Most of the peninsula isSpainTerritory, a small part of the southwest corner isPortugalTerritory, NortheastPyreneesTo the north is France.The coast is flat and straight, with many plateaus and mountains;There are lowlands in the west and southwest.MidlandMeseta PlateauAverage altitude610 meters, accounting for 60% of the peninsula area.
Mount Murason3478m above sea level, the highest peak on the peninsula.There are about 1800 rivers on the peninsula, and the longest river isTahoe River。The nonferrous metal mineral resources are rich, while the energy mineral resources are poor.Spain on the peninsula is one of the countries with developed tourism in the world.PortugalThe central coast is rich in grapes.
The coast is flat and straight, with many plateaus and mountains;There are lowlands in the west and southwest.MidlandMeseta PlateauAverage altitude610 meters, accounting for 60% of the peninsula area.Fault block mountainous areaIt crosses the plateau from east to west and divides the north and south into two major basins.The plateau is high in the east and low in the west, in the southMount Murason3478 meters above sea level, it is the highest point of the peninsula.
The geological basis is Hercynian fold block.Due to the blocking of mountains, it is difficult for the ocean influence to penetrate inland.However, the value of solar radiation in summer is large, and it is one of the sunny areas in Europe.
The Celts from the 9th century BCCentral EuropeMove in.The early history of the Iberian Peninsula can be traced back to ancient timesGreek city-stateA colony established along the southwest coast of the peninsula.
stayPunic wars During the period, this was the territory of Carthage, and it was alsoThe Second Punic WarThe forward base of the expedition led by Hannibal Central.Carthage was defeated in the Second Punic War, and this territory was incorporated into the Roman Republic asRoman Provinceone of.
For most of the Middle Ages, most of the Iberian Peninsula came fromNorth AfricaIt is occupied by Muslim Moors, and the Christian nation, as a local aborigine, is in a state of oppression, only in the northwest of the peninsulacoastal areasIt is possessed by Christians.
In the late Middle Ages, the influence of the Moors gradually declined, and the Christians in the northern part of the peninsula gradually recovered their lost land. In 1385,Kingdom of PortugalThe territory of.
In 1480,SpainThe kingdom was officially established.
In 1492, the "Restoration Movement" won, and the Muslim forces were completely expelled from the Iberian Peninsula.It established the earliest unified central monarchy in Europe.
The recovery movement and national reunification of the Iberian Peninsula.
National distribution of Iberia Peninsula
At the beginning of the 8th centuryarabIt took people about 4 years to conquer the entire Iberian Peninsula（PortugalAnd Spain).In the following centuries, the Arabs built a great Spanish civilization with their unique wisdom.So that Spain will beWestern EuropeThe cultural center of.
After the Arabs occupied Spain, the Spaniards, who were unwilling to accept the Islamic rule, retreated to the northern mountains, where some resistance centers appeared, thus starting the recovery movement that lasted more than seven centuries, but the most intense period of struggle was the 11th – 13th century.In the view of Spaniards, this struggle is part of Christianity's fight against Islamic aggression. Therefore, the armed forces against Arabs are also regarded as Romethe pontiffPart of a crusade called for organization.
In the 10th and 11th centuries, two resistance centers, Leon and Castile (Castile), appeared in the northwest of Iberia.In view of the Spanish Restoration War in full swing, about 20000 Berbers from North Africa are in Ibn·YusufHe came to Spain in 1086 to support the Arabs here.In a decisive battle, King CastileAlfonso VI The army led by him was defeated. It is said that he only took 300 people to survive, and these Berber troops took more than 40000 heads back to North Africa as trophies.But the Castilians were not discouraged.
1212 King CastileAlfonso VIII With the support of the resistance centers and the crusaders of other European countries, he led the coalition forces and the Berbers in a decisive battle in Tolosa, winning a resounding victory. More than 160000 Berbers were killed.
In 1230, Castile andKingdom of LeonThe merger, collectively known as the Castile Kingdom, is the center of resistance against Arab rule and has the most powerful armed resistance.
In 1236, they conquered Cordoba, the capital of the Arabs, and the recovery movement won a decisive victory.
In the northeast of Iberia, another center of resistance against Arabs has been formedAragon KingdomThe official formation of the kingdom was in 1137, when several local resistance centers merged.In the southwest of the peninsula, the Kingdom of Portugal was formed. It first attached itself to Castile and became an independent kingdom in 1143.
In the whole Recovery War, there were some sobering stories in Spain, the most famous of which was the national hero Rodrigo Diaz (about 1043 – 1099), who became a legendary figure known as“Xide”(Leader of the fighter).His main credit is the capture in 1094ValenciaAnd firmly hold the city.
Later, his deeds were compiled into long poems《Song of Xide》It is one of the most important long epics in medieval Western Europe.Since modern times, this long poem has also become the source of other literary works, such as the 17th centuryFrench ClassicismThe writer Gao Naiyi wrote the tragedy Xide, extolling the significance of reason to lust and obligation to emotion.
