Volgograd

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Volgograd state (Волгоградскаяобластж), state name, in Russia Volga River Downstream, capital Volgograd , which is the southeast water and land transportation hub of European part of Russia. More than half of the industry is concentrated in Volgograd metallurgy (steel and aluminum smelting) Machinery manufacturing （ Tractor , electrical machinery, ships, etc.), oil and natural gas exploration and processing, chemical industry, major cities Volgaski 、 Kameshen and Mikhailovka 。

Chinese name: Volgograd
Foreign name: Волгоградская область Volgograd/R^[1]
Administrative Region Category: State/Federal Entity（ First level administrative region ）
Region: Southern Federal District
geographical position: Russia Volga River downstream
Area: 113900 square kilometers
Area under jurisdiction: Volgaski, Kameshen, etc

Government residence: Volgograd
climatic conditions: temperate continental climate
population size: 2521276 (2018)
Dialect: Russian
Date of establishment: January 10, 1934
Main rivers: Volga River Don River
Main reservoir: Volgograd Reservoir Heqimuliang Reservoir

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Basic overview

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Volgograd

Volgograd, state name. It was called "Stalingrad State" before 1961. In the lower reaches of the Volga River in Russia. Russians account for more than 90%, and the rest are Ukrainians, Kazakhs and Tatars. In 1936, it was established as a state and its capital was Volgograd. The right bank of Volga River is low hill, and the left bank is plain.

geographic information

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There are oil and natural gas deposits. temperate continental climate , January Average temperature -12-8 ℃, 23 ℃ in July. Grassland belt accounts for more than 80% of the whole prefecture, belonging to the southeast Semi desert Band. Annual precipitation It decreases from northwest to southeast (450-270mm). Built Volga Don Canal Volgograd and Zimliansk reservoirs. It is the southeast water and land transportation hub of European part of Russia. More than half of the industry is concentrated in Volgograd, with power, metallurgy (steel and aluminum smelting) Machinery manufacturing (tractors, motors, ships, etc.), oil and gas exploitation and processing, and chemical industry. Cultivated land accounts for about half of the land, and pastures and grasslands account for more than 30%. It is rich in wheat, corn, meat and dairy products. Major cities include Volgaski Kameshen And Mihalovka.

Volgograd is located in Eastern European Plain In the southeast of the Volga River in Russia. Its south and Republic of Kalmyk Connected to the southwest and west Rostov Connection, Northwest and Voronezh Bordering to the north Saratov , Donglian Kazakhstan Republic, Southeast Connection Astrakhan 。

Volga River Divide Volgograd into Hilly area (358m high) and the left bank lowland (the left bank area in the middle and lower reaches of the Volga River). The main rivers in the territory are Volga River Don River , built Volga Don Canal Volgograd Reservoir and Zimliang Reservoir are located in this state, which are the water and land transportation hubs in southeast Europe of Russia. There are many more in the state salt lake (Elliton Lake and other salt lakes) and Salt lake 。

Volgograd climate genus Continental climate 。 There are oil and natural gas deposits. Temperate continental climate, the average temperature in January is - 12-8 ℃, and 23 ℃ in July. The grassland zone accounts for more than 80% of the whole prefecture, and the southeast is a semi desert zone. Annual precipitation decreases from northwest to southeast (450-270mm). Soil genus Chernozem , Black Brown soil In the state, there are wild fields full of arboreal plants and various grasses (most of which have been reclaimed).

geographical environment

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Volgograd

Volgograd is located in the southeast of the Eastern European Plain, in the lower reaches of the Volga River. Its south and Republic of Kalmyk Connected to the southwest and west Rostov Connection, Northwest and Voronezh Bordering to the north Saratov , Donglian The Republic of Kazakhstan , Southeast connection Astrakhan 。

Volga River divides Volgograd State into two parts: the hilly area on the right bank (up to 358m high) and the lowland on the left bank (the left bank area in the middle and lower reaches of Volga River). The main rivers in the territory are Volga River and Don River. Volgograd Reservoir and Zimliang Reservoir are located in the prefecture. There are also many salt lakes (Elliton Lake and other salt lakes) and salt lakes in the state.

Volgograd has a continental climate. The soil is chernozem and black brown soil, and the state is full of wild areas (most of which have been reclaimed) covered with arboreal plants and various grasses.

