase, inventory, production and distribution. The ultimate goal is to optimize the internal logistics of the enterprise operation flow , Lower Logistics cost To improve operating efficiency 。

Value added stage

In the 1990s, new changes have taken place in people's understanding of the supply chain. First, due to the changes in the demand environment, the status of the end users and consumers who were excluded from the supply chain has received unprecedented attention, thus being included in the scope of the supply chain. In this way, the supply chain is no longer just one Production chain It is a value-added chain covering the whole product movement process.

Chain stage

along with Development of information technology And industry Uncertainty Today's inter enterprise relations are showing an increasingly obvious trend of networking. At the same time, people's understanding of the supply chain is also changing from a linear single chain to a non-linear network chain. The concept of the supply chain focuses more on the network chain relationship around the core enterprise, that is, all forward relationships between the core enterprise and suppliers, suppliers, users, users and all backward relationships. The concept of supply chain is different from that of traditional sales chain. It transcends the boundaries of enterprises Expand the enterprise And consider from the overall and holistic perspective Product management And make the supply chain from an operational tool to a management System operation management Thinking and mode.

Modern stage

Different from the spontaneous and decentralized "going global" of enterprises in the past, Capacity cooperation It is necessary to strengthen the top-level design and long-term cooperative planning and development of the system. Both Global industrial chain And Value chain We should use the management and technology of modern supply chain to layout from the dimensions of industry, region, market and platform International production capacity cooperation To form an intensive, inclusive and sustainable high-quality Development mode 。^[3]

In October 2022, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology officially identified 12 cities including Hangzhou, Wuhan and Chengdu as the first batch of industrial chain supply chain ecosystem construction pilots Mechanism innovation , policy support and other means to promote Regional industrial chain The supply chain ecosystem is upgraded iteratively.^[1]

digitization

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Vigorously improve the supply chain Wisdom Horizontal. First, promote the production equipment and process of manufacturing enterprises Intelligently promote Intelligent equipment The production of its parts is changing to digitalization, networking and intelligence; The second is to promote the digitalization of supply chain management and support core enterprises to strengthen the whole chain data management , realize transparent management of supply chain, support key industries to build a supply chain digital innovation center, provide monitoring analysis, big data management Quality traceability , standard management, etc public service ； The third is to promote the wisdom of supply chain decision-making and promote a number of cross industries that can participate in global competition Cross domain Industrial Internet platform Innovate and develop, build a batch of enterprise level industrial Internet platforms for specific industries, and build a digital supply chain with the industrial Internet platform as the core Service system 。^[2]

Basic structure

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In general, the basic elements of the supply chain include:

supplier

Suppliers refer to enterprises that provide raw materials or parts and components to manufacturers.

manufactor

The manufacturer is the product manufacturing industry. The most important link of product production, responsible for product production, development and after-sales service.

Distribution enterprises

A product circulation agent established by a distribution enterprise to deliver products to every corner of the geographical scope of business.

Retail enterprises

Retail enterprises An enterprise that sells products to consumers.

consumer

Consumers are the last link of the supply chain and the source of income of the whole supply chain.

Key points of construction

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Improve the system

First, improve the supply chain system and optimize Supply chain structure 。 It is necessary to take the supply chain of key manufacturing enterprises as the starting point, carefully sort out the reality of the existing supply chain system and structure, and deeply analyze various entities Strategic resources , change trend, etc., and carry out strategy against core problems and weaknesses system design And planning, constantly improving and optimizing the supply chain system and structure.^[2]

Improve services

Second, improve the "logistics commodity circulation 、 information flow 、 Capital flow ”Service system. Accelerate the construction of logistics hub cities and logistics hub systems to achieve Logistics network Inter provincial connectivity, mutual access between cities and counties, urban and rural balance, and actively promote cross regional and cross-border logistics Infrastructure interconnection And form a logistics service system that integrates internal and external, seamlessly connects, and creates time and space value for the manufacturing supply chain to the maximum extent.^[2]

Cultivate enterprises

Fifth, accelerate the cultivation of a number of global and regional supply chains“ Chain master ”Enterprise. Promote advantageous enterprises to core technology 、 innovation ability Independent well-known brands, standard formulation marketing network To rely on, enhance the ability to integrate upstream and downstream resources of the supply chain, and accelerate to become the "chain owner" of the global supply chain.^[2]

Talent introduction

Sixth, strengthen the introduction and cultivation of global supply chain management talents. Make full use of existing Talent introduction plan, introducing, integrating and cultivating a group of supply chain management talents with strategic thinking. Strengthen the overall planning and classified guidance for the development of basic talents in the supply chain, and encourage enterprises, universities scientific research institution 、 Industry Association etc. Joint cultivation Professionals in the field of supply chain.^[2]

classification

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According to different classification standards, supply chains can be divided into the following types.

Different scope

Supply chain

According to the scope of supply chain, it can be divided into Internal supply chain and External supply chain 。 Internal supply chain refers to the internal product production and Circulation process Purchasing departments involved in Production department , storage department, sales department, etc. External supply chain refers to the raw material suppliers Manufacturer , storage and transportation companies, retailers and final consumers. Relationship between internal supply chain and external supply chain Enterprise products The supply chain from raw materials to finished products to consumers. It can be said that the internal supply chain is the narrowing of the external supply chain. For example, the purchase department of a manufacturer can be regarded as a supplier in an external supply chain. The only difference between them is that the scope of external supply chain is large, involving many enterprises, and coordination between enterprises is more difficult.

