Istanbul

Turkey's largest city

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Istanbul（ Turkish ：İstanbul； English : Istanbul), formerly Constantinople, is turkey Economy, culture Transportation Center , world famous tourist attraction , bustling International metropolis One on Balkan Peninsula East end Strait of Bosporus West bank of Nankou Black Sea Entrance, for Eurasian Traffic hub, strategic role Extremely important. Area 5343 square kilometre , the urban area has expanded to Golden Horn Bay to the north of, Strait of Bosporus East coast Yustrydar It is also included in the urban area, becoming a modern city across Europe and Asia.

In 658 BC, Greek immigrants Golden Horn Bay And Marmara Sea A city called Byzantium was built on the headland between them. In 330 A.D, Constantine take Imperium Romanum The move of the capital here was initially called New Rome, but it was soon named after its founder Constantine—— Constantinople Constantinople. In 395, Imperium Romanum Divided into East Western Roman Empire Constantinople became Eastern Roman Empire Capital. In 1453, it became Ottoman Empire Capital.

The name of Istanbul has existed for more than 100 years before the Ottoman Empire was conquered, such as the Spanish king sent an envoy to meet him in 1403 Timur Great Emperor, envoy passing by Constantinople , mentioned in his memoirs, Greek Also known as Istanbul (see《 The Story of the East Envoy of Craviyo 》Commercial Press in Chinese), but the West think Ottoman Empire He is the aggressor here, so he still insists on calling this place Constantinople 。 1923 turkey When the Republic was first established, it was the capital (moved to the capital during the Revolutionary War Ankara ）Istanbul has become an international Official name 。

Istanbul elected in 2010 European Capital of Culture And the European Sports Capital in 2012; The historic area of the city was UNESCO Column is World Cultural Heritage ； In November 2018, World City Ranking Released, Istanbul enters First tier cities in the world ranks.^[1]

Chinese name: Istanbul
Foreign name: ▄ stanbul (soil)
Istanbul (English)
Alias: Constantinople 、 Constantinople 、 Constantinier 、 Byzantium 、 Istanbul
Administrative Region Category: Provincial cities
Region: Republic of Turkey Istanbul
geographical position: Europe Southeast and Asia Northwest Anatolia
Area: 5343 km²

Area Code: (+90) 212，(+90) 216
Postal Code: 34000 to 34850
climatic conditions: Mediterranean climate
population size: 10567700 (2018)
Famous scenic spot: Hagia Sophia 、 topkapi palacc 、 Suleymaniye Mosque 、 blue mosque
Airport: Istanbul Airport 、 Istanbul Bursabiha Gekeqin International Airport 、 Istanbul Ataturk Airport
train station: Haidar Pasha Station
Dialect: Turkish

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Historical evolution

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Istanbul (2 sheets)

Istanbul covers an area of 5343 square kilometers. In 658 BC, Greek immigrants Golden Horn Bay And Marmara Sea A city called Byzantium was built on the headland between them. Istanbul was founded in 660 BC and was called Byzantium at that time. In 324, Imperium Romanum Of Constantine the Great Moved its capital here from Rome and changed its name Constantinople 。 In 1453, it became Ottoman Empire Capital. until Kemal establish Republic of Turkey Later, the capital was moved Ankara 。

Now the urban area has included Southern section Both sides and the northern shore of the Marmara Sea connected to it, including Yustrydar And become a big city across Europe and Asia. In 1973, the Bosporus Bridge across the strait was built. There are textile, food, ceramics, glass, machinery, automobile manufacturing, shipbuilding and other industries. It is also an important fishing port. yes Suleymaniye Mosque And other places of interest. Istanbul is also an ancient cultural city with Istanbul University 、 bosphros university 34 universities and institutions of higher learning.

One of the main reasons why Istanbul is famous is its unique geographical position 。 stay Asia Westernmost Black Sea And mediterranean sea There is a crucial“ golden watercourse ”, which connects Asia with Continental Europe The middle part is Marmara Sea , a place where military strategists must contend.

