Human geography is generally divided into broad sense and narrow sense. The broad sense of human geography includessocio-cultural geography 、Political Geography、economic geography The narrow sense of human geography refers to social and cultural geography, excluding economic geography.
The development of Human Geography has gone through the process of knowledge accumulation, discipline formation and theoretical evolution, discipline differentiation, and theoretical and methodological innovation.PressDevelopment sequenceIt can be divided into three stages: ancient, modern and modern.
Ancient stage
human geography
This is geographyKnowledge accumulationDuring the period of the 20th century, there were various discourses on the relationship between man and land, mainly based on fragment descriptions.
In the West, geography has always studied the Earth as the home of mankind,ancient Greek、RomeScholars such asHerodotus、StraboAll of them have discussed the phenomenon of human geography in their works.
In the Middle Ages, Western Europe formed some seclusion and seclusion of politics and religionsovereign state The economy and culture are in decline, and the development of human geography is in stagnation.meanwhile,arab countriesThe geography of,IdrisiIn their works, scholars such as Zhang et al. described many human geography phenomena.
After the big discovery
European countries have successively published various geographical works, many of which are descriptions of human geography around the world, most of which focus on the study of race, settlement, etc., which has played a huge role in promoting the development of human geography.
Modern stage
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nineteenth centuryFirst breakIn the 1950s, geography entered a period of different schools, theories, and disciplines.In the 19th century, geography began to form two branches of nature and humanity. A.von, the founder of modern scientific geographyHumboldtAnd CLittle Arephysical geographyAnd human geography founded the early theory.Since then, a series of theories have emerged in human geography, and various branches have been established and formed a system.
Formation and evolution
Books related to human geography
Little Empirically andcomparative law, research various kinds ofGeographical phenomenonOfcausal relationship。In his book Geography: The Relationship between Geography and Human Quality and History (1822-1859, 2nd Edition), he discussednatural phenomenaThe interrelationship with humanistic phenomena, taking nature as the basic reason of humanity, and emphasizing the importance of nature onHuman historyImpact.After his death, the theory of man land relationship developed differently in various countries.
Published by German geographer F. Lazier in 1882 and 1891《Human Geography》As a product of the environment, human activities, development and distribution are strictly restricted by the environment.Later his studentsAmerican GeographyScholar EC.SempleAnd EHuntingtonPeople put more emphasis on geographical environmenthuman civilizationTheir views have had a wide impact, forming a systematicEnvironmental determinism。
Almost at the same time, French geographer P. Vidal Blanc disagreed with the view of environmental determinism and proposed another schoolTheory of man land relationshipLater people called it possibilism orprobability。He believes that the special task of geography is to explainnatural conditionSpatial relationship with humanistic conditions.The natural environment provides a certain range of possibilities, and human beings make use of this possibility according to their own needs, wishes and abilities when creating settlements.This view of his was published by his student J. Brunner in 1910《Principles of Human Earth Science》(Zeng translated Human Geography),White LunaIt believes that nature is fixed and humanity is uncertain, and the relationship between the two often changes with the times.The views of Vidal Blanc and Brunner had a profound influence on French geography, thus formingfrench school 。
britainUniversity of LiverpoolPM. Under the influence of the French School, Professor Rothberg coined the term "regulation" in 1930 and founded the "adaptation theory".He believes that regulation has two meanings, that is, the natural environment affectshuman activityLimitations of, andhuman societyThe utilization of the environment and the possibility of utilization.Rosenberg believes that human geography studies the two-way relationship between man and land, mainly discussing the impact of human social activities on the environmentadaptability。
American geographer HH. Barros published the article "Human Ecology" in 1923, and proposed ecologyAdjustment theory。He maintains that human geography is the view of studying human ecology. In the relationship between man and land, man is the central topic, and other phenomena are only when they involve people and theirReaction time, it is necessary to explain.He also believes that history studies human relations in time, while geography focuses on analyzing human relations in space.