Different levels of complexity

According to the complexity of supply chain, it can be divided into direct supply chain, extended supply chain and terminal supply chain. The direct supply chain is composed of the company, its suppliers and its customers in the flow of products, services, funds and information upstream and downstream. The extended supply chain includes the customers of direct suppliers and direct customers. The left and right members are involved in the upstream and downstream flow of products, services, funds and information. The terminal supply chain includes all organizations involved in the upstream and downstream flow of products, services, funds and information from the end supplier to the end consumer.

Different stability

According to the stability of the supply chain, the supply chain can be divided into stable and dynamic supply chains. Based on relatively stable and single market demand The supply chain composed of is relatively stable, while the supply chain composed of relatively frequent changes and complex demands Dynamic Higher. In the actual management operation, the composition of the supply chain needs to be changed accordingly according to the changing needs.

Different capacity requirements

According to the supply chain capacity and user demand The relationship between the two can be divided into a balanced supply chain and an inclined supply chain. A supply chain has certain and relatively stable Equipment capacity and throughput (All nodes Enterprise capability , including suppliers, manufacturers, carriers, distributors, retailers, etc.), but user demand is in the process of constant change. When the capacity of the supply chain can meet user demand, the supply chain is Equilibrium state , and when market changes are intensified Supply chain cost In case of increase, inventory increase, waste increase and other phenomena, the enterprise is not operating in the optimal state, and the supply chain is in a tilted state. Balanced supply chain can realize the main functions (procurement/low Purchase cost , Production/ Economies of scale , Distribution/Low transportation cost , Market/ Product diversification And fast financial/capital operation).

Different functionality

According to the supply chain Function mode (Physical function Market intermediary Function and customer demand function) can be divided into three types: Effective supply chain Efficient Supply Chain, Reactive Supply Chain and Innovative Supply Chain. The effective supply chain mainly reflects the physical function of the supply chain, that is, to convert raw materials into parts, semi-finished products, products, and transportation in the supply chain at the lowest cost; Reactive supply chain It mainly reflects the function of the market intermediary of the supply chain, that is, to allocate products to the market that meets the needs of users, and to respond quickly to unforeseen needs; The innovative supply chain mainly reflects the customer demand function of the supply chain, that is, according to the preference or fashion guidance of the final consumer, and then adjust the product content and form to meet the market demand.

Different enterprise positions

The supply chain can be divided into Leader type supply chain And non leader supply chain. The alliance type supply chain refers to the node enterprises of a member in the supply chain occupy the entire supply chain leading role , which has strong radiation and attraction ability to other members, and is usually called the core enterprise or Leading enterprise 。 For example:

Supply chain with manufacturer as the core—— Chery Automobile Co., Ltd 。

with middleman The core supply chain—— China Tobacco System, Hong Kong Li&Fung Company.

Retailer centered supply chain—— Wal-Mart 、 Carrefour 。

wrong Leader type supply chain It means that the status of enterprises in the supply chain is not different from each other, and the importance to the supply chain is the same.

Supply collaboration mode

Logistics and supply chain experts Yang Daqing According to the East and West corporate culture Differences, and business model The difference between Global Supply Chain Collaboration modes fall into three categories:

Supply chain is king

First, the United States, Europe and other western countries developed country Lion supply chain. With funds, etc finacial capital The "1+N" supply chain model established by the leading enterprise cluster. Among them, "1" represents the owner of financial capital chain such as funds and consortia (1 is a capitalized natural or legal person, the same below), and "N" refers to each link in the supply chain. The role of "1" is always in front, which is often strong, individualistic heroism Obviously, it is also known as a lion enterprise, and its supply chain model is also known as the lion array supply chain model. Such enterprises are represented by Microsoft Company Apple Inc 、 VOLKSWAGEN The behind funds are Melinda Gates Fund, Icahn Cooperation Fund Porsche Family funds 。

The second is the wolf like supply chain in Japan, South Korea and other eastern developed countries. with commercial organization etc. Commercial capital The "N+1" supply chain model established by the leading enterprise cluster. Among them, "N" refers to each link in the supply chain, and "1" refers to the owner of commercial capital chain, such as the trading house. The role of "1" is hidden behind, often low-key, and the group elitism is more obvious. Such enterprises are also called wolf enterprises, and their supply chain model is also called wolf array supply chain model. Representatives of such enterprises, such as Japan Mitsui consortium ， Mitsubishi consortium , Yiquan consortium, respectively owning the business Mitsui Properties 、 Mitsubishi Corporation 、 Itochu , Korean Samsung Syndicates, modern consortia, respectively have business firms Samsung C&T , Modern Commerce.

The third is sheep supply chain represented by China. with State-owned capital "1+1+N" supply chain mode composed of leading enterprise clusters. The first "1" is the representative secretary of the party committee of state-owned capital, which is often the real enterprise Chain master ； The second "1" is the chairman of a high-end professional manager hired by the state; "N" refers to enterprises in all links of the supply chain. Representative enterprises such as FAW Group 、 GAC Group , China Storage Grain Corporation COFCO Group , CNPC Group and other enterprises.

3 different types

Because a complete supply chain often includes Raw material procurement Until Sales terminal There are many links involved and different industries and products, so there are different types of supply chains. However, according to the logistics characteristics of service objects, it can be divided into three types: efficient supply chain, quick response supply chain and innovative supply chain.

