synonymHuining Mansion(The capital of the Jin Dynasty (1118 AD - 1153 AD) generally refers to the site of Huining Mansion in Shangjing of the Jin Dynasty
The site of Huining Mansion in Shangjing, located in the southern suburb of Acheng District, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, on the left bank of the Ashi River, is the first capital built in the Jin Dynasty[1]Is the ancestor of the Manchujurchen The early capital of the Jin Dynasty (1115-1234)。
The site of Huining Mansion in the capital of Shang Jin Dynasty is composed of two adjacent rectangular cities in the north and south. The plane is in the shape of a curved ruler. The perimeter of the city wall outside the city is about 11076 meters, and the total length of the city wall including the waist wall is about 12708 meters.The site of Huining Mansion in the capital of the Jin Dynasty is a well preserved site of the capital of the Jin Dynasty, which is of great value for studying the local history and ethnic history of the Northeast。
On February 23, 1982, the site of Huining Mansion in Jinshang was announced by the State Council of the People's Republic of China as the second batch of national key cultural relics protection units[2]。
Chinese name
Ruins of Huining Mansion in Beijing of Jin Dynasty
geographical position
Ashihe Street, Acheng District, Harbin City, Heilongjiang Province
area covered
6 km²
Protection level
The second batch of national key cultural relics protection units
Jin XizongIn August of the first year of Tianjia (1138),Jin XizongThe number was set at Huining Mansion in Shangjing (I said it was inJin TaizongAt that time, it was called Huining Prefecture and Huining Mansion.It has jurisdiction over Huining, Zhendong (later renamed Qujiang) and Yichun.[8-10]
King of JinhailingIn the first year of Zhenyuan (1153), Wanyan Liang moved his capital to Yanjing (today's Beijing), and was named Daxing Mansion, the capital of Zhongdu. After the name of Shangjing was changed, it was called Huining Mansion.[9]
Jin ShizongIn the 13th year of Dading (1173), Huining Mansion was used as Shangjing again.[9]
In the Yuan and Ming dynasties, the capital city was often used as a station to transport official and private personnel and goods.Built near here in the Qing DynastyAlechukaCity (hereinafter referred to as Acheng).[11]
From May to October 2017, the Heilongjiang Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology excavated a large area to the east of TJ1, the site of Huining Mansion in the capital of Shangjin, revealing an area of more than 2500 square meters[1]。
Site characteristics
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Remains of city wall
Site scale
The site of Huining Mansion in the capital, covering a total area of about 6 square kilometers[1]With the west city wall as the edge, it is composed of two rectangular cities adjacent to the north and south. The plane is in the shape of a curved ruler. The city walls separated from the north and south are commonly called the waist city or the waist wall.The city wall is made of rammed earth. The perimeter of the city wall outside the city is about 11076 meters, and the total length of the city wall including the waist wall is about 12708 meters.The capital of Jin Shang Dynasty (the site of Huining Mansion of Jin Shang Dynasty) is equipped with defensive buildings such as horse face, turret, urn and moat。
Site layout
The ruins of Huining Mansion in the capital of the upper Jin Dynasty are well preserved in the city walls of the northern and southern cities and the building sites in the imperial city. The imperial city is located in the west of the southern city. The imperial city is divided into three areas with corridor sites. The central part of the imperial city is the palace area, and the east and west sides are the side hall areas.The eastern area of the Imperial City is also divided into multiple units by multiple corridors, and each unit is composed of one or more groups of building sites.The building site in the east of the Imperial City is large, and the related relics are densely distributed, roughly located to the east of the fourth palace site in the palace area.In the northwest, a group of relatively independent small building sites are closely connected with its west, and the number is TJ1[1]。
Site distribution
The main building in the east and south of TJ1 of the site of Jinghuining Mansion in the upper Jin Dynasty is a cross shaped rammed earth platform site, which is composed of three separate rammed earth platforms.The west section of east-west direction is numbered TJ2, the foundation of south-north direction is numbered TJ3, and the east section of east-west direction is numbered TJ4.The intersection of the three platforms forms a cross shaped platform site, with the center being the highest point and a gentle slope around.Each section of abutment foundation is constructed with rammed earth, about 0.7-0.8m higher than the surrounding brick pavement.The piers on the abutment are arranged in order, and the paved square bricks remain on the surface.There are many heating facilities (stove sites) distributed on the north of the north-south platform base, and there are some wall covering brick residues of a certain width on the edge of the platform base site.The west section of TJ2 is connected to the south end of TJ1.