Early 20th century
Books related to human geography
German scholar OOtto Schluter The concept of cultural landscape is put forward, and the main task of geography is to explore the process of transforming original landscape into cultural landscape.Later American geographer CO. Sol also proposed that human beings, according to their cultural standards, exert influence on the natural phenomena and biological phenomena of the natural environment and change them into cultural landscapes.Meanwhile, another American scholar DS. Whitsey put forward the theory of "successive occupation", and believed that geography should not study the adaptation of human beings to the environment, but the historical process of human society's occupation of a place.They all emphasize the role of culture in the relationship between people and the geographical environment, formingOn Cultural LandscapeIn fact, it is also a kind of“Cultural determinism”。It emphasizes that if there is any significant change in the attitude, goal or technology of residents in an area, it needs to be revaluednatural resourcesWhat foundation means to them.
Geography has played a certain role in the development of human geography“dualism”。Like Humboldt's claim that geography should understand unity in complexity, Little believes that unity is the characteristic of geography.However, O. Pescher of Germany and others opposed Littler's humanistic direction, and believed that geography could only be used for the earthSurface morphologyThe study of human activities is not within its scope of study.Thus the dualism of geography came into being.The dualism advocated by Pescher lies inWestern EuropeThe actual number of supporters is not large.
Soviet UnionSince the 1930s, the geography circle has criticized human geography, highlighted the development of economic geography, and actually replaced human geography with economic geography.At the same time, the Soviet Union regarded physical geography and economic geography as two unrelated sciences for the reason of dominationMaterial worldThe laws ofeconomic activityThe laws of economic geography are completely different. It is believed that these two disciplines can not be combined into one discipline in logic or in fact. Economic geography is a pure economic discipline, and the geographical perspective should be completely abandoned.
Until 1960,Anuqin... Anuqin criticized the dualism of dividing physical geography and economic geography in the Soviet Union since the 1930s, and advocatedRegional studiesWe should seek the connection and balance between physical geography and economic geography, and many scholars such asSaushkin andWith the enthusiastic support of Markov and others, the unity of geography was gradually emphasized in the Soviet Union (see the history of Soviet geography).
Formation of discipline system
With the development of the theory of human geography, the research content and scope are also expanding. Like physical geography, it has begun to differentiate, and some branches have emerged, forming a disciplinary system of human geography.Ethnography, population geography, settlement geography, cultural geography, political geographyBusiness Geography, economic geography, industrial geography, agricultural geographyTransportation geography And so on are formed and developed at this stage.
For a long time, European universitiesGeographyMany of them were taught by historical scholars. Many scholars emphasized geographical research, especially the study of human geography, which is closely related to history, and the study of historical geography has long been confined to the content of historical human geography.Therefore, historical geography was once an important part of human geography.British scholar HC.DarbySince the 1930s, they began to studyHistorical physical geographySo that historical geography not only studies the changes of human geographical phenomena in historical period, but also studies the changes of physical geographical phenomena in historical period, thus becoming an independent branch of geography.
Modern stage
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Since the 1960s, due to the rapid development of social economy and science and technology, great changes have taken place in the theory, methods and research contents of human geography.
New developments
From the pastEnvironmental determinism、Possibility theoryas well asAdaptation theoryTurn into harmony theory.This is due to the acceleration of population expansion, industrial growth and urbanization since the 1950secological equilibriumDestruction, environmental pollution, lack of resources andsocial problemSerious phenomenon, people and land in the pastRelational theoryIt can no longer reflect the reality and guide human beings to take reasonable actions.
human geography
stayecologyUnder the influence of the development of environmental science, the scholars of human geography advocate to analyze with the theory of harmonyPeople and environmentRelationship.Since the 1970s, analyzing and harmonizing the relationship between human and environment has become a new topic of human geography.