High efficiency supply chain refers to a supply chain that can meet the requirements of product or service supply and at the same time achieve the lowest cost. It is designed with the theme of how to reduce costs. Its application objects are mostly small product differences, fierce competition profit margin The most typical examples of low level enterprises are Chain supermarket ——Its goal is to Goods distribution Be accurate and timely, and strive to minimize the cost. This requires that all links of the supply chain, including product search, purchase, transportation, goods receipt, inventory, sales, and return, should operate at a low cost without affecting sales.

A quick response supply chain is a supply chain that aims at how to respond quickly to customers' needs. its Application Object include equipment maintenance The goal of emergency parts supply for telecom maintenance is to meet the requirements of customers in a short time. It has close contact with customers and needs additional production capacity and Transportation capacity To meet emergency requirements. Besides maintenance, there is also medical treatment Emergency assistance The required products and equipment also need to apply the quick response supply chain.

The innovative supply chain focuses on how to meet the changing needs of customers. It has a closer relationship with customers and emphasizes flexibility. It is mainly used in industries with rapidly changing market products, such as fashion, mobile phone, automobile design, etc. Its goal is to maximize the satisfaction of customers' changing needs, and the supply chain is more concerned with how to respond promptly and sensitively to changing market needs.

It is not uncommon for an enterprise to have multiple supply chains at the same time. Shanghai General Motors Corporation We have the above three different types of supply chains. First, let's take a look at its business structure: the largest one is the vehicle business. The supply chain of vehicle distribution includes sending finished vehicles to dealers all over the country; The second is to send auto parts to dealers and maintenance centers; The third is its Pan Asian Automotive Design Center.

For its first business, considering that the inventory, delivery, transportation and other links of the whole vehicle have been relatively mature after years of development, and the profit of automobile manufacturing has been decreasing, the company, from the perspective of improving efficiency and reducing costs Vehicle logistics Adopt efficient supply chain and outsource this business to Anji Tiandi Automobile logistics limited company; And in Automobile maintenance In terms of parts distribution, considering that the quality of after-sales service not only directly affects their own brand image , and also Sustainability As a new channel to improve revenue, we must respond quickly and accurately to customer requirements, so we will adopt a quick response supply chain for the supply chain of parts; Finally, its design center is the soul of an enterprise to gain a leading position in the market. How to respond promptly and sensitively to market changes is the key to the supply chain, so it needs to innovate the supply chain.

Design of supply chain

According to the concept of supply chain, it covers the process from the supplier of raw materials, through the factory development, processing, production to wholesale, retail and other processes, and finally to users Final product Or the formation and delivery of services. Therefore, the content of supply chain also covers the production theory, logistics theory and marketing theory.

Green supply chain

Green supply chain Comprehensive services The platform website is in the "Belt and Road" ”The first plenary meeting of the green supply chain cooperation platform was jointly opened by all members of the platform steering committee.^[4]

Four processes

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The supply chain generally includes Material circulation , commercial circulation, information circulation and capital circulation. The four processes have different functions and different circulation directions.

Material circulation

This process is mainly the circulation process of materials (commodities), which is a procedure for sending goods. The direction of this process is determined by supplier Point to consumers through manufacturers, wholesale and logistics, retailers, etc. For a long time Enterprise theory They are all launched around the physical products, so the material process is widely valued. Many logistics theories involve how to deliver goods at low cost in a short time in the process of material circulation.

Commercial circulation

This process is mainly the circulation process of sales, which is the business process of accepting orders, signing contracts, etc. The direction of this process is between suppliers and consumers Bi-directional flow Of. The forms of commercial circulation tend to be diversified: both traditional store sales, door-to-door sales, mail order, and Internet Emerging media E-commerce form for shopping.

Information circulation

This process is the process of commodity and transaction information. The direction of this process is also two-way flow between suppliers and consumers. In the past, people tended to focus on the visible objects, so the flow of information has been ignored. Some people even believe that the logistics backwardness of countries has something to do with their over investment in material processes, which delays their grasp of information.

Capital circulation

This process is the circulation of money. In order to ensure the normal operation of the enterprise, it is necessary to ensure the timely recovery of funds, otherwise the enterprise will not be able to establish a sound business system. The direction of this process is from consumers to suppliers through retailers, wholesale and logistics, manufacturers, etc.

Management ability

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concept

Supply chain Management ability It's manufacturing Enterprise core competitiveness An important source of Supply chain system It is an important foundation to ensure the safety of a country's manufacturing industry. It should be noted that strengthening the construction of the supply chain system is an effective way for China to better promote the transformation and upgrading of the manufacturing industry. An efficient supply chain system will promote the manufacturing industry and the service industry to break through the traditional boundaries, achieve the effective integration of upstream and downstream enterprises, the deep integration of the manufacturing industry and the service industry, and promote the birth of new business types, new models, new products New services 。 At present, the global manufacturing supply chain is moving towards agility Short chain The direction of development is to be more intelligent, ecological, safe and green.^[2]

content

supply chain management It includes five basic contents: planning, procurement, manufacturing, distribution and return.

Plan: This is the strategic part of SCM. You need to have a strategy to manage all resources to meet customers' needs for your products. A good plan is to establish a series of methods to monitor the supply chain, so that it can effectively and cheaply deliver high-quality and high-value products or services to customers.

