Values are the cognition, understanding, judgment or choice based on a certain thinking sense of human beings, that is, a kind of thinking or orientation of human beings to identify things and determine right and wrong, so as to reflect a certain value or function of people, things and things;stayclass societyMedium, differentclassThey have different values.
Values are characterized by stability and persistence, historicity and selectivity, and subjectivity.Values guide motivation and reflect people's cognition and needs.Well known researches on values include the values research of Olbert et al., the lifestyle questionnaire of M. Morris, and the value questionnaire of M. Rockridge.
Before any kind of thought is absolutely denied, the perspective, background, judgment and significance of this thought will have a certain degree of objective value. The value of this thought lies in the degree and significance of its recognition, which is the understanding and perception of this thought. This is the simplest in human thinkingIt is also the most authentic assessment, which also evaluates whether a thought is great, and whether this thought can become the origin of values.[1]
characteristic
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Stability and durability
Values have relative stability and durability.In a specific time, place and condition, people's values are always relatively stable and lasting.For example, there is always an opinion and evaluation on the quality of a certain person or thing, which will not change under the same conditions.
Historicity and selectivity
The values formed in different times and different social living environments are different.A person's values are gradually formed from birth under the influence of family and society.The social mode of production and the economic status of a person have a decisive impact on the formation of their values.Of course, the opinions of newspapers, television, radio and other publicity, as well as the views and behaviors of parents, teachers, friends and public celebrities, also have a noticeable impact on one's values.
subjectivity
It refers to the standards used to distinguish good from bad, which are measured and evaluated according to personal inner standards. These standards can be called values.
effect
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Values play a very important role in the orientation and regulation of people's own behavior.Values determine people's self-awareness, which directly affects and determines a person's ideals, beliefs, life goals and the nature of the pursuit of direction.The role of values is roughly reflected in the following two aspects:
1. Values play a guiding role in motivation. The motivation of people's behavior is dominated and restricted by values. Values have an important impact on motivation patterns. Under the same objective conditions, people with different values have different motivation patterns and different behaviors. The purpose direction of motivation is dominated by values. Only those who are considered to be desirable after value judgment,Can be transformed into the motivation of behavior, and guide people's behavior with this as the goal.
2. Values reflect people's cognition and needs. Values are people's evaluations and views of the objective world and behavioral results. Therefore, they reflect people'soutlook on lifeandworld outlook, reflecting people's subjective cognitive world.
importance
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1. The unity of values and ideology is the cornerstone of interpersonal relationships.
2. Interaction and coordination of values and interests are the core of interpersonal relationships.
3. The communication of values information is the key to the formation of healthy interpersonal relationships.
4. The consistency of values in practice is the guarantee of interpersonal relationships.
Research
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More famous studies include the value research of Olbert and others, the lifestyle questionnaire of M. Morris, and the value questionnaire of M. Rogge.The value research Orbert Vernon Lindsey scale (1931, 1951, 1960) was used to measure the relative strength of six basic values.The test is based on the six ideal value types distinguished by the German philosopher E. Schplanger.They are: theoretical (emphasis on experience and reason), political (emphasis on power and influence), economic (emphasis on utility and utility), aesthetic (emphasis on form and harmony), social (emphasis on others and love) and religious (emphasis on cosmic mysteries).
Schplanger believes that people's lifestyle is developing towards these six values.The absolute division of the six values does not mean that there are six typical characters, but only for better understanding.In fact, everyone has these six values more or less, but the core values vary from person to person.
Lifestyle Questionnaire
Morris put forward in 1956 that there are 13 life styles, which are described in 13 paragraphs of similar length. Different life styles emphasize different contents, with the focus on:
① Preserve the highest achievements of mankind.Individuals participate in group life in their communities, not to change it, but to understand, appreciate and preserve the best that human beings have achieved.
② Cultivate independence.One must avoid relying on others or foreign objects, and the true meaning of life should be experienced from oneself.
③ Show sympathy and concern for others.Centered on caring and sympathy for others, warmth is the main component of life.
④ Take turns to experience joy and loneliness.In a good life, solitude and community are indispensable.
⑤ Practice and enjoy life in group activities.Individuals should join community groups and enjoy friendship and cooperation in order to achieve their common goals.
⑥ Always master the changeable environment.One should always emphasize the necessity of activities in order to seek the improvement of technology needed to realistically solve and control the world and society.
⑦ Combine action, enjoyment and meditation.
⑧ Enjoy life without worry and healthily.
⑨ Those beautiful things in life.
value survey
Rocky proposed it in 1973.Hisvalue system According to the theory, all kinds of values are connected in a certain logical sense. They exist in a certain structural level or value system. The value system is a hierarchical sequence formed along the continuum of the importance of values.He proposed two types of value systems:
① The ultimate value system is used to express the idealized ultimate state or result of existence, including comfortable life, exciting life, sense of achievement, peaceful world, beautiful world, equality, family security, freedom, happiness, inner peace, mature love, national security, enjoyment, soul salvation, self-esteem, social recognition, true friendshipWisdom.