The TJ2 surface of the site of Jinghuining Mansion in the upper Jin Dynasty is 0.1-0.15m deep from the ground surface, and the plane is rectangular in east-west direction, slightly wider in the east than in the west.The excavated part is 24 meters long from east to west and 17.8-11.8 meters wide from south to north.The east is connected to TJ3, and the east is about 0.15-0.2m higher than TJ3.There are 13 piers arranged on it.The arrangement of the piers is single row in the west and double row in the east.There is no external brick of TJ2 south wall foundation. The foundation trench is 0.6m wide. The wall foundation is still covered with traces of lime.There is a north-south modern ditch in the east of the platform foundation, which runs through TJ2 and destroys TJ2.
The surface layer of TJ3 at the site of Jinghuining Mansion in Shangjin is 0.1-0.2m deep from the ground surface, north-south trending, and the plane is rectangular.The exposed length in the north and south is 59.8 meters, and the width in the north is about 13.7-14 meters.A total of 54 column foundations (i.e. piers) and 3 stoves were found on TJ3.The plane of the pier is slightly square and symmetrically arranged in north-south direction, with two columns on the east and west sides.The distance between the piers is 0.45-0.5m from east to west and 2.8m-3m from south to north.14 bays can be seen from north to south.The east and west sides of TJ3 are respectively provided with brick wall protection and apron.There are some column foundation stones on the pier;There are 2 brick square relics in part.The west of TJ3 is compacted by the east of TJ2, that is, TJ3 should be built slightly earlier than TJ2.
The surface layer of TJ4 at the site of Jinghuining Mansion in the upper Jin Dynasty is 0.1-0.2m deep from the ground surface. The plane is rectangular and runs east-west. It is on the same line with TJ2.The excavated part is 23.2 meters long from east to west and 10.75 meters wide from south to north.There are wall covering bricks and apron on the north and south sides of the abutment foundation in this section. The brick wall foundation is 0.8m wide and the apron is 0.45m wide.There is also a pier on the abutment, which is distributed in three rows from east to west;Six columns from north to south are exposed in the west.The width of the pier is about 1.3 meters, the east-west spacing is 2.5 meters to 2.9 meters, and the north-south spacing is about 2.9 meters.The tamped foundation of TJ4 is superimposed on the apron of TJ3, that is, the construction of TJ4 should be slightly later than that of TJ3.The cross shaped corridor type base site composed of TJ2, TJ4 and TJ3 is an important auxiliary building in the east of the Imperial City.It divides the eastern area into several building units and is related to each other.TJ5 and TJ6 are distributed in the northeast of the corridor.
TJ5, the site of Huining Mansion in Beijing, Shangjin, is the No. 5 platform base, with the surface layer 0.2-0.3m away from the ground.The plane is square, with rammed earth structure.It is 6.8-7m long from east to west and 6.7m wide from south to north.The west and south of the foundation site of the station are built close to the foundation sites of No. 3 and No. 4 stations.There are brick wrapping and apron on the east and north outer walls.Most of the wrapped bricks have disappeared. Only the western part of the north has wall bricks left. The seven layers are laid smoothly, 0.42m high. The bonding material between the brick joints is a mixture of soil and lime;The east side wall was damaged, only the foundation trench, with a width of 0.3m and a depth of 0.15m. There were residual wall bricks in the trench, and the east wall in the trench had a lime wall.No other architectural remains are found on the No. 5 abutment, which is about 0.4-0.6m high.It is speculated that TJ5 is a platform building.