Procurement: select suppliers who can provide goods and services for your products and services, establish a set of pricing, distribution and payment processes with suppliers, and Creative methods Monitoring and Improve management And put the Management process Combined, including picking up goods, verifying the bill of lading, transferring goods to your manufacturing department and approving payment to suppliers.

Manufacturing: arranging the activities required for production, testing, packaging and preparation for delivery. It is the most measured part of the supply chain, including the quality level, product output and workers' production efficiency Measurement of etc.

Delivery: many "insiders" call it "logistics", which is to adjust the user's order receipt, establish a warehouse network, send delivery personnel to pick up and deliver goods to customers, establish a goods pricing system, and receive payment.

Return: This is the problem handling part of the supply chain. Establish a network to receive defective and redundant products returned by customers, and provide support in case of problems with customers' application products.

significance

1、 Supply chain optimization The ultimate purpose of customer demand ， cost reduction ， Realize profits , specifically:

(1) Improve Customer satisfaction 。 This is supply chain management The ultimate goal of optimization, supply chain management and all ways and means of optimization are all working towards this goal, which is also the basis for the survival of enterprises.

Historical development of supply chain

(2) Improve business management Horizontal. The important content of supply chain management and optimization is the process reengineering and design, which will improve the level of enterprise management and Management process , plays an indispensable role. At the same time, with the promotion, implementation and application of enterprise supply chain processes, the systematization and standardization of enterprise management will be greatly improved, which will help improve the level of enterprise management.

(3) Saving transaction cost 。 Integrating the supply chain with e-commerce will greatly reduce the transaction cost of each link in the supply chain and shorten the transaction time.

(4) Lower Inventory level : By extending the boundaries of the organization, suppliers can grasp inventory information at any time, organize production, and supplement in time, so it is no longer necessary for enterprises to maintain high inventory levels.

(5) Lower Purchase cost , promote Supplier management 。 Because suppliers can easily obtain inventory and purchase information, it is applied to purchasing management Our staff can extricate themselves from such low value labor and engage in higher value work.

(6) Reduce cycle time. Predicted through supply chain automation accuracy It will be greatly improved, which will not only enable enterprises to produce the products they need, but also reduce the production time customer satisfaction 。

(7) Revenue and profit increased. Through the extension of organizational boundaries, enterprises can fulfill their contracts, increase revenue, and maintain and increase market share 。

(8) Network expansion. The supply chain itself represents the network. An enterprise has established its own Supply chain system , has already established a business network.

2. Through supply chain management and optimization, enterprises can achieve the following benefits:

(1) Total supply chain administration cost (accounting for income) percentage ）Reduce by more than 10%;

(2) Midsize On time delivery rate Increase by 15%;

(3) Order satisfaction Lead time 25%~35% shorter;

(4) Value added of medium-sized enterprises productivity Increase by more than 10%;

(5) The asset operation performance of high performing enterprises increased by 15%~20%;

(6) The inventory of medium-sized enterprises is reduced by 3%, and that of excellent enterprises is reduced by 15%;

(7) Outstanding enterprises in cash flow The turnover cycle is 40-65 days longer than that of ordinary enterprises.

(The above data comes from Yibo Logistics consulting Database data.)

method

Common supply chain management methods include Rapid response （ QR ）And Effective customer response （ ECR ）。 Quick Response (QR) means that logistics enterprises are faced with multiple varieties and small batch Buyer's market Instead of storing "products", we have prepared various "elements", which can be extracted as quickly as possible when users request, "assemble" in time, and provide required services or products. QR is American Textile Clothing industry A developed supply chain management 。

Effective Consumer Response (ECR) is a supply chain developed from the U.S. grocery industry in 1992 Management Policy 。 It is also composed of finished products in the supply chain such as manufacturers, wholesalers and retailers. All parties coordinate and cooperate with each other to better, faster and lower cost Consumer needs For the purpose of supply chain management solutions. Effective customer response is based on the principle of meeting customer requirements and minimizing logistics process costs, which can make timely and accurate response and optimize the logistics supply or service process provided supply management Strategy.

Difference between QR and ECR

ECR mainly focuses on the food industry. Its main goal is to reduce the cost of each link of the supply chain and improve efficiency. QR mainly focuses on General merchandise And the textile industry, its main goal is to make rapid response to customer needs, and rapid replenishment. This is because the characteristics of the products in the grocery industry are different from those in the textile and clothing industry: most of the products in the grocery industry are some Product Functions The service life of each product is relatively long（ Fresh food Except), therefore, the loss of too much (or too little) order quantity is relatively small. The products operated by the textile and clothing industry are mostly innovative products, and the life of each product is relatively short. Therefore, the loss caused by too many (or too few) orders is relatively large.

emphasis Different. QR focuses on shortening the lead time of delivery, quick response Customer demand; ECR focuses on reducing and eliminating waste in the supply chain and improving the Effectiveness 。

Differences in management methods. QR mainly uses information technology to realize rapid reissue product development Shorten product Time to market ； ECR not only introduces new products quickly and effectively, but also implements effective Commodity management Effectively promote rolling.

Applicable industries are different. QR is applicable to high unit value, Seasonality Strong, poor substitutability, long time is to eliminate the shortage to the greatest extent, and only Commodity demand Only then did I go shopping. ECR reform focuses on efficiency and cost.