The average temperature in the state is minus 8-12 degrees in January and 22-24 degrees in July.^[2]

Historical evolution

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Volgograd was originally called tsaritsyn It was founded in 1589. It was destroyed by fire in the early 17th century and rebuilt on the right bank of the Volga River in 1615 Volga River Basin One of the oldest cities. It became a military fortress in the 18th century and a railway was built in the late 19th century. The city developed rapidly and became an important industrial and Commercial trade Center. Soviet Union Revolutionary war Stalin led the famous Cha Lijin security battle , defeated the coming menacing Cossacks White Army , for consolidation October Revolution Achievements, defending the newly built Soviet regime It is of great significance. In 1925, it was renamed in memory of Stalin Stalingrad 。 In July 1942, German fascists successively used more than 1.5 million troops to attempt to capture Stalingrad, cut off the Volga River and control it Caucasus And then attack Moscow in the north. Stalingrad fought bloody battles for more than 200 days and nights, annihilating all German troops and finally forcing German fascism to stop Strategic attack And began to collapse. Battle of Stalingrad The victory of Soviet Patriotic War And the whole the Second World War The foundation of victory. In 1961, the city was renamed Volgograd.

The city was originally chosen Siberia On the prairie, it is called Charizzin and built on an island where the Charizzin River flows into the Volga River. It was designed as a fortress to protect Russia's southeast border and the Great Volga journey from nomadic people The invasion of.

The great victory in Stalingrad on February 2, 1943 became the turning point of the Second World War, when Fascism It is already clear that our retreat is behind us. Chile poet Neruda The evaluation of this war is: "The courage rule rewards this land".

After the war, the city had to be rebuilt almost completely, which actually meant the modern development of Stalingrad. The whole country supported Stalingrad during the war, and the whole country helped it heal the wounds of the war and help it recover. The reconstruction of the destroyed city, the construction of the Volga Don ship channel and the construction of the largest hydropower station in Europe actually demonstrated the great efforts of all Soviet civilians and experts from the reconstruction site.

Volgograd has built new factories and beautiful parks along the river bank for about 100 kilometers. It's strategy Transportation Center , is the main railway and federal The hub of motor vehicle access, air route and waterway system provide river and sea traffic through Volga Don channel. Volga River and ergeninsky mineral water, plus its excellent climatic conditions Since ancient times, it has attracted many people and displayed the diversity of nations.

administrative division

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Territorial area

Volgograd State was founded on January 10, 1934, with a territorial area of 113900 square kilometre , accounting for 0.67% of the total territory of the Russian Federation.

The number of administrative units in Volgograd State is 33 districts, 6 state cities, 13 district cities, 8 municipal districts, 27 towns and 445 administrative farms.

The administrative center of Volgograd is Volgograd City (English: Volgogard; Russian ：Волгоград）。 The city was founded in 1589 with a resident population of 1028200. Moscow The distance from Volgograd is 1073 km.

There are 8 districts in Volgograd: Dzerzhinski District, Kirov District, Red Army District, Woloshlov District, Red October District, Soviet District, Tractor Factory and Central District. City reference number (84-42) 330-301.

State owned city

Volgaski (Volzhskiy in English; Волжский in Russian), founded in 1954, and counted in 1994 Population It is 285600 yuan, and there are two districts in the city: Kitrostroevsk District and Industrial Zone;

Kameshen City (English: Kamyshin; Russian: Камыш ин), founded in 1668;

Mikhailovka The city (Mikhaylovka in English; Михайловка in Russian) was founded in 1948, with a population of 58500 in 1994;

Ulupinsk City (English: Uryupinsk; Russian: Уропинск), founded in 1929;

Florovo The city (English: Frolovo; Russian: Фролово) was founded in 1936.

