synonymDeclaration on the Human Environment(Declaration on Human Environment) generally refers to the declaration of the United Nations Conference on Human Environment
the United NationsDeclaration of the Conference on Human Environment, also known as Stockholmhuman environmentConference DeclarationDeclaration on the Human Environment。June 16, 1972United Nations Conference on the Human EnvironmentAdopted at the plenary meeting in Stockholm.The declaration is the main outcome of the conference, which clarifies the seven common views and twenty-six principles achieved by participating countries and international organizations to encourage and guide people around the world to protect and improve the human environment.
Government representatives and private figures from 113 countries discussed contemporary world environmental issues and global environmental protection strategies, and formulated the Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment.We call on governments and people of all countries to work together to maintain and improve the human environment for the benefit of all people and future generations.
Common views
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The main idea of the seven common views is:
① With the rapid development of science and technology, human beings can transform and utilize the environment on an unprecedented scale.human environmentThe two aspects of human rights, namely natural and artificial, are essential to human happiness and the enjoyment of basic human rights, even the right to life itself.
② Protecting and improving the human environment is an important issue related to the happiness and economic development of people all over the world;It is also the urgent hope of people all over the world and the responsibility of governments.
③ In modern times, if mankind changes the environment wisely, it can bring benefits to people of all countries and improve the quality of life;If used improperly, it will cause immeasurable damage to human beings and human environment.
④ Ondeveloping countryMost of the environmental problems are caused by insufficient development, so we must devote ourselves to development work;In industrialized countries, environmental problems are generally related to industrialization and technological development.
⑤ The natural growth of population has constantly brought some problems to the protection of the environment, but it can be solved by adopting appropriate policies and measures.
⑥ When addressing actions around the world, we must consider their environmental consequences more carefully.Protect and improve for modern people and future generationshuman environment, has become an urgent goal of mankind.This goal will be achieved jointly and in coordination with the two basic goals of striving for peace and economic and social development in the world.
⑦ In order to achieve this environmental goal, people and organizations, enterprises and institutions at all levels are required to assume responsibility and work together equally.Governments at all levels should bear the greatest responsibility.Countries should cooperate extensively, and international organizations should take action to seek common interests.The Conference called on all governments and people to make joint efforts for the benefit of all people and their descendants.
The twenty-six principles based on these common views include: humanEnvironmental rightsAnd the obligation to protect the environment, protect and make rational use of various natural resources, prevent and control pollution, promote economic and social development, coordinate development with the protection and improvement of the environment, raise funds, and provide assistancedeveloping country, make plans and plans for the development and protection of the environment, and implement appropriatepopulation policy We should develop environmental science, technology and education, destroy nuclear weapons and all other means of mass destruction, strengthen national management of the environment, and strengthen international cooperation.[1]
Common principles
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1. Human beings have the right to enjoy free, equal and adequate living conditions in a living environment where they can live in dignity and welfare, and have the solemn responsibility to protect and improve the environment of this generation and future generations.In this regard, promote or maintainApartheid, racial segregation and discriminationColonialismOther forms of oppression and foreign comrades' policies should be condemned and eliminated.
2. For the benefit of this generation and future generations, the natural resources on the earth, including air, water, land, plants and animals, especially the representative specimens in natural ecology, must be protected through careful planning or proper management.
3. The ability of the earth to produce renewable resources, which are very important, must be protected and restored or improved when practical.
4. Human beings have a special responsibility to protect and properly manage the heirs of wild animals and their places of origin that are seriously endangered due to various adverse factors.Therefore, when planning to develop economy, we must protect nature, including wild animals.
5. When using the non renewable resources on the earth, we must guard against the danger of depleting them in the future, and we must ensure that the whole mankind can share the benefits from such use.
6. In order to ensure that the ecological environment will not be seriously or irretrievably damaged, it is necessary to prevent the amount or concentration of toxic substances or other substances from exceeding the ability of the environment to make them harmless when removing toxic substances or other substances and radiating heat.We should support the people of all countries in their just struggle against pollution.
7. States should take all possible steps to prevent the sea from being polluted by substances that may cause harm to human health, damage living resources and the comfortable environment of marine life, or hinder other legitimate uses of the sea.
8. In order to ensure a good living and working environment for human beings, and to create the conditions necessary for improving the quality of life on the earth, economy and development are very necessary.