The focus of reform is different. The key point of QR reform is the speed of replenishment and ordering. The purpose is to eliminate the shortage to the greatest extent, and purchase only when goods are required. ECR reform focuses on efficiency and cost.

thought

Today's market is Buyer's market Today's market is also increasingly competitive globalization Market. In order to survive in the market, enterprises should not only strive to improve the quality of their products, but also adopt more advanced and efficient management and operation methods for their activities in the market. Supply chain management comes into being in such a realistic situation. Many scholars have also defined supply chain management, but the more comprehensive one among many definitions should be this: supply chain management is market-oriented and customer demand oriented, under the coordination of core enterprises, based on the win-win principle, to improve competitiveness Market share , customer satisfaction, maximum profit Collaborative commerce 、 Synergetic competition by Business operation Mode, through the use of modern enterprise management technology, information technology and Integration technology , achieving the goal of information flow , logistics Capital flow 、 Business flow and Value Stream Effective planning and control, so as to connect customers, suppliers, manufacturers, distributors, service providers and other partners into a complete network structure, forming a highly competitive Strategic alliance 。 To put it simply, supply chain management is to optimize and improve supply chain activities. Its object is the "flow" between supply chain organizations and them. The application method is integration and collaboration; The goal is to meet the needs of customers and ultimately improve the overall supply chain competitive power 。 The essence of supply chain management is to go deep into each value-added link of the supply chain, deliver the right products required by customers to the right place ("6R") at the right time, according to the right quantity, right quality and right status, and make total cost minimum.

Supply chain management is an advanced management philosophy , its progressiveness This is reflected in the relationship between customers and End consumer It is business oriented and produces and supplies to meet the ultimate expectations of customers and consumers. In addition, supply chain management has the following characteristics:

I supply chain management All node enterprises are regarded as a whole to realize the whole process strategic management 。

conventional management model It is often based on the functional departments of enterprises, but the nature and objectives of different enterprises and internal functional departments are different, resulting in mutual contradictions and Conflict of Interest Between enterprises and between internal functional departments of enterprises can not fully play their functional efficiency. Therefore, it is difficult to achieve the overall goal.

The supply chain is composed of supplier , manufacturer distributor , sellers, customers and service providers. The links in the chain are not separated from each other, but linked together Organic entirety 。 Supply chain management involves the management of logistics, information flow, capital flow, business flow and value flow throughout the whole process of supply chain. It covers the whole logistics, from the purchase and supply of raw materials and parts, product manufacturing, transportation and warehousing to sales in various functional areas. It requires all node enterprises to realize information sharing, risk sharing, benefit coexistence, and understand the importance and necessity of supply chain management from a strategic perspective, so as to truly realize the overall effective management 。

2、 Supply chain management is an integrated management mode.

The key of supply chain management is to adopt the idea and method of integration. It starts from the supplier manufacturer The integrated management model of the whole elements and the whole process from distributors to retailers to the final customers is a new management strategy, which combines different Enterprise Integration To increase the efficiency of the whole supply chain, focusing on cooperation between enterprises to achieve global optimum 。

3、 Supply chain management puts forward a new concept of inventory.

Traditional inventory thought believes that inventory is a necessary measure to maintain production and sales, and is a necessary cost. Therefore, supply chain management makes enterprises and their upstream and downstream enterprises market environment It realizes the transfer of inventory under the Inventory cost 。 This also requires each enterprise member in the supply chain to establish Strategic partnership , reduce the total inventory cost through quick response.

4、 Supply chain management takes the final customer as the center, which is also the business orientation of supply chain management.

No matter how many enterprises constitute the nodes of the supply chain, and no matter how many types and parameters of the node enterprises of the supply chain, the formation of the supply chain is based on customers and End consumer Needs oriented. It is because of the demand of customers and final consumers that supply chains exist. Moreover, only by meeting the needs of customers and final consumers can the supply chain develop further.

Through the analysis of the concept and characteristics of supply chain management, we can know that: compared with the old dependence natural resources , capital and new product technology customer service 、 Customer satisfaction The supply chain management with customer success as the starting point of management does have many advantages. However, because the supply chain is a network structure, once a problem occurs in one part, it will immediately spread to the whole, so in the operation process of supply chain management, each enterprise member is required to Market information The collection and feedback of Rapid response And reduce enterprise losses. To do this, supply chain management needs advanced information systems and powerful information technology as support.

optimization method

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Development mode

First, supply chain innovation and application can promote the transformation of development mode. Supply chain to achieve Optimized allocation of resources Mainly, via Supply chain integration The service platform can optimize the internal and external processes of the enterprise, integrate various resources, improve the efficiency of collaboration, and reduce the system economical operation Cost, increasing Total factor productivity , implement economic form Advanced.^[5]

product mix

Second, supply chain innovation and application can promote Product structure optimization. Through cross-border integration, optimization and innovation of the supply chain, new industries, new products, new services and new business operation modes will be generated to achieve industrial optimization and Product structure adjustment And form a new economic growth point.^[5]

Definition of composition

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The ultimate purpose of a supply chain is to meet customer needs and realize its own profits. It includes all and satisfaction customer demand Related links include not only manufacturers and suppliers, but also transportation, warehousing, retail and customers themselves. Customer demand is the driving factor of the supply chain. A supply chain starts from customer demand and gradually Extend Up Of. For example, when a customer walks into a Wal Mart store to buy shampoo The supply chain starts from the customer's demand for shampoo, and the next stage of the supply chain is Wal Mart, carriers, distributors, and P&G production plants. A supply chain is dynamic and includes flows between different stages Product flow , information flow, and capital flow. Each stage executes a different process and interacts with other stages. Wal Mart provides products price information To the customer, the customer pays for the product, and Wal Mart sends the selling point information and replenishment information to Distribution Centre The distribution center replenishes the goods to Wal Mart, and the distributor also provides the price information and the arrival date of the replenishment to Wal Mart. The same information, material, and fund flows occur throughout the supply chain.