TJ6, the site of Huining Mansion in the capital of Shangjin, is the No. 6 abutment, with the surface layer about 0.3m away from the ground.The flat rectangle is located in the east of TJ5.Rammed earth structure, brick wall around the abutment, and apron paved with square bricks outside the brick wall.It is 6.3 meters long from east to west, 1.8 meters wide from south to north, 0.4 meters to 0.6 meters wide outside brick wall, 0.45 meters wide apron, and 0.4 meters high.There is one pier on the east and one pier on the west of the abutment, with a spacing of 3.8m.It is speculated that TJ6 may be the foundation of archway buildings.In the southeast of the corridor, there are TJ7 and TJ8, which are connected by brick walls.
TJ7, the No. 7 platform foundation, is located at the site of Huining Mansion in Beijing, Shangjin. The surface layer is 0.1-0.15m away from the ground. It is a rammed earth structure.Its west is connected to the south of TJ3.The excavated part is about 14 meters long from east to west, 1.5 meters to 3.7 meters wide from south to north, and the southern end extends to the outside of the excavation area.There are three east-west piers with a spacing of 3m.There are brick wall and brick apron on the outside of the tamping foundation.
TJ8, the site of Huining Mansion in the upper Jin Dynasty, is the No. 8 abutment. The surface layer is 0.15 meters from the ground surface. It is a rammed earth structure. Some of the planes exposed in the excavation are similar to a ruler, and the south and east sides extend beyond the excavation area.Three piers are distributed in the central north-south direction, with a spacing of 3m.A large area of square bricks remained on the platform foundation.A small amount of bricks are left on the outside of the tamping platform foundation, and the width of the brick foundation groove is 0.5m.TJ7 and TJ8 are not completely exposed, only a small part is excavated.From the point of view of the column network structure of the pier, it should also be a part of the foundation of the large hall site.Auxiliary facilities such as drainage ditches and wells are distributed between the eastern section of the corridor and No. 7 and No. 8 abutments.
Wells and drains
The drainage ditch of the site of Huining Mansion in the upper Jin Dynasty, namely SG1, is located at the south side of TJ4 (the south side of the east-west corridor). The plane is rectangular, roughly parallel to TJ4, slightly curved, and the inclined wall is flat at the bottom. It is high in the west and low in the east, in a slope shape. The gradient height difference is 0.3 meters. The exposed length is 15 meters, the upper opening is 0.45-0.6 meters wide, and the bottom is 0.56 meters wide. The ditch walls on both sides are built with 0.4 × 0.2 × 0.06 meters of bricks in a staggered direction,Pointing with lime.The part of the ditch wall on the north side is well reserved, and the ditch depth is 0.7m. The ditch wall on the south side can only be roughly identified by the residual bricks on the bottom four layers.Some parts of the trench bottom are well preserved, which are paved with transverse staggered joints. Most of them are paved with 0.38 × 0.38 × 0.06 m square bricks in opposite joints. The top of the brick coupon is reserved at a depth of 0.4 m below the western brick wall foundation, with a residual length of 1.9 m. The brick coupon is leveled up to the trench bottom depth of 0.6 m, and the arch height of the brick coupon is 0.1 m. The brick coupon is built with rectangular bricks, and the brick specification is 0.4 × 0.2 × 0.06 m.Seen from its location, this drainage ditch is located at the south side of the eastern corridor, and the upper part is partially closed with a coupon top. It runs east-west, parallel to the corridor, and continues to extend eastward.It is an open channel drainage facility.