District city

Dubovka City (English: Dubovka; Russian: Дубовка), founded in 1734;

Zhirnovsk City (English: Zhirnovsk; Russian: jammeирновск), established in 1958;

Kojielinikovo City (English: Kotel 'nikovo; Russian: Котел' никово), founded in 1955;

Cotovo City (English: Kotovo; Russian: Котово), established in 1966;

Krasnoslobotsk City (English: Krasnoslobodsk; Russian: Краснослободск), founded in 1955;

Leninsk City (English: Leninsk; Russian: ленинск), founded in 1963;

Nikolayevsk (English: Nikolayevsk; Russian: Николаевск), founded in 1967;

New Anningski City (English: Novoanninsky; Russian: Новоаннинский), established in 1956;

Palasovka City (English: Pallasovka; Russian: Палласовский), established in 1967;

Suirafimovich City (English: Serafimovich; Russian: Серафимовича) was founded in 1933;

Surovikino City (English: Surovikino; Russian: Суровикино), established in 1966;

Karachi (on the bank of the Don River) (English: Kalach-na Donu; Russian: Калалач - на - Дону) was founded in 1951.^[2]

Demographic situation

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The city has a large number of honorable citizens, including Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth, who received Volgograd in a friendly manner honorary citizen Title of. This kind of giving shows that the people of Volgograd sincerely respect and love Her Majesty the Queen and the former King George I and appreciate their help. They have built a bridge of friendship between the Russian people and the British people. During the Second World War, the royal couple provided their help to Stalingrad.

Russian 89.1%, Ukrainian 3.1%, Kazak 1.6%, germanic people 1.1%, Tartar 1%, Belarusian 0.6%, Chechnya Family Chuvashi Each accounts for 0.4%, and other ethnic groups account for 2.7%.^[2]

economic construction

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Industry

Volgogradian Basic industry The fields are Machinery manufacturing And metal processing industry (production tractors, ships, Tower crane , bearing and petroleum industry , electronic technology industry food industry Special instruments and equipment, production Drilling equipment , warehousing type Transportation equipment , Medical mechanical equipment And commercial equipment), fuel industry (oil and gas extraction), oil reprocessing industry, chemical industry , Oil Chemical industry (including Caustic alkali ， Chemical fibre ）, black metallurgy And non-ferrous metallurgy. State building material processing industry and textile industry , wood processing industry and Food Processing They all developed very well.

In Volgograd in 1993 industrial structure Among them, electric energy accounts for 3.8%, raw material processing accounts for 22.4%, automotive machinery manufacturing accounts for 17%, and chemical industry accounts for 15.7%, light industry And food processing industry account for 20%.

major industrial center There are Volgograd, Volgaski and Kameshen.

Large enterprises include: Volgograd Municipal "tractor" manufacturer ” limited company , with 19500 employees; The "Red October" metallurgical plant has 12000 employees; The "barricade" factory has 12500 employees; "Volgograd CC" joint-stock company, with 5500 employees; The cotton textile complex in Kameshen has 1100 employees; The state-owned bearing factory in Volgaski has 159000 employees, and the Volgaski pipe factory has 9000 employees.

Agriculture

Cultivated land accounts for about half of the land, and pastures and grasslands account for more than 30%. It is rich in wheat, corn, meat and dairy products. Volgograd has hard stem wheat, vegetables, melons and fruits. For both meat and milk Animal Husbandry The direction of development is still developing poultry Feeding Beekeeping And goat breeding.^[2]

education

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Volgograd has 56 research institutes and design institutes, 150 professors and 1330 Associate Doctor , 8 universities, 44 technical secondary schools, 69 technical schools, and 80000 college and technical secondary school students. In addition, there are 5 theaters, 17 museums, 1000 libraries and 20 million books.^[2]

partnership

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Volgograd

On December 8, 1993, Jilin Province Establish friendly provincial and state relations with Volgograd.^[1]

Jilin Province and Volgograd have established 18 years of friendly provincial and state cooperation.

Russia Volgograd National University of Technology Founded in 1930, the school is located in Russia Engineering technology Welding and Metallic materials , chemical engineering, machinery, military technology and other fields have obvious advantages. Vice President Leisak and his delegation paid a special visit to Jilin Province Changchun University of Technology , visited School of Materials Science and Engineering He also made an academic report on "Making New Metal and Metal Powder Composite Materials by Means of Blasting Welding Technology", and held a meeting with professors and experts from the School of Materials academic exchange 。 Both sides believe that the two universities Professional settings There is a broad space for international scientific and technological cooperation with similar and complementary advantages. After the visit, the two universities officially signed the Cooperation Agreement between Changchun University of Technology of China and Volgograd State University of Technology of Russia, and signed“ Core-shell structure Synthesis and application of modifier Thermoplastic Applications in "“ Plate High strength steel Of welding material And technology ". The delegation also inspected Changchun University of Technology And reached an agreement on the exchange of visiting scholars and international students between the two universities in the future. During a long period of time, Leisak and his delegation also visited Jilin University Inorganic synthesis and preparation chemistry State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials Vice President Leisak proposed to establish Joint laboratory Jilin University has responded positively to the suggestions made by Jilin University. During the investigation in Changchun FAW During the period of the car manufacturer, Vice President Leisak believed that after FAW's automobile products entered the Russian market in the future, it is necessary to establish a sound after-sale service System, and the school is authorized by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation to issue training Automotive One of several universities with maintenance talent qualification certificate, both sides discussed the professional skills in the future Talent training The possibility of cooperation in this field.