After the fierce battles in the 11th and 13th centuries, the victory of the Spaniards has been decided, but it still takes time to recover all the territory.After the fall of Cordoba, the Arabs fled to the southeast of the peninsulaGranadaAnd stayed there for more than 250 years.They have once again created a brilliant culture in this small area surrounded by mountains, rivers and rural areas.
The Spaniards and Portuguese who are on the verge of victory have no time to care about the creation of this kind of culture. They are building a strongnation-stateIn the process of.Without this process, they will not be able to launch large-scale exploration and colonization activities in the future, and they will not be able to build a huge empire. The formation of a nation-state is not only a process of expelling foreign enemies, but also a process of resolving internal ethnic conflicts and making various internal political forces relatively centralized and unified.To achieve this, we often have to go through intense ideological conflict and bloody struggle.
In the formation period of modern western European nation-state, the main manifestations arekingConflict with the great nobles.Portuguese IndependenceShortly afterwards, at the beginning of the 13th century, there was a civil war, mainly because the king wanted to strengthencentral governmentPower and the great nobilityHigh PriestConflict of.Since then, Portugal has not only fought many wars and new civil wars with Casti, but also broke out two "revolutions", namely the so-called revolutions of 1245 – 1247 and 1383 – 1385.
Portuguese historians believe that these revolutions were characterized by the cooperation between the king and the people in combating the separatist dignitaries, which resulted in more gains for the middle and lower classesActivity space, which is particularly beneficial to businessmen.
The revolution of 1383 – 1385 was carried out together with the war in Castile.In this war, the hereditary nobles stood on Castile's side, and the citizens and some mastersroman lawCastile's interventionist army failed.So the rich“bourgeois class”(The "bourgeoisie" here is a relatively simple and convenient term used to refer to the big businessmen at that time. Generally speaking, there is no bourgeoisie in the strict sense at this time, and at most there are some tendenciescapitalismDeveloped merchants) and jurists occupied an important position in the newly established dynasty.The "bourgeoisie" is concerned with peace and expanding trade, while jurists are concerned with strengthening the authority of the king.
A centralized central government has finally been established. Without such a government and the efforts of these businessmen and jurists, it is impossible for Portugal to develop into an empire.Of course, it is not enough to rely on these businessmen and jurists alone. The future expansion and strengthening of the empire will still depend on the support and leadership of those nobles whose rights are somewhat suppressed.But here we must see that in the late medieval Western EuropeChinese feudal societyThe difference is that their businessmen and their related intellectuals have achieved something that can be compared with the traditionalruling classA competing right.
The other two main centers of light recovery movementAragon KingdomThe Kingdom of Castile and the Kingdom of Castile are also not calm. They also face the problem of strengthening the central power, the independence of great nobles, and the uprising of peasants against feudal taxes.In order to strengthen the central power and centralized rule, the two kingdoms embarked on the road of unity, which was achieved through marriage.
Prince of Aragon in 1469Ferdinand And Castile's heiressIsabellaMarriage.Ten years later, they successively inherited the throne of their respective kingdoms. Thus, in 1469, the two countries officially merged, realizing the unification of Spain.
Soon, the unified Spain began to launch a general attack on the Arabs in a corner.In January 1492, the Moors of Granada gave up their city and surrendered, thus ending the recovery movement.
Isabella is a queen who plays politics.It is said that she is a typical beauty with blonde hair and blue eyes, but she is not a gentle person, but a sports loving, strong and powerful person.In theory, she helped her husband to govern the country, but she was extremely arrogant, opinionated, and good at covering up, often pretending to be naive and judging big and small affairs.Especially her religious fanaticism made Spain pay a high price.That's how she used itInquisitionTo suppress "heresy" and create a large number of unjust cases.Only 1498 years ago, in 17 yearsCremationThere are 8800 people, and more than 100000 people have been convicted.
Heresy here refers to those residents who believe in other religions, such asJudaismThe Moors who stayed in Spain and were forced to convert to Catholicism (called "Moriscans")Christian faithSomeone who explains something different from the official rules of the roman catholic church.However, the latter was a minority. At that time, there were mainly those who were inconsistent with the church's regulations in religious practice. Most of them were rural women who were possessed by evil spirits. Of course, many "heresies" were falsely accused.
Although this indiscriminate suppression policy temporarily helps to consolidate the political power, its negative side is extremely obvious.For example, the government ordered Jews to leave Spain within three months, and many doctors, scientists, philosophers, businessmen, and senior craftsmen left the country under the leadership of Jewish priests.Today, there are 2 million descendants of these Jews who left Spain, distributed in many countries around the world.
Of course, for the Spanish monarchs in this period, these negative phenomena were not as serious as they seemed later.In their eyes, the most significant thing is the unification and consolidation of the nation state, which is to expand outward and build an empireprecondition。The two countries on the Iberian Peninsula took the lead in the expansion of modern Western Europe. One important reason is that they established a relatively strongcentralizationGovernment.
In October of the same year,ColumbusfindWest Indies。Since then, Spain has gradually become a maritime power with colonies in Europe, the United States, Africa and Asia.