Supply chain management is not a new concept. It represents the formation of physical distribution and Enterprise logistics The third stage of evolution is caused by the attention of the shipping party. A large number of studies in the 1950s and 1960s showed the potential of this system concept, focusing on the system total cost And reach the best or lowest entity by analyzing transaction details Distribution system Cost of.

As we know, with transportation With the deregulation of financial institutions, the 1980s became the era of change technological revolution It is also in progress. In the 1980s, logistics or Integrated logistics Management concept It has been used by more and more organizations. The simplest logistics composition is the physical distribution of shipping logistics plus inbound logistics. The deregulation of the transportation industry can combine the incoming transportation and outgoing transportation of large shippers Return car To reduce the carrier's transportation costs, thereby reducing the carrier's freight. At the same time Global Sourcing More and more important, which leads to the concern of global transportation. Global transportation means that Production plan Special challenges, he and shipping logistics system Our cooperation is the key source of success Exam size Web.

Until the 1990s, the term supply chain management had caused many enterprises to management layer Attention. They recognize that the supply chain approach can enhance the competitiveness of enterprises in the world, increase market share, and thus improve Shareholders' equity 。

According to the product entity Value chain Circulation procedures of each link Value activities It can be divided into upstream links and downstream links. In the basic value activities of enterprises, raw material supply product development Production operation can be called "upstream link"; Storage and transportation of finished products marketing management And after-sales service can be called "downstream link". Upstream link Value added activities Its center is product production, which is closely related to the technical characteristics of the product. The center of the downstream link is to meet customers, which is closely linked with the market. Any enterprise can only have advantages in some links of the "value chain", but cannot have all the advantages Value added This enterprise has advantages in links, while other enterprises may have advantages in other links. To achieve "win-win" or even "multi win" synergistic effect , enterprises are in their own Key Success Factors -- Cooperation on the advantageous links of the value chain can maximize the overall income, which is the establishment of enterprises Strategic alliance And follow the value chain, supply raw materials and products Business outsourcing Inter firm Vertical alliance It can be called "supply chain" or“ Supply chain network ”。

Basic system The concept of total cost is still the basis of logistics concept, but the concept of value chain has become an enterprise competitiveness Tools for analysis and strategy. Shipping logistics and incoming logistics are important basic components of the value chain, which provide value to enterprise customers and make Enterprise Finance Survivability. The integration of sales, production and logistics is also an important aspect of the value chain.

As mentioned earlier, supply chain management has been popular since the 1990s, and has become the key for organizations to become more competitive in the global market. Supply chain management is considered as the channel through which various intermediary companies can effectively deliver the supplier's product flow or material flow, service flow, information flow, and capital flow to users, or a logistics network system connecting the seller and the end user. The extension of supply chain management concept represents the logical extension of logistics concept.

It should be noted that more and more terms are used by individuals and organizations, and some terms are more appropriate, comprehensive and advanced than "supply chain management". These terms include Demand chain management , demand flow management Value chain management 、 Value Network And synchronization management. Some people think that supply chain management is too limited to materials and raw materials and does not emphasize the demand for finished products.

strategic planning

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Create successful Global Supply Chain First, there must be correct Supply chain strategy 。

For enterprises going global, there are two strategies: follow the strategy and dare to be different.

Based on the challenges faced by Chinese enterprises after China's accession to the WTO, Chinese enterprises can only achieve sustainable competitiveness by taking active strategies in the global supply chain.

It is a challenge for most enterprises to develop an effective supply chain strategy. When Chinese enterprises "go global" Later, the original effective supply chain strategy in China may not be applicable, and the potential supply chain problems and management priorities are different, which cannot be simply copied.

Maybe this is not bad news. "A piece of white paper can draw the most beautiful picture." When those "mature" competitor When operating along their inherent inertia, we can develop outstanding supply chain strategies and Effective implementation 。 Here, we focus on the key questions to be answered by the supply chain strategy, and how to ensure that the supply chain strategy and Competitive strategy And the choice of strategic perspective and breadth.

Maintain supply chain strategic target And the overall enterprise Performance objectives Consistent

This seems natural. Unfortunately, we observed that some Chinese enterprises failed to do this and lost their original direction in the enthusiasm of "going global".

The goal of supply chain management is simple: to meet customer needs at an optimal cost. As shown in Figure 1, we need to Supply capacity Match the global market demand.

And effective supply chain management Enterprise performance It has a direct effect. The objects of supply chain management are Production and sales volume , inventory and expenses. The increase of production and sales, the reduction of inventory, and the reduction of expenses will directly improve profits Return on investment 、 cash flow And other enterprises Performance indicators 。

The global supply chain strategy should mainly include four aspects

Supply chain strategy is also Corporate strategy The organic components of, and Product development strategy and Marketing strategy Ranked among the top three Functional strategy And support the competitive strategy.

A complete supply chain strategy should include Inventory strategy 、 Transport strategy , facility strategy and information strategy.