In 1955, the United StatesUniversity of WashingtonProfessor W50. Garrison opened a research class with mathematicsstatistical methodCultivated a batch ofgeographyThe.Among them, the British scholar RJ. Jolly and P. Hagert introduced the quantitative method after 1960University of CambridgeandUniversity of BristolThe Department of Geography made this innovation spread quickly among geographers in various countriesGeographical phenomenonThe expression of distribution difference began to develop from qualitative stage to quantitative stage.aviationmeasuring technique The application of satellite remote sensing technology has greatly improved the data collection and mapping work of geography, and played an important role in the development of human geographyFacilitation。The application of electronic computers enables geographers to deal with complex calculations of various variables, adopt new statistical methods and technical means to study some spatial laws, carry out accurate measurements, and express them in digital formMan land relationshipExplain regional differences and changes.
application
human geography
1950ssystem theoryAfter its establishment, it quickly became the basic methodology of all disciplines.U.S.AgeographerE. A. Ackerman proposed in 1965 that geographers should explore a systematic concept of many different but interdependent variables, and deal with the system of human and environment from a time-space perspective.Since the 1960s, many scholars have been studyingecosystem、Political system、economic system、social system as well asGeographical systemTo contribute.
With the introduction of quantitative calculation and system theory, geography began to use models to describe the geographical phenomena studied.SwedenGeologist THagstromExplain with inductive modelnew thingsWave characteristics, usingstochastic model To predict the diffusion probability of new things, which has attracted wide attention.The Model of Geography (1967) and DW. Harvey's Interpretation of Geography (1969) has played a great role in promoting the use of models to explore practical problems in geography.
the Second World WarIn the future, tourism will flourish,Tourism incomeaboutnational economyThe growing importance of income has madeTourism GeographyIt has developed rapidly and become a new branch of human geography.Human beings exist in the form of various social groups, whose different cultures aresocial environmentIt is also a factor restricting people's behavior.Therefore, since the Second World Warsocial phenomenonandcultural differenceThe importance of sociocultural geography is increasing.At the same time, many countries need to rebuild cities, and new cities are rapidly increasingCity sizeThe growing trend has promptedUrbanization processAccelerate to bring a series of housing, employment, transportation, environment, etcUrban issuesSo that urban geography gradually occupies an important position in human geography.
Associative motion
human geography
Traditional human geographyRegional studies、Economic regionalizationandcultural landscapeThe type is its main topic, and it turns to analyze and solve real social problems, involvingTerritorial improvementEnvironmental protection, poverty and hunger, racial discrimination, rational utilization of resources and improvement of people's lives.This kind of topic of human geographydirectionalTransformation is the so-called associated movement.The traditional study of human geography is to split the combination of complex phenomena in order to study each component of the whole complex environment separately, thus leading to the division of disciplines.Since the middle of the 20th century, human geography has begun to face social problems, thus breaking the artificial boundaries of various branches in research and emerging new synthesis.
In addition, since the 1970s, there have also been two claims of human geography:
One is the radical geography school. Because of the recession of the American economy after the 1960s, the classNational contradictionOutstanding, some geographers think that the first thing to do iscapitalismSystem, andrevolutionary characterMake suggestions for changes.They founded the publication Opposite to publicize their own views and research results.
In addition, some scholars proposed to use Marxisthistorical materialismArmed geography proposes a new direction of synthesis and opposes the tendency of disciplinary division and specialization.
Sub discipline
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After long-term development, human geography has formed a relatively completeDiscipline system。Generally, it can be divided into comprehensive theory part, general theory part (departmental human geography) and monograph part (regional human geography).The comprehensive theory of human geography mainly refers to the study of the theory of man land relationship.The general theory of human geography can be divided into economic, politicalsocial cultureIn the three major aspects, some scholars also divide it into two main aspects: social culture and economy.The monograph on human geography includesRegional geographyResearch.
In Human Geography (the second edition) edited by Chen Huilin,Science Press）The main sub disciplines are:
1. Economic Geography
2. Population Geography
3. Settlement Geography
4. Cultural Geography
5. Tourism Geography
6. Political Geography
Division Method 4
overview
According to the research object of human geography and the actual situation of the current development of various branches, human geography is divided into four major parts: economic geography, political geography, socio-cultural geography and urban geography.This division method is rough and can be further subdivided.
