synonymIsraeli(Israeli) generally refers to Hebrew (Semitic language of Asian African language family)
HebrewEnglish (Hebrew:,English: Hebrew[1]）It is the language of the Jewish people,State of IsraelUniversal language, one of the oldest languages in the world, has about 9 million users.[2]"Hebrew" means "crossing the river", belonging toAsian African languages(also known as Semitic)Semitic branch A branch of,ancientHebrewLanguage, novowel[3], only 22Consonant letter, the characters are written from right to left.manyIsraelLiterary works and documents are recorded in Hebrew, and the main documents are kept in《Dead Sea Scrolls》And a large number of religious codes and documents.
Hebrew ofAsian African languagesSemitic familyJudaismOfliturgical language。In the past 2500 years, "Hebrew" was mainly used in the study of the Bible and related religions.Ancient Hebrew is the ceremonial language of Samaritans. Since the 20th century, especially the restoration of Israel, "Hebrew" has been revived as a spoken language among Jews and gradually replacedArabic, JewishSpanishandYiddish(or "Yidi", the international communication language used by Jews). After the founding of Israel, Hebrew was defined asofficial languageOne is that in 2004, the population was about 5.1 million, and the other official language is Arabic.The modern Hebrew after the resurrection is mainly composed ofIsrael, ResearchJudaismandIsraelScholarsMiddle EastAnd its civilizationarchaeologistandlinguistAnd theologiansChristianityUsed in seminaries.
Phonological Introduction
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vowel
In Hebrew, the vowel is "tnu'ot＂（תְּנוּעוֹת）。These vowelOrthographyIt means "Ktiv menukad".Israeli Hebrew has five vowelsPhoneme, represented by the following Niqqud (dotted) symbols:
*The multiple orthographic representations of each phoneme attest to the wide phonemic range of vowels in the early form of Hebrew.Some linguists still regard the Hebrew grammatical entity Shva na marked as Shva (ְ) as the sixth phoneme/ə/.
consonant
In Hebrew, consonants are called‘itsurim（עיצורים）。The following table lists Hebrew consonants and theirIPA phonetic alphabet：
Hebrew grammar is partially analytical, usingprepositionInstead of grammatical casedative、DigressionandBingeThis form.But inflection plays a decisive role in the formation of verbs and nouns.For example, nouns have a construction state called "smikhut", which is used to indicate the "belong" relationship: this is more tortuous languageGenitiveThe reverse of.The words in smikhut are often usedhyphenHyphen merges.In modern speech, the use of this structure is sometimes interchangeable with the preposition "shell" which means "of".But in many cases, the ancientVariable latticeThe form is preserved (especially in idioms and similar situations), and the "person" preposition is widely used as the "variant" preposition.
Hebrew lacks adjectives, so they use metaphor in the process of description, such as: your love is more beautiful than wine;Your lips are like a scarlet thread;My beloved is among men likeAppleThe tree is in the woods.
orthographic rule
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There are 22 Hebrew languagesConsonant letter, Novowel, use four when spellingConsonant letterAlef, He, Vav and Yod are used as vowels to spell words, that is to say, the four consonant letters Alef, He, Vav and Yod are both used as consonants and vowels, and these four letters can also be combined to formCompound vowel。The modern Hebrew spelling is quite regular and accurate.
TodayIsraelMainly complete spelling "Ktiv male";Sometimes the text also uses the punctuated spelling "Ktiv menukad". The punctuated letters represent vowels, so as to make the word pronunciation clearer;And the pure consonant spelling "Ktiv haser". When spelling, only consonants are used instead of vowels, so as to make writing faster and easier.Some commonly used words, such as μ ∨ (/lo/, no), Γ ∨ (/ima/, mother), etc., because people know how to pronounce these commonly used words, and almost only use pure consonant spelling when spelling.
Classification:
(1) Ktiv male (complete spelling), which uses four consonant letters Alef, He, Vav and Yod as vowels to spell words, is the most important and commonly used spelling in Hebrew today.
(2) Ktiv menukad (dotted spelling), a letter dotted with vowels, is mainly used to teach Hebrew beginners to pronounce correctly.