Specifically, you must consider the following issues:

stock

Cycle inventory Deployment strategy for

safety stock Deployment strategy for

Deployment strategy of seasonal inventory

transport

type of shipping How to select

How to select paths and networks

Self support and outsourcing

reaction capacity And profitability

facilities

Factory Distribution Centre How to layout

Facility capability (flexibility and profitability ）Size

How to select Production mode ？ yes Make to order still Production by inventory

How to select warehousing method

Balance between responsiveness and profitability

information

Push type or pull type

How to proceed supply chain coordination Share information with

demand forecast And integration plan accuracy How to improve

How to select technical tools

Balance between responsiveness and profitability

With the increase of product categories product life cycle How to maintain the flexibility of supply chain strategy in the case of shortening, increasing customer requirements, split supply chain ownership, and globalization

How to ensure the matching between supply chain strategy and competitive strategy

If any company wants to succeed, its supply chain strategy and competitive strategy must match each other. compete Strategic design The objectives used to meet customers' needs should be coordinated with those of the supply chain strategy aimed at building supply chain capabilities.

The choice of competitive strategy largely determines Customer needs Of certainty 。 As shown in Figure 4, we can divide the competitive strategy map into four categories: determined demand, high demand certainty, certain demand certainty, and low demand certainty. product life cycle And forecasts Accuracy It also affects the degree of demand determination. Generally speaking, when a new product is launched, the demand certainty is the lowest Product sales Gradually mature, and demand certainty will increase, Sales Forecast The accuracy of will also increase accordingly.

For the supply chain strategy, according to the responsiveness and Profitability The map can also be divided into four categories: high responsiveness, certain responsiveness, certain profitability, and high profitability.

In this way, we can get a“ Strategic matching With ", for the profitable supply chain and Reactive supply chain Take different strategies.

Select appropriate strategic perspective and breadth

A supply chain may consist of multiple supply chain stages. The perspective and breadth of supply chain strategy must be optimized to maximize the profits of the whole supply chain. As shown in Figure 5, the perspective and breadth of global supply chain strategy can be divided into four categories.

1. Scope within the company and business department: the view of minimum local cost. This is the minimum range of strategic matching. It is often seen in many fast-growing enterprises in China. The typical performance is that different product lines establish their own sales networks, teams and logistics systems, even if Customer resources Most are shared.

2. Within the company and functional departments: functional departments Cost minimization Views. The scope of strategic matching extends to all functional departments at a certain stage of the supply chain. as sales manager Can not only consider transportation cost And consider warehousing and others Supply chain cost 。 Although using truckage Each product can save 4 yuan, but storage and Inventory cost 8 yuan will be added, and the freight for each product by express delivery is 6 yuan without additional Storage cost , the sales manager will still choose express delivery.

3. Scope between companies and functional departments: the view of maximizing supply chain surplus. Supply chain surplus is the total profit shared by all companies in the supply chain. The supply chain surplus caused by inter company scope is larger than that caused by intra company scope. This result will make the supply chain either increase profits by sharing additional surplus, or reduce prices by transferring part of surplus to customers, which makes the supply chain more competitive.

4. Strategic scope between companies and functional departments. In today's view, this is necessary because the competition field has changed from competition between companies to competition between supply chains. The company's partners in the supply chain may determine the success or failure of the company. It requires the company to evaluate each action against the background of the whole supply chain. This wide scope makes the surplus scale shared by each stage of the supply chain larger.

Global Business World Has evolved into competition between supply chain strategies

In the dynamic business society, the traditional competition mode based on price and commodity is no longer the real competitiveness. It is not enough to do the best in production and sales. What is the real competitiveness? Produce the right products at the right cost and deliver them to the right place at the right time according to customer requirements. This is a world of competition between supply chains. We know that Wal Mart Dell And other companies use their excellent supply chain management capabilities to become Market leader 。 When our enterprises go abroad, they must also learn from the experience of these enterprises to quickly adapt to global competition.

Design

Strengthen the right Global Supply Chain Strategic planning and design. We should attach great importance to the construction of the manufacturing supply chain security system, carry out research on the global supply chain security strategy at the national level, formulate the global supply chain security strategy of China's manufacturing industry, and build and improve the integrated supply chain security system information safety 、 network security 、 Situation awareness Enterprise, industry and national supply chain integration integrating real-time monitoring, notification and early warning, and emergency response defense system , building a global supply chain Risk warning Evaluation index system And Early warning mechanism And establish and improve the supply chain security evaluation system for key industries.^[2]

a key

technological process

Process refers to an operation and a series of activities for a specific purpose, such as meeting customer needs. Customers have higher and higher expectations of suppliers; No matter how large your company is, and no matter what industry you are in, this is an existing fact. In addition, supply chain management has a great impact on customer satisfaction It is also vital.

Supply chain process is a series of activities aimed at meeting a customer's needs. It includes all internal functions such as logistics, distribution, procurement, customer service, sales, manufacturing and accounting, as well as related enterprises outside the company. At the same time, the supply chain process is also a reverse process - from satisfying customer orders to obtaining the goods required for each order through the supplier's provision of finished products, accessories and assembly.

Processes have their own structure, which is different from what some companies call processes, which may be just a series of repeated, relatively independent transactions. All processes have their own standards, and these standards have their own understanding of the work to be completed by the process. Although the process has its own standards, it also responds to the Emergencies And change.

people

Organizations are made up of people, who are very important to the success of the supply chain. They need practical professional knowledge and skills, and need to understand the management and operation methods of warehouse, inventory, transportation and procurement. They should have tactical views on daily operations, and should have strategic vision on their role in the supply chain, how to adapt to the supply chain, and how to promote the development of the supply chain.