September 27, 2019 Turkey vice president The 5.8 magnitude earthquake in Istanbul, Turkey's largest city, injured 34 people and damaged 474 buildings in the city, Octai announced on the 27th. When Octai attended the relevant meeting in Istanbul on the same day, he said that all the wounded had been discharged except 10 who were still in hospital. The Office of the Governor of Istanbul Province issued a statement saying that 14 schools in Istanbul were closed on the 27th due to cracks in some buildings in the earthquake. Turkish disasters and contingency management The bureau advised people not to enter damaged buildings. Many local residents choose to spend the night in the city park. Level 5.8 occurred in Istanbul on the 26th earthquake , epicenter at Marmara Sea Medium, Source depth 6.99 km.

Distribution Diagram of Civil Aviation Airports in Istanbul Province

geographical environment

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climate

The northern, western and southern coastal areas of Turkey are typical Mediterranean climate , hot and dry in summer, mild and rainy in winter; The temperate continental climate in inland and eastern regions is obvious, with hot and dry summer and cold winter.

Location context

Istanbul (3 sheets)

Istanbul is divided into three districts: the old urban area in Europe and Beiolu business district, and Asia Yustrydar District. With beautiful scenery, various historic sites, convenient transportation and developed commerce, Istanbul has become a world famous tourist city , also Eurasian A pearl shared by two continents.

Istanbul is a famous city that spans Europe and Asia at the same time turkey In the northwest of Marmara Black Sea (Kara Deniz) and Marmara Sea (Marmara) Strait of Bosporus （ Istanbul Strait , ϕ stanbul Bo ğ az ı) and Golden Horn Bay (Hali) runs through it. As two ancient European empires - Imperium Romanum and Ottoman Empire Istanbul, the capital of Turkey, has retained its glorious historical heritage, which is also something the Turkish people should be proud of. Istanbul is indeed due to Rich and colorful The museum, church mosque , palaces, markets and beautiful natural scenery will make people linger. When the sun sets, I stand on the coast of Bosporus, and see the dots shot from the window on the other bank in the afterglow of the setting sun orange red At this time, we will deeply understand why people chose such an extraordinary place centuries ago, and sincerely sigh that Istanbul is the most beautiful city in the world.

Istanbul

Historical culture

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Istanbul has had many different names in its history of existence. These names were influenced by the culture, language and religion of the city's rulers. Byzantium Constantinople (Constantinople) These old names are still frequently used in some countries. In addition to these names, Istanbul was also called "New Rome" or "Second Rome" because Imperium Romanum monarch Constantine the Great stay Ancient Greece The colonial city of Byzantium established the pure Christian capital of the Roman Empire to compete with the Roman city, which still had a large number of pagans. Istanbul is also called "the city of seven hills", because the old city of Istanbul was built on seven hills by Constantine, With The seven hills of Rome set off against each other. These seven hills are represented by seven mosques in the city emblem, one on each mountain. As Istanbul was of great importance and rich wealth throughout the Middle Ages, another alias of Istanbul was Vasileosa Polis ("Queen of Cities").

"Istanbul" (Turkish pronunciation: [is ˈ tanbu ɫ], spoken [ɯ s ˈ tambu ɫ]) is often considered to originate from Medieval Greek The phrase "ε ἰ Γτὴ νΠό λ ν" means "going into the city". This reflects that the city is the only major city in the region, as people often refer to the neighboring City center It is called "city" or "city". Another view holds that the name comes directly from "Constantinople", and only the first and third syllables of the name are removed. stay Ottoman Empire Period, "Costantinier"（ Ottoman Turkish language : قنننننيههننننهننننننننهههن Common name 。 Since 1930, "Istanbul" has officially become the name of the city. In modern Turkish, the name is written as "∨ stanbul", in which "∨" has a little bit (in Turkish "I" with dot and without dot in letters are different letters). " Chinese translation On the other hand, the official transliteration is "Istanbul".

population

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Istanbul City

Istanbul is the most densely populated city in Turkey World population One of the largest cities. The population is growing fast. Between 1950 and 2000, Istanbul's population grew tenfold. Istanbul's population was only 1.078 million in 1945, and increased to 1.533 million in 1955. In the second half of the 20th century, Istanbul's population grew rapidly at a rate of 4-5% every year. By 1990, the population had rapidly increased to 7.309 million. In 2000, the population of Istanbul exceeded 10 million and reached 10.04 million. In January 2014, the population reached 14.16 million. In January 2015, the population reached 14.37 million, accounting for 18.5% of Turkey's total population (77.69 million). In 2021, the total population will be 15840900.^[4]

Population density More than 2700 people per Square kilometers , which is far more than the population density of Turkey (101 people/km2). The most densely populated area is in western Europe (accounting for 65% of the total population), while the most densely populated area in Asia is Yustrydar 。 The majority of the population is immigrants from other countries or regions, and only 28% of the population is local residents. Male female ratio Balanced, the male population accounts for 50.21% of the total urban population.