economic geography
To explain human production andMeans of subsistenceProduction, circulation and consumption distributioneconomic activityGeographical distribution andspatial organizationIs the main task.modernGreat Geographical DiscoveryLater, the commercial activities of human beings flourished unprecedentedly, resulting in the predecessor of economic geography -Business Geography。In the second half of the 19th century, geographers began tophysical geographyExplore the economy on the basis ofProduction activitiesandgeographical environmentRelationship.Economic geography research is expanded to include agricultural geography, industrial geographyTransportation geography And business geography.Traditional economic geography is concerned with the relationship between the distribution of various resources, production and commerce and the natural environmentProduction layoutLocation analysis is the core of the study.amonglocation theoryandCentral place theoryIt plays an important role in the development of geography and other disciplines.Attention has been paid to the study of modern economic geographysocial structure, government decisions and people's behavior decisionsEconomic layoutAnd there areeconomics of national landWe should attach importance to the issue of land consolidation.Some scholars believe that tourism involved in tourism geography belongs to the category of economic activities, so tourism geography is also one of the components of economic geography.
Political Geography
Analyze by studying the relationship between nationals and territoriesPolitical phenomenonIt also analyzes the role of various national groups with political, military, economic and religious backgrounds in the world and regions.The change of political boundaries and the analysis of the evolution, structure and function of political regions are also the contents of political geography.Published in 1897Ratzel Political Geography, which regards the state as an organism attached to the earth“living space”The concept of.Later, H.J. Mackinder proposed in 1904Lu Xin said。Because of their and other scholars' efforts, political geography has become an important branch of human geography.In the 1930s, KHouse HoverholdGeopoliticsIntroduced to GermanynaziOfAggressive policyThe wrong way of service affected the development of political geography after the Second World War.The application of modern analytical techniques and models has enabled geographers to measure the efficiency and effect of various political regions at all levels, and began to studypolitical behavior And the geographical background of government decision-making.For example, participate in the decision-making of land improvement, the positioning of the capitalMetropolitan areaStructurenational parkSettingsvoteModel geographical distribution and territorial sea boundary and coastal areafishing rightAnd other topics.Military geographyResearch andmilitary actionLike political geography, the study of related geographical problems is ultimately for political purposes.
socio-cultural geography
For a long time, geographical works have paid attention to the distribution of races and nationalities and the impact of natural environment on human beings.Latzel's representative works on human geography are“Human Geography”Naming.stayVidal BlancandWhite LunaIn his works on human geographyEthnic geographyContent of.however,EthnographyAnd ethnic geographyethnology、ethnologyAnd geographyMarginal disciplineHowever, most researchers are ethnologists and ethnologists.
Journal of Human Geography
Localpopulation sizeDistribution and migration are important geographical phenomena, which attract great attention of human geography scholars.The first chapter of Vidal Blanc's Principles of Human Geography discusses the distribution and density of human beings on the earth, as well as the population situation of each continent.the First World WarAfter that, I. Bowman analyzedCentral EuropePopulation ofRegional differentiationPhenomenon, Swedish geographer S. De Yell studies Sweden in depthpopulation distributionAnd make populationDistribution map。Since then, population geography has become a branch of human geography.
Settlement is an important cultural landscape, which reflects both the characteristics of the natural environment and the differences of human culture.German geographer JG. Cole was the first person to make a systematic study of settlements. In 1841, he published the Relationship between Human Transport and Residence and Terrain.Bai Luna listed the settlement phenomenon of housing as the first principle and first item of the geographical facts of life, including the type of housing, village form, urban location and its relationship with the environment.Since then, the study of settlement geography has formed its own style in some countries.For example, Germany focuses on settlement landscape, France focuses on the impact of economy on settlement, Britain focuses on the historical geography of settlement, and the United States focuses on the residence of white pioneers.After the formation of settlement geography, urban geography, which initially included it, gradually became an independent branch of human geography due to its rapid development, making settlement geography actually a study of rural settlement geography.Based on the economy, society and resources of rural areasenvironmental problemsFor the study objectRural geographyIt is also developed on the basis of settlement geography, but its research content has gone beyondRural settlement geographyCategory.