(3) Ktiv haser (pure consonant spelling): only consonants are used instead of vowels.
Alphabetic table
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In addition to 22 letters, Hebrew hasSuffix5 letters with shape change.Hebrew writing andarabicSame, they are written from right to left.
Jews used to live inthe arabian peninsulaOne ofnomadic peopleAt first, it was called the Hebrew, which means "people crossing the river".According to the Bible, their ancestorsAbrahamOriginally living in SumerianUr EmpireNearby, he later moved to Palestine, and his descendants were divided into two branches: Jews and Arabs.The Koran also recognizes Abraham as the ancestor of Arabs.
When Jews came to all parts of the world, their language and customs gradually assimilated with the local residents, but they insisted on their own religion to maintain their national independencehebrew alphabet Writing, inItaly、SpainThe Jews, whose language is assimilated, are called“Latino”；In GermanypolandYidi is the Jewish language of Yidi;Jews in China, because of theirreligious beliefDon't eatpork, gradually andHui nationalityConfusion.Because of their different beliefs, they were discriminated against in Christian countries and had no land to own. They had to do business and gradually accumulated business experience. Christians were not allowed to lend money at usury, while Jews were not prohibited by their beliefs and could engage in credit activities. They gradually became famous merchants and bankers in Europe, hated by lower level civilians, and attacks against Jews occurred from time to time.It finally led to the persecution and elimination of the whole nation in Hitler Germany.the Second World WarAfter that, a large number of Jews migrated to the United States and Palestine to rebuild the State of Israel in Palestine and restore it artificiallyHebrew, leading to the conflict and struggle with the Arabs who have settled down for a long time, making the Middle East a hot spot in the world.
works and expressions for everyday use
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Bilingual example sentences in English and Hebrew
English
Hebrew
Welcome.
ברוך הבא
Hello.
שלום
----How are you?
----Fine thanks, and you?
מה נשמע?
טוב, תודה.ואת?
Long time no see.
מזמן לא התראנו
----What's your name?
----My name is ...
מה שמך?
שמי...
----Where are you from?
----I'm from ...
מאיפה את?
אני(מ) ...
Pleased to meet you.
נעים מאוד
Good morning.
בוקר טוב
Good afternoon.
אחר צהריים טובים
Good evening.
ערב טוב
Good night.
לילה טוב
Goodbye.
להתראות
Good luck.
בהצלחה
Bon voyage.
נסיעה טובה
I don't understand.
אני לא מבין
Please say it again!
תחזור עוד פעם בבקשה!
Please write it down.
אפשר לכתוב לי את זה?
----Do you speak Hebrew?
----Yes, a little.
אתה מדבר עברית?
כן, אני מדבר קצת עברית
How do you say ...in Hebrew?
איך אומרים בעברית ...?
Excuse me.
בבקשה!
How much is this?
כמה זה עולה?
Sorry.
סליחה!
Please.
בבקשה
Where's the toilet?
איפה השרותים?
Would you like to dance with me?
האם תרצי לרקוד איתי?
I love you.
אני אוהב אותך
Leave me alone!
עזוב אותי בשקט!
Help!
Fire!
Stop!
הצילו!
שרפה!
עצור!
Call the police!
הזעיקו משטרה!
Merry Christmas!
Happy New Year!
חג מולד שמח ושנה טובה
Happy Easter.
חג פסחא שמח
Happy Birthday.
יום הולדת שמח
One language is never enough.
ידיעת שפה אחת אינה מספיקה
Resurrection miracle
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Language disappearance
In 70 AD, the Romans destroyed the Jewish capitalJerusalem。Jews were expelled from their homes and exiled around the world.Their use of the language of the host country has led to the gradual disappearance of Hebrew as a spoken language (but aswritten languageContinue to exist).