Politics

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The mayor is appointed by the President of the Republic, and is from Istanbul executive and Istanbul Governor of, Constantine the Great Based on the Roman model, the city is divided into 14 districts, and now it is divided into 12 districts, each of which has a district head.

social undertakings

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medical and health work

Istanbul Health services Most of them are concentrated in the city, with more than 70 hospitals, about half of which are public hospitals.

education

The first university was in 425 Theodosius II In 1453, another university was established. In Golden Horn Bay Galata One on one side University of Science and Technology As well as art, science and technology schools, business schools and economic schools. Foreign educational institutions were established in 1863 to only accept boys Robert College And established in 1871 to only accept girls American College 。

Cultural undertakings

Istanbul (6 sheets)

Istanbul Cultural Palace is the most important art center, with one Concert Hall , a gallery and two theaters. city Symphony Orchestra He City Opera Troupe performs here. A large number of societies and research institutions are headquartered in the city. Among them are Geographical Society German and French Archaeological Institutes and Turkish Folklore Societies. There is a nuclear research center in Little Checmaj.

There are many public and private libraries. The small but highly professional Krupp Lulu Library, built in 1677, collects publications of the early Ottoman Empire and handwritten works of art for more than 1000 years. Many mosques, palaces and other large buildings in the city museum ； Other famous museums are Istanbul Archaeological Museums 、 Museum of Turkish and Islamic Arts And the Turkish Guard Museum.

Economics

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Istanbul has a diversified industrial economy, producing different commodities Olive oil , tobacco, transport vehicles, and electronic products. Although with high added value The focus of work is low added value Manufacturing is Substantive Only Istanbul gross domestic product 26%, accounting for 4/5 of the city's total exports. Istanbul has always been the center of Turkey's economic life, because it is located on the international land and sea Trade routes The junction position of. Istanbul is also Turkey's largest industrial center 。 It employs about 20% of Turkish industrial workers and contributes 38% of Turkish industrial areas. Istanbul and surrounding provinces produce cotton, fruit, olive oil, silk, and tobacco. Food processing, textile production, petroleum products ， rubber ， Metalware , leather, chemicals, medicine, electronics, glass, machinery, automobiles, transport vehicles, paper and paper products liquor Drinks are the main thing in this city industrial product 。 According to《 Forbes 》In March 2008, Istanbul had 35 billionaires, ranking fourth in the world.

Istanbul stock exchange (ISE) is the only one in Turkey stock market , was founded in 1866 as the Ottoman Stock Exchange（ Dersaadet Tahvilat Borsası ）In early 1986, it was reorganized into the current structure. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, Galata Of Bank Street Was Ottoman Empire The financial center of the Ottoman Central Bank (founded in 1856) and the headquarters of the Ottoman Stock Exchange (1866) are located here. Bank Street is still the main street in Istanbul Financial district Until the 1990s, most Turkish banks began to move their headquarters to Hyundai Central Business District Levent and Maslak. In 1995, the Istanbul Stock Exchange moved to the building located in the district of istanye.

Today, the city owns 55% of Turkey's Trade volume And 45% of wholesale trade, Gross National Product It accounts for 21.2% of the country. Istanbul contributes 40% of Turkey's tax revenue. In 2005, Istanbul gross domestic product $133 billion. Companies in Istanbul in 2005 Total export value It is 41.397 billion US dollars, and the import value is 69.883 billion US dollars; They accounted for 56.6% and 60.2% of Turkey respectively.

Istanbul is one of the most important tourist attractions in Turkey. There are thousands of hotels and other tourism oriented industries in the city, serving vacationers and visiting professionals. In 2006, 23148669 tourists visited Turkey, most of them through Istanbul and Antalya The airport and seaport of Turkey. Through Istanbul Ataturk International Airport and Sabiha Gekeqin International Airport The total number of tourists entering Turkey reached 5346658, up from 4849353 in 2005. Istanbul is also one of the major conference destinations in the world and an increasingly popular choice for the world's largest international organization.