The well at the site of Huining Mansion in Beijing, i.e. SJ1, is 1.2 meters from the surface.The upper opening of the well is oval in shape, with earth bearing, large opening and small bottom, and inclined wall.The east-west long diameter of the wellhead is 3.2m, and the north-south short diameter is 3m.At the lower part of the well (the actual excavation depth is 4m), the east-west length is 2.1m, and the north-south short diameter is 1.2m.The drilling depth to the bottom of the well is about 10.3m.The soil accumulated in the well is relatively dense and light yellow brown, including residual bricks, tiles, ceramic heads, porcelain chips, nails, animal bones, etc.Two pier foundations are found on the west wall of the well, which are symmetrically distributed from north to south, with a side length of 1.2m.There are several foundation stones scattered around the wellhead, so it is speculated that the original "pavilion" type buildings are around the wellhead.On the east side of the well, there is a brick wall separated from other buildings.Brick roads are distributed between the corridor site and each building abutment site[1]。
Cultural relics
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The Owl Kiss of Palace Architecture
Most of the relics unearthed from the site of Huining Mansion in Beijing in the upper Jin Dynasty are grey tiles, black bricks and other building components.The grey tiles include plate tiles, tube tiles, dripping tiles and tiles.The tile decoration mainly includes dragon pattern, animal face pattern and flower pattern;Others have animal headsthe top of various structures adorned with a representation of the hornless dragon、Owl Kiss, figures and other parts[1]。
Research value
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The site of Huining Mansion in the capital of the Jin Dynasty is a well preserved site of the capital of the Jin Dynasty, which is of great value for studying the local history and ethnic history of the Northeast。The archaeological excavation of the Huining Mansion site in Shangjing, Jin further promoted the scientific understanding and academic research of the site, and provided important academic support and basis for the effective overall protection of the site and the construction of the National Archaeological Site Park. The drainage ditches and wells and other facilities found in the southeast of the two corridors,It provides physical materials for understanding the drainage system in the capital city of Jin Dynasty[1]。
protective measures
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Protect steles
On February 23, 1982, the site of Huining Mansion in Jinshang was announced by the State Council of the People's Republic of China as the second batch of national key cultural relics protection units[2]。
In June 2010, the Protection Plan of Huining Mansion Site in the Jin Dynasty was approved by the State Administration of Cultural Heritage[3]。
In 2012, Heilongjiang issued the Plan for the Protection of the Ruins of Huining Mansion in Jinshangjing, including that the construction of the Archaeological Site Park in Acheng District should focus on the preparation of the planning of the site park, the construction of the archaeological exhibition area, the steel mesh enclosed protection of the palace site in Jinshangjing Imperial City, the construction of the site park museum, the settlement of the problem of cultural relics in the site park, the display of the city wall and the horse face10 works including rescue protection project of Nanwengcheng and infrastructure construction in the site park。
In 2016, according to the Archaeological Work Plan of Jinshangjing Site, Heilongjiang Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology carried out local exploration and excavation of the building site in the central area east of the imperial city of the Huining Mansion Site of Jinshangjing[1]。
On October 12, 2021, it was included in the list of "great sites during the 14th Five Year Plan" in the "14th Five Year Plan" of the State Administration of Cultural Heritage.[5]
Historical culture
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In the first year of Jinshouguo (1115 AD), Emperor Taizu of Jin, Wanyan Aguta, established his capital here. The Ashi River was formerly called "Pushu Tiger Water", which means "gold" in Jurchen language.King Taizu Wanyan Agudai thought that gold would never be corrupted, so he established the national title of Dajin.The capital of the Great Jin State at that time, Huining Mansion in Shangjing (the site of Huining Mansion in Shangjing), was one of the four famous ancient capitals in China at that time.The capital city, with a circumference of 11 kilometers, is divided into two cities: the north and the south.The south city is the imperial city, and the north city is a residential area.There are five palace sites in the Imperial City, with clear outlines of the city wall, Meridian Gate, Horse Face, Corner Tower and Wengcheng.This was the highest decision-making hall of the Jin Dynasty.Jinshangjing was established by combining the financial resources of Liao and Northern Song Dynasty. As a capital, it has experienced the four emperors of Jin Taizu, Jin Taizong, Jin Xizong and Hailing King for 38 years. It was the political, economic and cultural center of northern China at that time, and the metropolis of Northeast Asia at that time。
Tourism information
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geographical position
The site of Jinshang Jinghuining Mansion is located in the southern suburb of Acheng District, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, on the left bank of Ashi River。[1]
Ruins of the Northeast Corner Tower of Huining Mansion, Shangjing, Jin Dynasty
traffic
Harbin City - Jiangwan Road - Songbei Avenue - Qianjin Road - Kang'an Road - Hexing Road - Three Dynamic Roads - Jinxiang Street - G10 Suiyuan Manchuria Expressway - Yanchuan Street - Jinshang Beijing Huining Mansion Site.
Honors won
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In October 2021, it was selected as "One Hundred Archaeological Discoveries in a Century".[4]
In 2022, it was included in the list of the top ten new archaeological discoveries in 2021 and was shortlisted for the final evaluation project.[6]