Social geography analyzes social phenomena in space and studies variousSocial typeAnd analyze and compare the relationship between them.Emphasize on exploring the relationship between man and landsocial factors Impact on regional cultural landscape and lifestyle.The research content includes geographical problems in population, settlement, nationality, religion, language, behavior and induction, and is committed to solving social problems.Cultural geography explains all kinds ofCultural elementsHow to make different regions have various regional characteristics, the research object and content have many similarities with social geography.But the former focuses on the regional characteristics of different social groups and their relationship with the environment, while the latter focuses on the cultural regions created by human beings.Some scholars collectively refer to the contents of social geography and cultural geography as sociocultural geography.
Urban geography
Modern Worldurban populationThe proportion is getting higher and higher, and the scale of cities is getting larger and larger,Urban geographyLearning has also developed rapidly.The main contents include the formation and growth process of the city, the functions and characteristics of the city, and thespace structure、social organizationAnd its influence scope, cityPopulation composition, city type and planning, etc.Many quantitative methods in geography were first applied to the study of urban geography.
subject
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Although the distribution, diffusion and change of humanistic phenomena are restricted by the natural environment, social, economic, cultural and political factors, especially the societyProduction modeandSocio economic systemIt also plays a very important role.Therefore, human geography can be said to be a branch of geographyhumanitiesorsocial sciences。The research characteristics of human geography are comprehensiveRegionalityandDynamicThe common characteristics of all branches of geography, such as, etc., also have the characteristics of taking human phenomena as the research subject;Although its research object is similar to that of social science, it focuses on the characteristics of geographical distribution and the relationship between human phenomena and geographical environment, which is different from social science, thus forming its unique theory and method and becoming an interdisciplinary frontier science.As a discipline close to humanities or social sciences in geography, human geographyresearch methodBoth traditional methods in geography (such as field survey and map application) and modern methods (such asAerial photograph, satellite photosGeographical modelAnd introduce a large number of social science methods (such as sampling survey, quantitative technology, psychologyBehaviorsAnd other research methods).
Task and significance
human geography
Geography is a subject that studies the spatial distribution of natural and human phenomena on the earth's surface and the relationship between them. Human geography and physical geography are two closely related parts.Therefore, the development of human geography plays an important role in the development of geography.Human geography is the same as economicsdemography, political science and environmental science, ecologyRegional scienceThe combination of behavioral science can solve the problem ofResource shortage, population crisis, natural disasters, environmental pollution, ecological balance and urban problemscountries and regions Our economic development plan plays an important role.Among the branches and research subjects of human geography, many are also one of the basic research contents of other disciplines.For example, economic geography for economics, population geography for population science, urban geography for urban science, political geography for political science, military geography forMilitary scienceEthnic Geography's Impact on EthnologyLinguistic GeographyFor linguisticsReligious geographyaboutReligionEthnography is an indispensable part of anthropology.
In the 1930s and 1960s in the Soviet Union, there was a one-sided practice of replacing human geography with economic geography and splitting the relationship between human geography and physical geography, which hindered the development of human geography.Soviet geography recoveredUnified geographyEconomic geography has also involved other social factors, becoming socio-economic geography.China also abolished human geography from the 1950s to the 1970s, and began to vigorously resume human geography research in the 1980s.On the one hand, we systematically introduced foreign theories and methods of human geography; on the other hand, we carried out research on population geography, urban geography, tourism geography and other aspects on the basis of the original research on economic geography and other disciplines.
Issues and trends
Human geography still lacks macro research in large regions and small regionsMicroscopic researchThe theory and method needed for the connection between them is still a loose combination of many branches and disciplines, which needs further development.In addition, the theoretical discussion on the relationship between man and land, the application of quantitative statistical methods and models, and systems, the introduction of behavioral science, and the research on practical social problems are still in the initial stage.
Although human geography still has some problems andweak link , but in modern timessocial developmentIn China, the role of human (especially human quality) and the role of science and technology have become increasingly prominent, which has strengthened the trend of human culture in geography.The improvement of the status of human geography will make the development of geography enter a new stage.
Human geography is a kind of knowledge about society, nature and human beings. Compared with other categories of geography, it is more difficult, but its content is closer to our life.Learning this knowledge well is of great help to our life.