Industry

Istanbul is turkey The largest seaport and industrial center. The main manufactures in the city are Braid , flour processing Cigarette , cement and glass.

transport

There are railways along the old city wall. The Asian part of the city is Haidar Pasha Station, the starting point of Baghdad Railway. There are many forms of maritime transport services: those with ports Sampan , small ferries and international large ships. Yehilko Airport is about 27km west of the city. There are buses in the city, and ferries can reach as far as Kizil Adalar Prince Island , the round trip will take several hours.

famous scenery

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Istanbul not only geographically spans Europe and Asia, but also incorporates the ideas, cultures and arts of all nationalities in Europe, Asia and Africa Quintessence Therefore, it has become an important intersection of eastern and western ideology and culture, leaving behind many historic sites. Istanbul has more than 40 museums, more than 20 churches and more than 450 mosque 。 These beautiful buildings themselves and a large number of cultural relics in their collections are vivid witnesses of the intersection of East and West.

There are Sumerian heads and Babylonian heads on display in the Ancient Oriental Museum Tile ware , Assyrian reliefs, etc. These are two rivers（ Tigris River and Euphrates River ）Watershed and Asia Minor Ethnic groups in the region prehistoric Cultural relics. stay Archaeological Museum There are a lot of ancient Greek 、 Ancient Rome Cultural relics of the era, including the King of Macedonia Alexander The huge sarcophagus of the 4th century BC Greek art A masterpiece of. In Koala Church, there are a lot of murals about the Virgin, Christ and the apostles Byzantine Art The representative work of. stay Suleymaniye Mosque , carved beams and painted buildings, carved gold and silver, there are many Ottoman arts Treasures 。 In the old urban area on the west bank of the city, stone castles, city walls, towers, and aqueducts left over from various imperial dynasties can be seen everywhere.

Famous landscapes include topkapi palacc ， Suleymaniye Mosque ， blue mosque ， Hagia Sophia , Archaeological Museum, The Chora Church , Dormabacher Palace, Underground palace , Bosporus Bridge, Bel é bec Palace.

The places of interest that best illustrate that Istanbul is the intersection of East and West culture and art are St. Sophia Cathedral and Sultan Ahmed Mosque（ blue mosque ）And topkapi palacc 。

Saint Sophia Cathedral is Imperium Romanum Temporal Christian Church 。 It is a magnificent rectangular stone building with a huge dome, 31 meters in diameter and 55 meters above the ground. There are 40 large glass windows and 4 magnificent arches around the bottom, which are typical Byzantine architecture 。 In 1453, Byzantine Empire Islamic turkey Four buildings were built outside the church Minaret , change this millennium old cathedral into mosque 。 In 1935, after the establishment of the Republic of Turkey, it was changed into a museum. On July 10, 2020, Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan officially announced that the St. Sophia Cathedral in Istanbul will be opened on July 24, 2020 mosque It was reopened to Muslims, and the management of Saint Sophia Cathedral was transferred to the Turkish State Council for Religious Affairs (Diyanet).

Sultan Ahmed Mosque

The Sultan Ahmed Mosque was built in 1616. It has six minarets, which are different from ordinary mosques. It is the only existing six tower mosque in the world 。 The walls around it are inlaid with more than 20000 blue tiles, which makes the light in the hall very soft and quiet, so it is also called“ blue mosque ”。 It is said that the craftsmen who fired these tiles were from Persia That's why it shows Osman architectural art And the origin of oriental architectural art.

The Topkapo Palace was built in 1478. In addition to many collections in Turkish history Precious cultural relics In addition to documents, there are more than 17000 pieces of ancient Chinese porcelain, ranging from the Tang and Song dynasties to the Ming and Qing dynasties, Said to be second only to Beijing Palace Museum and Dresden Art Museum, ranking the third in the world 。