Resurrection Road
In the second half of the 19th century, there was aIsraelDetermined to revive Hebrew.He isLithuaniaJewish youth Elize Ben Yehuda (Ben Yehuda means "son of the Jews" in Hebrew).In 1879, Yehuda published a paper, "Issues Concerned with the Overall Situation", arguing that under the pressure of the assimilation of the modern secular world,Jewish nationLiving as a nation faces big problems, and the common language and common home are the existence of the Jewish nationnecessary condition。In order to ensure the national continuity and national rejuvenation, Jews must speak Hebrew again.
Yehuda was determined to speak only Hebrew when dealing with other Jews.His first child became the first child to speak Hebrew as his mother tongue in nearly 2000 years.In 1884, he began to edit a weekly newspaper to further publicize his ideas;At the same time, in order to prove that the ancient language can be reborn and used in modern society, he set about compiling a dictionary and actively expanding itvocabulary。In December 1890, he set up a Hebrew Committee (now known as the Hebrew Institute) to develop this cause.
Later, Yehuda found some like-minded people willing to practice his language thoughts.He not only asked them to actively use Hebrew, but also insisted that the children of these pioneers learn it as their mother tongue.Yes, at that timePalestineHebrew is taught in Jewish schools in the region, but it is only taught as an ancient language to understand religion and scriptures.Therefore, Yehuda's requirements had little impact on Jews who had lived in the Holy Land and pioneers who had settled for many years.However, young immigrants are eager to create a new life, and many people are willing to let their children learn this language that has never been practiced.
In this buddingEducation systemIt is not hard to imagine the difficulties encountered in the attempt to establish Hebrew. As the teacher said at that time, "The atmosphere is heavy and oppressive. It is hard to imagine and describe how the first seed was planted. We are like dumbs, stuttering, and need the help of hands and eyes."
Full resurrection
After hard explorationthe First World WarWhen,Palestinian areaThere are 64 kindergartens, primary and secondary schools and professional schools that all use Hebrew.
Finally, the children who entered the school saw themselves as supporters and defenders of the Hebrew cause.There was a report that someone snatched one from a little girlRag doll。The girl who had only been in school for a month was surprised and caught the manSleeves, cried in Hebrew, "Give it back to me.".Give it back to me.The man pretended not to understand and asked the girl to sayYiddishBut the girl insisted on speaking Hebrew.
On the eve of World War I, German Jewish charities fundedHaifaThe city plans to build a technical college (later HaifaUniversity of Science and Technology）。Planners believe that since German is an internationally recognized language, lectures in the new college should be in German.After the disclosure of the news, the Jews in Palestine held a series of demonstrations, strikes, strikes and protest rallies,school's opening ceremonyForced to postpone.
Similarly, other schools have begun to teach all courses in Hebrew.By the end of the First World War, Hebrew was the only language of instruction in the Technical College;The first generation of Hebrew speaking families also appeared.In 1925,Hebrew UniversityThe establishment of the Chinese Communist Party has become a national event.
According to statistics from 1916 to 1917, 34000 of the 85000 Jews in Palestine use Hebrew as their first or daily language.Significantly, 75% of children and 33% of adults in agricultural settlement villages and Tel Aviv speak Hebrew.The continuity of Hebrew is guaranteed.
Recognition of status
On September 29, 1923, the British Trusteeship Authority recognized the status of Hebrew: "Arabic, English and Hebrew are theofficial language。”
Although Hebrew in May 1948State of IsraelBefore and after its establishment, it also experienced many challenges, and the number of immigrants often exceeded the number of original residents. However, the status of Hebrew as a living language has never wavered.
Hebrew is the language of the State of Israelofficial language, 7.5 million users (including users in the West Bank and other places), 195375 users in the United States.
Miracle evaluation
With the Jews wandering around the world, Hebrew has been extinct for nearly 2000 years. But after the founding of Israel, Jews from all over the world seem to learn a foreign languageLearn HebrewAnd use it in daily life.The Hebrew language miraculously revivedWorld LanguageIt is a unique miracle in history.Hebrew is similar to Hebrew nearly two thousand years ago.If time could go back to ancient IsraelKing DavidThe age of.Modern Israelis can basically understand people's dialogue nearly two thousand years ago.It is also a rare miracle in the world that modern language can communicate with the language nearly two thousand years ago.