famous scenery

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Volgograd

There are many tall buildings on both sides of Lenin Street, and between Volga Yanhe Street and Marshal Cuikov Street are green lawns, Hero Avenue There are poplar 、 Pine and cypress 、 Birch And cloves, Roadside flower bed In full bloom tulips 。

There are nearly 100 monuments and statues as well as dozens of places for people to pay homage to Memorial Most of them are related to revolutionary historical events and historical figures, such as the Tomb of Unknown Soldiers on the Martyrs Square in the center of the city, the "Pavlov Building" located between Lenin Street and Soviet Road, Battle of Stalingrad Panorama Memorial Hall, Mamayev Highland Monuments, Cha Lijin security battle Monument and lenin square On Lenin statue Etc. Among them, the Stalingrad Defense Panorama Memorial Hall is famous far and wide. The Memorial Hall is a tall and novel white building located in the city center. Panorama hanging in the memorial hall Central Hall Medium. Along the center of the hall Spiral Climb up the stairs and climb to the top floor, and the fierce battle scene that shocked the world will reappear. The picture is spread out in all directions with the main battlefield of the year - Mamayev Hill, the commanding height of the city as the center. Panoramic painting skillfully integrates the picture with models, objects and terrain, with a strong sense of reality and Stereoscopic feeling 。 The panorama is 5 meters long and 3 meters high. It took 8 people two years to create it Russia The largest panorama. "Katyusha" is on display outside the memorial hall rocket gun , aircraft, tanks. In the basement of the memorial hall, there are some relics of martyrs and weapons used in those years on display. Beside the memorial hall, there is a five storey building with broken walls. During the war, the whole city was destroyed, which was deliberately preserved.

Another famous monument is the Mamayev Hill. This is the main battlefield in the defense of Stalingrad, Soviet Red Army And Germany fascist The place where the army will fight in the final battle. At the entrance, there is a huge relief sculpture on the left and on the right, called "Generation Forever". Step up, towering trees on both sides, war relief and Hero Statue Alternate. In the middle of the highland, there is a square to defend to the death. In the fountain in the middle, there is a man with a gun in one hand and a thunder in the other Shirtless Hero statue. Further up, there are reliefs on the left and right, called "Broken Walls", on which there are many heroic images and wartime slogans. When people approach these reliefs, they hear the live recording of the year: the sound of enemy bombing, Air-to-air shooting The sound of machine guns and the shouts of soldiers rushing to kill the enemy. And that year Radio Moscow The loud voice of the famous announcer Leviathan. He is reading the good news, calling on people to shed the last drop of blood for victory

Volgograd

Walking through the statues Hero Square , is the mourning square. There is a circular building surrounded by steles on the side of the square, which is the memorial hall for the fallen soldiers. In the middle of the hall is a huge hand holding an ever bright torch, guarded by four guards. On the surrounding walls are dozens of red flags, with more than 7000 names of officers and soldiers killed in battle. At the top of the hill stands a majestic statue of "Motherland Calling", 85 meters high, with a base weight of 8000 tons. She holds a sword in her right hand and points to the direction of the enemy's invasion in her left hand, calling out her children to rise up and kill the enemy bravely. This statue seems to be a towering goddess, and is regarded as the symbol of Volgograd and the whole Russia.

from Kazan You can go directly to Volgograd by boat via Ulyanovsk. Volgograd is located in Volga River The downstream right bank is 1000 km away from Moscow. Volgograd October Revolution Formerly known as Tsarizin, because Stalingrad The army and the people fought hard to wipe out the enemy, and was awarded the glorious title of Heroic City, which was renamed Stalingrad. In 1961, Stalingrad was renamed Volgograd. As a link between the Volga River and Don River The famous starting point of the canal.

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