topkapi palacc

Strait of Bosporus There stands the famous Dormabacher Palace on the bank of. Dormabacher Palace was built in the middle of the 19th century, with exquisite architecture, exquisite carvings, gorgeous murals a chandelier And decorations. Because of its relationship with the topkapi palacc Similar, so it is called New Palace, and the latter is called Old Palace 。 Completed in 1973 Bosporus Strait Bridge ， Bridge length 1560m, one bridge crossing Eurasian The natural moat becomes a thoroughfare. The city is the largest in Turkey port city It transshipped 57% of the country's imports and 11% of its exports, and produced 1/3 of the country's industrial products. Istanbul not only sea transport Developed, railway transportation is also quite developed. This is the end of Europe's "Oriental Railway"“ Baghdad Railway ”The starting point of. There are 7 hills in the old city of Istanbul Imperium Romanum The king once regarded it as a new Rome. Rome has seven mountains, which is similar. Among them, 6 mountains are along Huangjinjiao, and 1 is isolated to the southwest. Most of the peaks are flat, but the slopes are quite steep. There are about 40 places of interest in 7 mountains. The first mountain has Hagia Sophia , Saint Irene Church, Sultan Ahmed Mosque Ahmed III Fountain, colored brick pavilion, Topkapo Palace, Marmara seaside city wall. The second mountain has Nuru Osman Mosque, fire columns, and indoor Big market 。 The third mountain has Lalaili Mosque and Valens Diversion channel 。 The fourth mountain has Fatih Mosque and the old Imalet Mosque. The fifth mountain has Gule Mosque and Mongolian Saint Mary Church. The sixth mountain has Kariya Mosque, Adria Fort Gate, and the West Palace of Constance. The seventh mountain has seven pagodas, Imrahal Mosque (i.e. St. John's Church in Stadion). The downtown business district is very prosperous. Ancient indoor on the south bank of Golden Horn Bazaar , a rare giant indoor market in the world. It was founded in 1461 and has been expanded several times, covering 30000 square meters. There are 4000 stores, 20 inns and 65 streets and alleys in the 8 sides of the door. Every day, there is a rush of people.

Sister city

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Argentina Buenos Aires

the republic of korea Seoul

Egypt Cairo

The People's Republic of Bangladesh Chittagong

Germany Cologne

Romania Konstanza

The United Arab Emirates Abu Dhabi

Malaysia Kuala Lumpur

Turkmenistan Ashgabat

Brazil Rio de Janeiro

Bosnia and Herzegovina Sarajevo

Uzbekistan Tashkent

The People's Republic of China Beijing

Iran teheran or tehran

Italy Florence

poland Warsaw

The People's Republic of China Shanghai

Honorary title

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time	Honorary title
November 2018	World City Ranking Released, Istanbul enters First tier cities in the world ranks.^[1]
December 26, 2019	Rank 2019 Global Top 500 Cities No. 23 on the list.^[2]

terrorist attack

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time	event
In the early morning of January 1, 2017	One in Istanbul, Turkey nightclub encounter terrorist attack The accident caused 39 deaths and 40 injuries.^[3]
June 28, 2016	Ataturk Airport in Istanbul was hit three times Suicide bomb Attacks and shootings killed at least 36 people and injured more than 100. On the evening of June 28 local time, Turkey Istanbul Ataturk International Airport International terminal happen Explosion The scene also heard the sound of gunfire, which has led to 36 deaths and more than 150 injuries. On June 7, a police car in Istanbul's historical center was bombed, killing at least 7 policemen and 4 civilians. March 19, Istanbul's bustling business district Independence Street (Istiklal Caddessi) was hit by a suicide bomb, killing three people Israel People and one Iranian died and dozens were injured. Extremist organization The "Islamic State" was blamed for this. On January 12, the Blue Mosque Ancient Architecture Scenic Spot in Sultanahmet District of Istanbul was Syria Attackers Eleven German tourists were killed and 16 injured in the bomb attack.
July 27, 2008	Two explosions in Istanbul killed 17 people and injured 115. The Turkish government blamed the PKK for this.
November 15 and 20, 2003	Two in Istanbul synagogue , a British Consulate and HSBC Bank A branch of car bomb Attacks, including Britain Consul General 63 people died and more than 100 people were injured. Al Qaida And a Turkish named "Great Eastern Cavalry of Islamic Front" extremist The organization claimed responsibility.
March 13, 1999	A shopping center in Istanbul was thrown Incendiary bomb , resulting in 12 deaths. The PKK claimed responsibility for this, and then withdrew the statement.
December 25, 1991	Istanbul I Department Store Bombs and incendiary bombs were thrown, killing 17 people and injuring 23. The attack was blamed on the PKK.
September 6, 1986	Two suicide bombings at a synagogue in Istanbul killed 22 people.

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