1588“Armada”It was defeated by Britain and began to decline.
In April 1931, the dynasty was overthrown and the Second Republic was established.
In February 1936, a coalition government with the participation of the Socialist Party and the Communist Party was established.July of the same yearFrancisco FrancoAfter three years of civil war, he seized power in April 1939 and exercised dictatorship for 36 years.[1]
Concluded with Germany in February 1943Military alliance, participated in the war against the Soviet Union.[1]
In July 1947, Franco declared that SpainMonarchy, serving as the head of state for life.[1]
Franco died of illness in November 1975,Juan Carlos I Ascension, recoveryMonarchy.[1]
In July 1976, the king appointed the formerNational movementSecretary General A Suarez, as Prime Minister, began the transition to parliamentary democracy in the West.[1]
Including Spain, PortugalAndorraAnd BritishGibraltar, most of which is Spanish territory, and a small part of which is Portuguese territory in the southwest corner.NortheastPyreneesThe north is France.
In the hundreds of years after 1492, the Spanish Portuguese border and the Spanish French border have undergone several small-scale changes. Today's border is basically from 1815congress of vienna Confirmed.
Iron, tungsten, tinPyrite , mercury and uranium.The industry includes mining, metallurgy, shipbuilding, textile and other sectors.Agricultural products include wheat, cornolive、GrapeMainly waiting, mostly focusing onirrigation systemOfCoastal plainAnd valley lowlands.The central plateau is rich in dry crops and sheepAnimal Husbandry。
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Iberian Peninsula[2]In the southwest of Europe, mainly Portugal andSpainTwo countries.Spain ismediterranean seaThe focus of regional coastal tourism is one of the world's major tourist destinations on the Iberian Peninsula.
fromthe Second World WarSince then, the number of tourists to Spain has increased rapidly, from less than 3 million in 1950 to 39.64 million in 1992.The tourist destinations are highly concentrated on the Mediterranean coast of Spain andMediterranean islands, the latter such asBalearic islands。
IberianAtlanticCoastal tourism is relatively underdeveloped. Portugal has received more than 8 million foreign tourists every year in recent years.The Atlantic coast tourist destination of the peninsula is concentrated in southern PortugalAlgarve。The inland plateau on the peninsula, despite its many histories and culturestourist resourcesHowever, the climate can only attract a small number of tourists.Both Spain and Portugal have islands in the Atlantic Ocean far away from the mainland. These islands are located in the south, so it is warm in winter and can attract tourists for winter vacations.Madeira IslandsandAzoresgenusPortugal, andCanary IslandsIt belongs to Spain.
Although Spain and Portugal differ in the size of their tourism industrySimilarity。Their tourism development is largely concentrated in small areas, and most of the tourism resources in the two countries have hardly been developed.Both countries have open Atlantic coast and rich inland historical and cultural tourism resources, and the tourism potential has not been fully realized.BilateralDomestic tourism marketIt is still developing towards maturity and making rapid progress.Exit of the two countriesNumber of touristsStarting to increase.
Some of these wall (rock) paintings are painted on the rocks in the open air, and more often on the rock walls of caves.The murals are rich in content, varied in form, diverse in color and vivid in representationPrehistoric man(from collecting and hunting to planting and domesticating).archaeologistAfter a lot of research, these murals are divided into three categories according to the artistic style and time:Paleolithic AgeMuralsmediterranean seaCoastal murals and sketch murals.[3]
The Paleolithic frescoes refer to those hidden in the depths of caves and dark without light. They are about 40000 BC to 10000 BC works.These murals use different colors, mainly black, red and ochre;There is no human image in the picture, and the themes are natural animals, such as cattlebuffalo、wild boar、wild horse, deer, bear, etc., there are individuals and groups;These images not only have obvious outlines, but the whole picture is filledThere are colors.[3]
In addition, there are some abstract symbols and images of human hands, but we still do not know what they represent.AltamiraCavernIt is a famous representative of the Paleolithic frescoes. In addition, it can be seen in Elcastillo and Vontede Gomer in France.[3]
As for the murals along the Mediterranean coast, their textual research dates from about 6000 BC to 4000 BC. They were all in caves that were not very deep, and the light was easier to reach.The pictures are mostly single or group animals, such asDeer FamilyAnimals, ruminants, etc., with their sides, horns and hooves facing forward.Human images often appear in paintings, as well as hunting, dancing, fighting, domesticationgather honeyAnd planting.These murals can be seen in the Mediterranean coastal area of Spain,RepresentativenessThere are caves in Kakul and Bartota.[3]
The sketched murals were about 4000 to 1000 BCBronze AgeLate ruins.Part of the mural seems to bemediterranean seaThe natural development and simplification of coastal murals, and the other part is a branch developed independently.Their common feature is that the picture form is often simple, and some are difficult to recognize.[3]
The picture hasQuadrupedandhuman activity(There are even people with bows and arrows), but the typical ones are those abstract symbols: dot shaped, branch shaped, toe shaped images, and so on.These murals are simple but full of vitality. Some experts believe that this is an important step in the abstraction of early human art.[3]