9. Caused by underdevelopment and natural disastersenvironment disruptionThis has caused serious problems.The best way to overcome these problems is to transfer a large amount of financial resources andtechnical assistanceTo supportdeveloping countryNational efforts and timely assistance that may be needed to accelerate development efforts.
10. For developing countrieseconomic factors And ecological processes. Therefore, it is necessary to have stable prices and appropriate incomes for primary products and raw materials.
11. All countriesenvironmental policy It should be improved, rather than jeopardizing the existing or future development potential of developing countries, or hampering the improvement of living conditions for all.States and international organizations should take appropriate steps in order to reach agreement on possible domestic or international economic consequences arising from the implementation of environmental measures.
12. Funds should be raised to maintain and improve the environment, which should take into account the actual situation and particularity of developing countries, any costs incurred by them due to the inclusion of environmental protection projects in their development plans, and the provision of additional international technology andfinancial aid Needs.
13. In order to achieve more rational resource management and improve the environment, countries should adopt a unified and coordinated approach to their development plans, so as to ensure that development and protection and improvement are carried out in the interests of the peoplehuman environmentIs consistent with the needs of.
14. A reasonable plan is consistent with the need for coordinated development and the need to protect and improve the environment.
15. Human settlement and urbanization must be planned to avoid adverse effects on the environment and to achieve the best social, economic and environmental benefits for everyone.In this regard, we must stop working forColonialismandRacismA project formulated by the government.
16. Onpopulation growth rate Or areas where excessive population concentration may have adverse effects on the environment or development, or where low population density may hinderhuman environmentAreas that improve or hinder development should adopt measures that do not harm basic human rights and are considered appropriate by relevant governmentspopulation policy 。
17. It is necessary to entrust appropriate national authorities to plan, manage or supervise the country's environmental resources in order to improveenvironmental quality。
18. For the sake of mankindcommon interest, science and technology must be applied to identify, avoid and controlenvironmental deteriorationAnd solve environmental problems, thereby promoting economic and social development.
19. In order to widely expand the basis for individuals, enterprises and grass-roots society to put forward enlightened public opinion and take responsible actions in protecting and improving various human environments, it is necessary to educate the young generation and adults on environmental issues, while taking into account the education of those who cannot enjoy legitimate rights and interests.
20. It is important to promote thedeveloping countryWe are engaged in scientific research and development of environmental issues at home and abroad.In this regard, it is necessary to support and promote the free exchange of the latest scientific information and experience in order to solve environmental problems;Developing countries should be given access to environmental technology on the condition that it is encouraged to spread widely and does not become an economic burden for developing countries.
21. In accordance withCharter of the United NationsAnd the principles of international law. Each country has its ownenvironmental policy Sovereignty to develop its own resources;They are also responsible for ensuring that activities within their jurisdiction or control will not damage the environment of other countries or areas beyond their national jurisdiction.
22. States shall cooperate to further develop international law on liability and compensation for victims of pollution and other environmental damage caused by activities under their jurisdiction or control to the environment beyond their jurisdiction.
23. Without prejudice to the provisions that may be reached by the international community and the standards that must be decided by one country, the value system of each country must be considered and the feasibility of standards that are effective for the most advanced countries but are not suitable for developing countries or have unworthy social costs must be considered.
24. International issues related to the protection and improvement of the environment should be addressed by all countries, big or small, on the basis of equality and in the spirit of cooperation. They must preventEliminate or reduce and effectively control the harmful effects on the environment caused by various actions.
25. States should ensure that international organizations play a coordinated, effective and dynamic role in protecting and improving the environment.
Human beings and their environment must be free from nuclear weapons and all other means of mass destruction.All countries must strive to reach a speedy agreement on the elimination and thorough destruction of these weapons within the relevant international institutions.[2]
influence
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(Adopted in Stockholm on June 5, 1972)
The Declaration clearly declares: "According toCharter of the United NationsAnd the principles of international lawenvironmental policy ResourcefulSovereign rightsAt the same time, it is also responsible for ensuring that activities under his jurisdiction or control do not cause damage to the environment of other countries or areas beyond his own jurisdiction. ""International issues related to the protection and improvement of the environment should be addressed by all countries, large and small, on the basis of equality and in a spirit of cooperation." This declaration plays an important role in promoting the development of international environmental law.