Personal success for organizational culture It is also very important, which affects how the company views itself, defines itself and how the company operates. Organizational culture can be process oriented impetus , or possibly inhibitor 。 If the company is short-sighted, this will have a negative impact on the company's responsiveness.

Similarly, if the organization's settings are hierarchical, the horizontal supply chain Process manufacturing Obstacles. The organization module will interrupt the supply chain process. Each module has its own internal goals and accomplishes the supply chain process together. Although supply chain processes focus on customers, sales planning, logistics and finance, they may be optimized in various functional areas, but this may only be the process local optimization 。

technology

Supply chain management is sometimes incorrectly defined as a technology. If the process overemphasizes the software and hardware rather than the purpose, it can indeed be defined as technology.

Supply chain management software When selling, it may be claimed as a panacea for solving supply chain problems. This leads to the user's Excessive expectations , and with the installation and use of the software and the actual results achieved, followed by disappointment.

Safeguard measures

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Emergency mechanism

Give play to the role of the United Nations and other international institutions to establish Global Supply Chain Emergency coordination mechanism. develop the United Nations 、 WTO 、 The role of WHO and other international institutions, on the basis of fully absorbing the management experience of countries in dealing with public emergencies, actively promote the construction of the global supply chain emergency coordination mechanism, and build a supply chain emergency system, mechanism and international legal system , promote the construction of the global supply chain emergency early warning system and information sharing, and build a global emergency response Resource information release Platform, help Emergency rescue materials Global collaborative scheduling.^[7]

Financial security

Strengthen financial risk monitoring to ensure Supply Chain Finance Security.^[7]

Flexible construction

Quickly build a global supply chain risk early warning evaluation index system, and pass Independent innovation, self-sufficiency of key suppliers, implementation of supply chain backup plan, etc Traditional industries And strategic emerging industries Strengthen the construction of supply chain elasticity in the field.^[7]

typical

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Supply chain

It comes from supplier Supply to the manufacturing plant starts. Each factory may be responsible for different parts, that is, factories in different regions, producing products of different models, or producing a certain part of the products, and finally gathering them to the manufacturing headquarters. After the manufacturing headquarters is finished, it will be transferred to the marketing headquarters. The marketing headquarters will send the products to the branches, which will sell them to customers through dealers.

We generally divide the supply chain into two parts, one is manufacturing, the other is distribution. The management methods of these two parts are different and cannot be interchanged. Another way is to divide it into "supply" and "demand", which are two very important words in supply chain management. A new noun is called“ Demand chain ”It is clearly separated from the "supply chain". However, I think "supply chain" can be regarded as a relatively broad definition, including the part of "demand chain", which is the problem of supply and demand balance.

There are many kinds of supply chains, such as textile supply chain, manufacturing supply chain, IC supply chain Food supply chain , IT supply chain, etc. But under so many different supply chains, no matter what kind of supply chain you are, there is a problem you must solve. We call it "BullWhip Effect"“ bullwhip effect ”。 If you flick a whip a little, the fluctuation at the sharp place will be larger. The market is the world of consumers. When the market changes slightly, you can see that the more you move up, the greater the change. This is a very typical bullwhip effect. In 2000, an internationally renowned network manufacturer once published an article saying that it lost $2 billion a year because of this effect.

As for the causes of the above phenomena, a simple example can illustrate them. If I am a manufacturer and I need 100 products, I may place 100 orders for each of the three outsourcers to see who finishes them first. When one company finishes, I will cancel the orders of the other two companies. This is a common practice. To protect myself, the inventory pressure can be transferred to the supplier. In this way, the suppliers got 300 orders in total, but only 100 orders were actually needed. After receiving these 300 orders, the suppliers also used the same method to find the suppliers at the next higher level and give them 300 orders respectively. The more you move up, the greater the number of orders. Although in fact, only 100 orders are really needed, when the third level is above, it will become 1000 orders, which is terrible Amplification effect 。

Supply Chain focuses on core enterprises, controls information flow, logistics and capital flow, and starts from purchasing raw materials to manufacturing Intermediate products And the final products, and finally the products are delivered to consumers by the sales network. Suppliers, manufacturers, distributors, retailers end user The function of connecting as a whole Net chain Structure mode 。

Supply chain includes all companies and enterprises involved in supply, production, distribution and sales before products reach customers, so its definition covers distribution channel The concept of. Supply chain to upstream suppliers（ Supply activities ）, intermediate producers (manufacturing activities) and carriers (storage and transportation activities), as well as downstream consumers (distribution activities).

Stevens of the United States: "Through the value-added process and distribution channels, control the Material flow The supply chain starts at the source of supply and ends at the end of consumption. "

Harrison: "Supply chain is a functional network chain that purchases raw materials, converts them into intermediate products and finished products, and sells finished products to users."

University of Michigan : It not only emphasizes that supply chain is a process, but also believes that supply chain is a "relationship management" for multiple companies Integrated supply chain , which includes from the purchase of raw materials to the delivery of products and services to End consumer The whole process of.

Supply chain refers to the logistics, capital flow Knowledge flow , information flow and service flow, covering the whole process from product (or service) design, raw material procurement, manufacturing, packaging to delivery to the end user.

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