② Instrumental value system is the behavior mode or means used to achieve the ideal ultimate state, including ambition, broad-minded, talented, happy, neat, brave, helpful, honest, imaginative, independent, rational, logical, loving, obedient, educated, responsible, self-control, benevolent.
The 18 ultimate values and 18 instrumental values included in Rocchi's value questionnaire are briefly described after each value.During the test, the subjects were asked to rank the two types of values according to their importance to themselves, ranking the most important first, the second most important, and so on, ranking the least important 18th.This scale can be used to measure the relative position or relative importance of different values in different people's minds.
The advantage of Rogge's scale is that it is compiled under the guidance of a certain theoretical framework, which includes many and simple value items, which is easy for the subjects to master and test.Moreover, this research method is to put various values in the whole system, so it reflects the systematic and holistic role of values.
Grade classification
People's life and educational experiences are different from each other, so their values are also diverse.In order to classify the complex values, the behavioral scientist Graves has made a lot of investigations on various characters in the enterprise organization, analyzed their values and lifestyle, and finally summarized the following seven levels:
Level 1, reactive: This type of people do not realize that they and the people around them exist as human beings.They respond to their basic physiological needs, regardless of any other conditions.This kind of person is very rare, actually equal to a baby.
The second level, tribal type: this type of people depends on habits and submits to traditional habits and power.
Level IIIself-centeredType A: This type of person believes in cold individualism, selfishness and love of provocation, and is mainly subject to power.
Level 4: Insisting on their own opinions: This type of people cannot tolerate ambiguous opinions, and is difficult to accept different values, hoping that others will accept their values.
Level 5. PlaypoliticsType A: This type of person plays tricks on others and tampers with facts to achieve personal goals. It is very realistic and actively strives for status and social influence.
Level 6, social centered: This type of people regards being loved and getting along with others as more important than their own development, and is rejected by realism, authoritarianism and those who adhere to their own opinions.
Level 7existentialismType A: This type of people can highly tolerate ambiguous opinions and different views, and dare to speak frankly about the rigid system and policies, empty positions, and the forced use of power.
After the publication of this classification, management scientist Miles et al. conducted a comparative study on the current situation of American enterprises in 1974.They believe that the values of ordinary enterprise personnel are distributed between Level II and Level VII.As far as management personnel are concerned, most of them used to belong to Level 4 and Level 5. As time goes by, these two levels of people are gradually replaced by Level 6 and Level 7 people.
Values of life
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Life value is a special value, which is the role and significance of human life practice for society and individuals.What kind of life purpose to choose, what kind of life path to take, and how to deal with a series of contradictions in the course of life, such as individual and society, reality and ideal, pay and gain, body and mind, life and death, people always have choices, likes and dislikes, and there will always be certain standards for what to agree with and oppose, what to agree with and what to resist.The value of life is the basis for people to consider life problems from the perspective of value.
In thinking about life, answer the "why" question, that is, the purpose of life, based on the value characteristics of life and the evaluation of the value of life.A person consciously pursues his own life goal because he has made a positive value judgment on the life he has chosen and believes that such a life has value or can create value.Answering the "how" question, that is, the attitude to life, should also be based on the value of life.
Professional values
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Professional valuesIt refers to the specific performance of life goal and attitude in career choice, that is, a person's understanding and attitude to career, as well as his pursuit and yearning for career goals.Values assessment will help to make career decisions and improve job satisfaction.
The influence of ideals, beliefs and worldviews on career is mainly reflected in professional values.
As the saying goes, "Each person has his own ambition." This "ambition" is reflected in the career choice, which is a career value. It is a kind of attitude and behavior with clear purpose, consciousness and firmness in career choice, and plays a decisive role in a person's career goal and motivation.
Due to the different physical and mental conditions, age experience, education, family influence, hobbies and other aspects of each person, people have different subjective evaluations of various occupations.From a social perspective, due to the development of social division of labor and the relatively backward level of productivity, there are differences in the content of the nature of labor, in the difficulty and intensity of labor, in the conditions and treatment of labor, in the form and stability of ownership and many other issues among various occupations.In addition to the influence of traditional ideas, the prestige status of various occupations in people's minds will also have good or bad opinions. These evaluations have formed people's professional values, and affected people's choice of employment direction and specific professional positions.
Each profession has its own characteristics, different people's understanding of the meaning of the profession, and different evaluations and orientations of the quality of the profession, which is called professional values.Professional values determine people's professional expectations, affect people's choice of career direction and career goals, determine people's work attitude and labor performance level after employment, and thus determine people's career development.Which profession is good?Which position is suitable for you?What is the purpose of engaging in a specific job?These problems are the concrete manifestations of professional values.[2]
